presenting with analogy and metaphor

Part 3Analogy and Metaphor

PRESENTATION SKILLS

Overview

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Session 1

English Vs JapaneseUsing Power PointHandling Questions

Session 3

Analogy and MetaphorTechnical Vocabulary

Session 2

Structuring your PresentationChunking it Right

Body Language

Session 4

Presentation Practice

Quick Hints #1for controlling your state

• Clothes• Practice • Think of a Time You Have Done This Before

(Anchoring)• Be Early• Resources

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Today’s Session

• Review Last Week• Using Analogy and Metaphor• Technical Vocabulary

- The difference between a presentation and a paper

• Example Presentation and/or Students’ Presentations

• Question Time

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Review

Think of your presentation as a 5 minute chance to teach your paper

• Introduction: -Self 10-20 Seconds-Academic 30-40 Seconds

• Main Body: -Point 1 1 minute-Point 2 1 minute-Point 3 1 minute

• Conclusion 1 minute

• Questions 5 minutes　2011/10/12 6Copywrite Francesco Bolstad

Structuring Your presentation

Big Picture IntroductionConclusion

Details Main Body

Example topic

Big Picture

Details

• Life on Earth• Sensing• Cellular VS

Organism• Ion Channels• TRP Channels• TRP A1• Inflammatory

Mediators• NO, H2O2

Everyone

Biologists

Microbiologists

TRP Channel Specialists

TRP A1 Specialists

Level of Detail Target Audience

Know your Audience

What are the judges looking for?

• Content – New Ideas– Relevance

• Presentation– Pronunciation– Accuracy and Fluency– Body Language

• Slides– Format– Spelling and Grammar

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Types of Questions

• Basic to the understanding of the topic.– Must be answered!

• Difficult or long questions about the topic.– Give a quick answer (showing that you know the answer) then

offer to talk more after your presentation.

• “What if Questions” Unrelated questions or questions that ask you to guess about the future.

– Leave the question for later. – Remember to be polite.

Presenting withAnalogy and

MetaphorY = X ± Z

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Describing Objects and

Defining Concepts• “Defining in a general sense is simply

pointing out the unique, distinguishing properties of a concept in a particular context”

Giving Academic PresentationsSusan M. Reinhart

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Metaphor is a Natural Process

Bouba and Kiki

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Metaphors in ScienceThe Cell

The word cell comes from the Latin cellula, meaning "a small room". The descriptive term for the smallest living biological structure was coined by Robert Hooke in a book he published in 1665 when he compared the cork cells he saw through his microscope to the small rooms monks lived in.

"... I could exceedingly plainly perceive it to be all perforated and porous, much like a Honey-comb, but that the pores of it were not regular [..] these pores, or cells, [..] were indeed the first microscopical pores I ever saw, and perhaps, that were ever seen, for I had not met with any Writer or Person, that had made any mention of them before this. . ." – Robert Hooke describing his observations on a thin slice of cork.

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The Cell Metaphor

Monk’s Cell Honeycomb Cell Cork Cell

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The Cell as a City This figure is from our Prentice H

all Science Explorer Cells and H

eredity, book p22C.

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City model, cell structure, cell function

• Construction Site: ribosome - builds new structures • Transport Company: endoplasmic reticulum - carries

materials from place to place • Power Plant: mitochondrion - produces power • Food Processing Plant: chloroplast - produces food • Waste Disposal Plant: lysosome - disposes of waste • City Hall: nucleus - controls rest of cell • Storage Tanks: vacuole - stores food and water • Gate: cell wall or cell membrane - controls what enters

and leaves cell city

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Other Metaphors in Science

Metaphors• Flowing Water• Wave• Wall• Highways• Blueprint• Police Force• A Peach• Camera• Computer

Scientific Concept• Electricity• Sound/light/radio• Cell (wall/membrane)• Blood Vessels• DNA• Immune System• Layers of Earth• Eye• Brain

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Metaphor Topics

• Life• Learning a language• The economy• A nuclear reaction• Love• Being a student• University entrance exams• Kyoto University2011/10/12 Copywrite Francesco Bolstad 19

Technical Vocabulary

• How is a presentation different to a paper?

– Time– Audience– Control

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Example presentation (Ivory Ban)

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Bad

23

Key issues identified in conserving elephant populations

• Enfroceable Property Rights

• Biodiversity

• Externalities

Introduction The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion

24

The effectiveness of the ivory trade ban depends on the availability of substitutes, the enforcement of property

rights and the impact of anti-ivory campaigns

P ($)

Q

D1D2

q1q2

p2

p1

S (before ban)

S (poaching) P ($)

Q

D1D2

q1q2

p2

p1

S (before ban)

S (poaching)

Ban on ivory

Ban on rhino horn

Introduction The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion

Field, B. C., 2000, Natural Resource Economics, p.387

25

The ban on rhino horn was ineffective because substitutes were unavailable

P ($)

Q

D1D2

q1q2

p2

p1

S (before ban)

S (poaching)

P ($)

Q

D1D2

q1q2

p2

p1

S (before ban)

S (poaching)

Ban on Rhino Horn

Ban on ivory

Introduction The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion

Field, B. C., 2000, Natural Resource Economics, p.387

26

The transfer of property and management rights to farmers will internalize externalities and increase the

number of elephants.

