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PRIMATE EVOLUTION
DC Biology
Bill Palmer
Primate Adaptation and Evolution
PRIMATE-Group of mammals that includes lemurs, monkeys, apes, and humans
CharacteristicsRound shape of head
Flattened face
Large brain
Flexible shoulder and hip joints
Finger and toe nails
Opposable thumb
Excellent vision w/depth of field and color
Primates
Primates
Primate Adaptation and Evolution
Two major GroupsProsimian
Anthropoids
Primate Adaptation and Evolution
Prosimian oldest groupLemurs
Tarsiers
Aye-aye
Found in Africa and Asia
50-60 myo
Prosimians
TARSIER
LEMUR
AYE-AYE
Primate Adaptation and Evolution
Anthropoids newest groupMandrillGibbon
Larger than ProsimiansMore or less uprightNew world monkeys have prehensile tail
Anthropoids
MANDRILL
GIBBON
Primate Adaptation and Evolution
New world monkeys have prehensile tailUse like a fifth limb
Spider monkey
Howler monkey
Marmoset
Capuchin (Organ Grinder’s) Monkey
New world monkeys
SPIDER MONKEY
BLACK HOWLER MONKEY
CAPUCHIN MONKEYMARMOSET
Primate Adaptation and Evolution
Old world monkeys have no tailGenerally larger
Colubus monkeyGuenonsBaboonsMacaques
Old world monkeys
COLOBUS
GUENON
BABOONMACAQUE
Primate Adaptation and Evolution
Hominoids are apes and humansGibbonOrangutansChimpanzeeGorillas
Most spend time on groundMay live in social groups (gorilla, chimp)Long-term parental careEvolved in Asia and Africa
Hominoids
ORANGUTANGIBBON
CHIMPANZEEGORILLA
Primate Adaptation and Evolution
HumansCommon ancestor
Very large brain
Walk upright
Human Ancestry
Hominids5-8 mya common ancestor split into lines- one line lead to humans and one lead to apesHuman line became bipedal (walk on two legs) to find foodBipedal leaves hands free to care for young, find food, defense, and leave arms free to use tools
Human Ancestry
Many hominid fossils have been found (mostly skulls because they are tough)
Human Ancestry
Australopithecus africanus
Found by Dart in 1924
Hole in skull showed it walked upright
1-2 myo
Australopithecus africanus
Human Ancestry
“Lucy” a new species found in Africa in 1974 is 3.5 myoAustralopithecus afarensisNamed for Beatles Lucy in the Sky with DiamondsPelvis is bipedalSmall brainLived in small groups
Australopithecus afarensis
Human AncestryThe Emergence of Modern Humans
Homo habilis (handy human)
Fossil found in 1964 by Leakeys in Africa
Skull humanlike
Large brain, human teeth
1.5-2 myo
Used stone tools
Homo habilis
Human AncestryThe Emergence of Modern Humans
Homo erectus (upright human)
Humanlike face
Brow ridges, no chin
Large brain, human teeth
1.6 myo
Used stone tools, kill animals and break bone open
Cooked food
Used fire and lived in caves
Migrated from Africa to Asia
Homo erectus
Human AncestryThe Emergence of Modern Humans
Homo sapiens (smart human)
Sudden appearance in Europe, Asia, Africa about 100-400,000 ya
Modern head w/o brow ridges
Small teeth
Very large brain (equal to ours)
Human AncestryThe Emergence of Modern Humans
Neanderthals best known of early Homo sapiens
Live from 35,000 to 100,000 ya
Europe, Asia, Middle east
Thick bones, large faces, prominent nose
Size of modern humans
Neanderthals
Human AncestryThe Emergence of Modern Humans
Neanderthals continued:
Lived in caves
Had art
Buried their dead (believed in afterlife)
Religious
Had language
Disappeared suddenly about 35-40,000 ya
Human AncestryThe Emergence of Modern Humans
Neanderthals suddenly disappeared and were replaced by Cro-Magnon
35-40,000 ya
Cro-Magnon looked like modern humans
Art, religion, tool makers, much like modern humans
Human AncestryThe Emergence of Modern Humans
What happened to Neanderthal?Killed by Cro-Magnon
Out-competed by Cro-Magnon
Bred with Cro-Magnon
Unsolved Mystery
Human AncestryThe Emergence of Modern Humans
Humans have not changed much in last 200,000 y
Began in Africa, Europe, Asia
12,000 years ago migrated across land bridge to North America
In 500 years had populated most of North and South America
Primate Evolution-Wrap Up
1. What is a primate?
2. List 5 characteristics of primates.
3. List 5 primates.
4. What is a prosimian?
5. List 2 prosimians.
6. What are three characteristics of anthropoids?
Primate Evolution-Wrap Up
7. List two anthropoids.
8. What is the main difference between old world monkeys and new world monkeys?
9. List four new world monkeys.
10. List four old world monkeys
11. What are hominids?
12. List four characteristics of hominoids.
Primate Evolution-Wrap Up
8. List four hominids.
9. When did the hominid line split into apes and humans?
10. What is Australopithecus africanus?
11. When and where was it found? By whom?
How old is the fossil?
12. What is Australopithecus afarensis?
Primate Evolution-Wrap Up
13. How did it get the name “Lucy”?
How old is the fossil?
14. What is Homo habilis?
15. When and where was it found? By whom?
How old is the fossil?
16. What is Homo erectus?
Primate Evolution-Wrap Up
17. When did it live? What are its characteristics? How old is the fossil?
18. What is Homo sapiens?19. When did it live? What are its
characteristics? How old is the fossil?20. What are Neanderthals?21. When did it live? What are its
characteristics? How old is the fossil?
Primate Evolution-Wrap Up
22. When did it live? What are its characteristics? How old is the fossil?
23. What are Cro-Magnon?
24. When did it live? What are its characteristics? How old is the fossil?
25. What are three theories that may account for the disappearance of Neanderthals?
Primate Evolution-Wrap Up
26. How quickly did humans inhabit North and South America?
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