primates anthropology. primatology mammalian characteristics fur covering body endothermy viviparous...
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PrimatesAnthropology
Primatology
Mammalian Characteristics
• Fur covering body• Endothermy• Viviparous• Mammary glands• Omnivorous -Specialized teeth
Primate Characteristics
• Opposable thumbs• Prehensile (Grasping) hands & feet• Forward facing eyes (Stereoscopic vision
determines depth perception)• Large cerebrums• Clavicle (Allows arms to increase in mobility)• Prehensile tail• Rotating forearm• Color vision• Singular births (Quality, not quantity)
Primate Social Features
• Diurnal• Long dependency period (Allows infants to
observe & learn)• Play or imitation (Important for learning,
practicing skills)
Primate Phylogeny
Primate Classification
Prosimians – premonkeys• Lemurs • Lorises • Tarsiers
Anthropoids New world monkeys (Platyrrhines)Old world monkeys (Catarrhines)• Lesser apes (Gibbons & Siamangs)• Great apes (Orangutans, gorillas, & Chimpanzees• Humans
Prosimian Traits• Better sense of smell than vision (Use scent glands or urine to
mark territory)
• Mobile ears
• Longer snouts
• Single offspring (twins are common in some species)
• Quadrupedal
• Vertical clinging & leaping
• Arboreal
• Nocturnal
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Strepsirrhini
Prosimian TypesSUBORDER - Strepsirhines (Wet nosed) All have a dental comb (Tightly clustered incisors & canine
teeth—used for grooming)FOUND IN MADAGASCAR• Lemurs (vegetarians, females dominate males for food)• Indris• Aye-ayesFOUND IN SOUTHEAST ASIA• Loris (Slow, hand over hand, quadrupedal movement)• Bushbabies (Quick, active, kangaroo hop on the ground)
SUBORDER - Haplorhines (Dry nosed)FOUND IN PHILIPPINES & INDONESIATarsiers – Carnivorous, named from elongated
tarsal bones
Bushbaby
Madagascar
Southeast asia
Philippines
Prosimians
Lemurs
Indris
Aye-Ayes
LorisesWalk slowly, hand over handAlso vertical leapers
BushbabiesFamily : Galagonidae
Tarsiers
AnthropoidsTypes• Humans• Apes• Monkeys
Traits• Rounded braincase• Non-mobile outer ears• Small flat faces without muzzles• Highly developed placenta• Dextrous hands
• Grouping• Platyrrhines – New world monkeys (Central & South
Americas)• Catarrhines – Old world monkeys (Africa, Asia, & Europe)
Platyrrhines
• “New world”• Have broad flat-bridged noses• Nostrils facing outward• Most have prehensile tail• Completely arboreal
Two groups• Marmosets• Tamarins• Cebid monkeys
Marmosets & Tamarins
• Very small
• Have claws instead of nails
• Give birth to twins
• Some Monogamy, others Polyandry
• Omnivores (fruit, tree sap, insects)
• Fathers aid in parental care (carrying of young)
MarmosetsName means a grotesque figure or ugly little boy
genera: Callithrix
Tamarins
Cebids
• Larger than marmosets• Single offspring• Ominvores
Capuchin monkeyHowler monkeys
Cebids
• New world monkeys• • Preyed on by ocelots and jaguars
• Communicate by urinating on themselves and rubbing a tree
• Thumbs that cannot grip against the fingers
Catarrhines
• “Old world” = CERCOPITHECOIDS• Some arboreal, some terrestrial,
some both
Colobine Monkeys
• Asian langurs• African colobus
Langur Monkey
Colobus
Colobine Monkeys
• Arboreal
• Herbivorous – leaves & seeds
• Mothers allow other group members to care for their infants shortly after birth
• Males not in group will kill infants
Cercopithecine Monkeys
Exhibit sexual dimorphism• Males larger than females• Males have longer canine teeth• Males are more aggressive
• Depend more on fruit than colobine monkeys
• Have cheek pouches to carry/store food
• Have ischial callosities to make sitting in trees or land for a long time more comfortable, and for sexual displays
Mandrillus sphinx
Mandrill Baboons
Japanese & RhesusMacaques
Ischial Callosities (Callouses)
Hominoids
• Lesser apes – hylobates• Great apes – pongids• Humans – hominids
General Traits• Large brains (Cerebral cortex)• Long arms• Short, broad trunks• No tails
Hylobates – Lesser apes
Gibbons & Siamangs• Omnivores (Fruit, leaves, & insects)• Brachiators• Monogamous• No sexual dimorphism
Gibbons
Siamangs
• Name means “Dwells in trees”
Pongids
• Orangutans• Gorillas• Chimpanzees
Orangutans
• Found only in Sumatra & Borneo• Name means people of the forest• Sexually dimorphic (Males ~200 lbs larger with cheek
pads, throat pouches, and beards)• Heaviest arboreal primates• Eat mainly fruit
Live solitary lives• Maybe due to lack of food• Maybe easier to hide from human predators• Maybe large size prevents natural predation, so no
need to live in groups
Gorilla• Herbivorous
• Have unique nose prints
• Largest of the apes (Males up to 450 lbs and females up to 250 lbs)
• Knuckle walking to distribute weight
• Dominant male called a silverback
• Average adult male eats 50 lbs of food per day
Chimpanzees
• From the genus Pan
• Arboreal & terrestrial (move best on the ground)
• Uses tools such as leaves for personal hygiene or drinking water
• Have ability to learn sign language
• Eat lizards, birds and actively hunt larger animals (Colobus monkeys & baboons)
• Knuckle-walk
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