prinsip & komponen kelentingan (resilience)
Post on 01-Jul-2015
18.179 Views
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
Prinsip & Komponen Daya Lenting (Resilience)Edy SetyawanJakarta, Agustus 2012
Yayasan Terumbu Karang Indonesia
Source: Rod Salm (The Nature Conservancy)
Pengertian daya lenting
Kemampuan suatu sistem untuk menjaga fungsi-fungsi dan proses kunci dalam menghadapi tekanan dengan cara bertahan maupun beradaptasi terhadap perubahan.
Tipe daya lentingDaya Lenting Biologis
Daya Lenting Sosial
Komponen Daya Lenting: (a) kemampuan untuk menyerap atau menahan dampak tekanan/stres dan (b) kemampuan untuk pulih
Tutupan karang tinggiKeanekaragaman tinggi
Photos: Rod Salm
Daya lenting biologis
Penyakit dan gangguan rendahRentang ukuran yang luas
Pemulihan (rekrutmen)- Tersedianya substrat- Kualitas air yang baik- Banyak herbivor
Pemulihan (tumbuh kembali)- Perbaikan dan pertumbuhan- Kompetitor
Photos: Rod Salm
Daya lenting biologis
Prinsip-prinsip Daya Lenting
Representasi dan ReplikasiJenis-jenis Habitat Penyebaran Resiko
Konektivitas
Transportasi Penambahan/Pemenuhan
Rekrutmen yang kuatPemulihan yang meningkat
Managemen yang efektifPengurangan tekananStrategi yang adaptif
Model Daya Lenting TNC
Wilayah KritisRefugia
PemijahanSumber larva yang tersedia
RESILIENCE
Representasi dan Replikasi
Jenis-jenis Habitat Penyebaran Resiko
fore-reef
shallow patch
Wilayah KritisRefugia
PemijahanSumber larva yang tersedia
Melindungi refugia
Photo: Rod Salm
Konektivitas
Transportasi Penambahan/Pemenuhan
Protect linkages Menjaga Konektivitas
Photo: Paul Marshall
Rekrutmen yang kuatPemulihan yang meningkat
Efektif Managemen
Pengurangan tekananStrategi yang adaptif
Mengontrol ancaman – mengurangi tekanan
Photo: Rod Salm
Pengelolaan yang efektif
Komunikasi
Evaluasi efektivitas pengelolaan
Pengelolaan yang adaptif
Pendekatan kehati-hatian
• Ecological
• Biological
• Physical
Photo: Rod Salm
Mengidentifikasi Resilience
Ecological Resilience Factors
Food web interactions: herbivory, trophic cascades
Reproductive cycles
Population connectivity
Coral & fish recruitment
Ecological Resilience Factors: Herbivory
• Reef Herbivores - excavators (bioeroders), grazers, browsers, scrapers
• Parrotfish, surgeonfish, rabbitfish, batfish (and long-spined urchins)
• Loss through overfishing – algal dominated
• Phase shift reversal? Sleeper functional groups
Ecological Resilience Factors: Recruitment
Recruitment = supply of new individuals to a population
Photo: Rod Salm
Ecological Resilience Factors: Recruitment
Determining Factors• Physical oceanographic processes (e.g.,
currents and eddies) transport & retention• Abundance of larvae in water column • Larval behavior (e.g., vertical migration in
the water column) • Availability of settlement substrate • Ecological factors that affect survivorship
after settlement (e.g., competition, predation, food supply)
Ecological Resilience Factors: Recruitment
Suitable habitat for recruits?
• Diversity and abundance of spp
• High herbivore densities
• Low corallivores, bioeroders, disease
• Presence of crustose coralline algae (CCA)
Photo: Rod Salm
Biological Resilience Factors• Genetic differences
• Species differences
Biological Resilience Factors: Genetic Differences
Coral differences:• Fluorescent tissue pigment
• Colony integration
• Tissue thickness
Zooxanthellae differences:• Heat tolerance*
*Clade D symbionts are more tolerant
Biological Resilience Factors: Species Differences
Likely to bleach (e.g., Acropora, Millepora): • Quick colonizers
• Fast growing
• Short-lived
Likely to survive (e.g., Porites, Diploastrea):• Massive growth forms
• Thick or less integrated tissues
• Slow growth rates
What I found in 2011at SE Misool:
• more complex• deep worse• selection for resilient corals?
Implications for management:• reinforce resilience principles• emphasize risk spreading • larger over smaller areas
Photo: Rod Salm
Photo: Rod Salm
Biological Resilience Factors: Species Differences
Physical Resilience Factors
• Cooling
• Shading
• Screening
• Stress Tolerance
Physical Resilience Factors: Cooling• Broad scale (1000’s of km)
• Regional scale (100’s of km)• Local scale (10’s of km)
Physical Resilience Factors: Shading
Photo: Rod Salm
Physical Resilience Factors: Screening
Photo: Rod Salm
Physical Resilience Factors: Stress Tolerance
Photo: Rod Salm
Summary of Factors
Ecological
Biological
Physical
Herbivory
Recruitment
Genetics
Species differences
Cooling
Shading
Screening
Stress Tolerance
top related