proteins : what’s so special about them? copyright © 2009 ekis, inc., dna rules publishing today,...

Proteins: what’s so special about them?

Copyright © 2009 Ekis, Inc., DNA rules Publishing

Today, we’ve got 3 main goals….

1. What are Proteins made of?

2. What gives Proteins their characteristics?

3. What are some of the major functions

of proteins?

So, our first goal…

What are Proteins made of?

Proteins are polymers

- what does that mean?

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• Amino Acids (AA) are the monomers of Proteins.

• There are 22 different kinds of AA, but only 20 different kinds are used in making proteins

• They have weird names like….

• Methionine

• Isoluciene

• Histidine

• Threonine

• Glutamine

• Glenn

• AA are bonded to other AA by “peptide bonds”

What are the monomers of Proteins?

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• We have the ability to make 12 of the 20 amino acids needed to build proteins• However, there are 8 that we must consume….

Phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine,

leucine, and lysine.

If a protein we consume contains all of these amino acids for us to use, it is considered a “complete protein”.

What is an “essential Amino Acid”?

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• Three parts of an amino acid…

• 1. Carboxyl group

• 2. Amino group

• 3. Side group

• The side group is what makes amino acids different from each other!

• AA are bonded to other AA by dehydration synthesis, making “peptide bonds”

A bit about Amino Acids…

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Dehydration Synthesis….

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Peptide bond

Water is given off!

The Amino Acids (AA) are arranged in a long chain, then the chain folds. This new shape enables it to function.

AAAA

AA

AA AA

AA

AA

AA

AA

AA

AA

AA

AA

AA

AAAA

AA

AA

AA

AA

AA

AA

Peptide Bonds!

This whole thing would be a Protein!! Sometimes known as a “Poly Peptide”…

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Important concept alert!!!Every protein can only fold a specific way, so if you need a

specific type of fold (for a specific function or ability), you have to make a specific

type of protein!!

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Now, our second goal…

What gives Proteins their characteristics?

In other words: what enables proteins to fold certain ways?

1. Which Amino acids you use.

2. The order of amino acids you use.

3. How many amino acids you use.

These three things are what mainly determine a protein’s characteristics!

If YOU were to build a protein model (stick a bunch of AA together to create a protein), what could you do that would make your protein unique compared to

everyone else’s??

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Example of how one small difference can cause HUGE changes…

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• Hemoglobin - an important protein used by red blood cells to transport Oxygen throughout the body.

It is 146 Amino Acids long!! BUT, If you replace Glutamic acid (AA) with Valine (AA) at the

sixth position, the hemoglobin cannot fold correctly.

This ultimately causes red blood cells to have a funky shape….

Sickle Cell Anemia

Normal

• The type of Amino Acids make the protein unique

• the number of Amino Acids make the protein unique

• the order of Amino Acids make the protein unique

So, to recap….

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What do you think determines the order, number, and type of

amino acids used by the ribosome to build proteins???

DNA!! We’ll talk about that next week, but first we

have to get to our third goal….

Big Question…

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Now, our Third goal for today…

What are some of the major

functions of proteins?

• Actin and Myosin

• Create the structures in muscle cells that allow contraction

Check out this sarcomere

1. Movement

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• Collagen

• Most abundant protein in the body.

• Forms connective fibers like ligaments, tendons, cartilage, etc.

2. Structure

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• Keratin

• Hair, horns, feathers

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• Elastin

• Strength and flexibility in your skin

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• Catalase and H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide!)

3. Biochemical Control

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• Enzymes

• Reduce the amount of activation energy needed for chemical reactions

• What would the result of using enzymes be compared to not using enzymes?

• MORE chemical reactions using LESS energy

• Important for efficiency and homeostasis

• Within body

• Hemoglobin

• Moves Oxygen (O2) throughout the body

• Red blood cells are FILLLED with hemoglobin!!

4. Transport

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• Cellular level

• Carrier/transport proteins for cell transport

• Aquaporin

• Do you remember?

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• Casein

• A protein that is use as a “storage” molecule for all the amino acids needed to pass on to offspring through milk

5. Storage

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• Hormones!!

• Important in homeostasis

• Used to signal cell to cell

• Send messages throughout the body

• Produced by glands

• Insulin

• Regulates blood sugar level

• Diabetes

6. Regulation

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• Antibodies

• Cover receptor sites on bacteria/viruses

• Prevents them from attaching to YOUR cells!

• Clumps them together so HUGE white blood cells can engulf and destroy them in large numbers

• Can you name this process of engulfing them in large numbers?????

Endocytosis - Phagocytosis!

7. Defense

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