P ($)

Q (Number of Elephants)

MDF

MCG

MSC = MCG + MDF

Q1Q20

MSC … Marginal Social Cost MCF … Marginal Cost of FarmerMCG … Marignal Cost of Government MSB … Marginal Social BenefitMDF … Marginal Damage to FarmerMBG … Marginal Benefit of Government

MBG

P1

P2

MSBMCG

MSC = MCG + MCF

Q3

P3

Q2

P2MDF = MCF

Introduction The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion

27

The optimal harvest rate will be chosen to secure profit maximization which will ensure a sustainable

elephant population

Effort

Tota

l rev

enue

and

cos

t ($)

TR

TC

EMSY

Grafton, R.Q, et al., 2004, The Economics of the Environment and Natural Resources, p.110

Introduction The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion

28

Currently management of elephant populations are nationalized and uncoordinated

Stiles, D., 2004.The ivory trade and elephant conservation.Environmental Conversation 31 (4): p. 309

“Elephant conservation and public welfare can be

better served by legal ivory trade than by a trade

ban, but until demand for ivory can be

restrained and various monitoring and regulation

measures are put into place it is premature for

CITES to permit ivory sales”

Introduction The Ban Key Economic Terms Conclusion

Good

Ivory trade ban and elephant conservation

byFrancis Bolstad

Environmental EconomicsAnd the Ivory trade ban

31

Agenda

• Background

• The Ban

• Key Economic Issues

• Conclusion

The elephant picture in the left corner is adapted from IFAW annual report fiscal year 2003

32

African and Asian elephants have different identifying features, as …

Introduction The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion

http://www.hedweb.com/ eleplone.htm

33

Elephant populations dropped by half between 1976 - 1989, this lead to listing on CITES

Appendix I thus prohibiting trade in elephant products.

African Elephant Asian Elephant

http://www.hedweb.com/ eleplone.htm http://www.cardamom.org/ images/elephant_large.jpg

http://www.cites.org

Introduction The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion

34

Ban opponents argue that the trade of elephant products will lead to increased funding for wildlife conservation and compensation for E-H conflict.

Trade of elephant products

Efficient Markets

Supply Price ↓ Poaching and Smuggling ↓

Income from sales ↑

WildlifeConservation ↑

Elephant – Human Conflict

Introduction The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion

35

Ban proponents argue that the trade of elephant products will endanger the wildlife conservation

efforts through fuelling demand.

Trade of elephant products

Demand ↑

Supply ↑

Elephant Population ↓

Poaching and Smuggling ↑

TourismRevenues ↓

Biodiversity ↓Funds for WildlifeConservation ↓

Introduction The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion

36

Anti-ivory campaigns have been effective in decreasing demand. However an illegal trade has

remained to meet intrinsic demand

- International authority as supervisor

- Intrinsic demand for ivory products still exists

- The ban pushes trade underground

+ Anti-ivory campaigns have been very successful, especially in the Western World

Introduction The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion

37

Key issues identified in conserving elephant populations

• Enfroceable Property Rights

• Biodiversity

• Externalities

Introduction The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion

38

The increased numbers of elephants under the ban has come at a high cost

- Increasing cost of enforcing anti-poaching laws and anti-ivory campaigns

- Decreasing revenue from ivory sales and hunting

• Continuing uncompensated damage to crops

+ Increase in overall elephant numbers

Introduction The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion

39

The effectiveness of the ivory trade ban depends on the availability of substitutes, the enforcement of property

rights and the impact of anti-ivory campaigns

P ($)

Q

D1D2

q1q2

p2

p1

S (before ban)

S (poaching) P ($)

Q

D1D2

q1q2

p2

p1

S (before ban)

S (poaching)

Ban on ivory

Ban on rhino horn

Introduction The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion

Field, B. C., 2000, Natural Resource Economics, p.387

40

The ban on rhino horn was ineffective because substitutes were unavailable

P ($)

Q

D1D2

q1q2

p2

p1

S (before ban)

S (poaching)

P ($)

Q

D1D2

q1q2

p2

p1

S (before ban)

S (poaching)

Ban on Rhino Horn

Ban on ivory

Introduction The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion

Field, B. C., 2000, Natural Resource Economics, p.387

41

The transfer of property and management rights to farmers will internalize externalities and increase the

number of elephants.

P ($)

Q (Number of Elephants)

MDF

MCG

MSC = MCG + MDF

Q1Q20

MSC … Marginal Social Cost MCF … Marginal Cost of FarmerMCG … Marignal Cost of Government MSB … Marginal Social BenefitMDF … Marginal Damage to FarmerMBG … Marginal Benefit of Government

MBG

P1

P2

MSBMCG

MSC = MCG + MCF

Q3

P3

Q2

P2MDF = MCF

Introduction The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion

42

The optimal harvest rate will be chosen to secure profit maximization which will ensure a sustainable

elephant population

Effort

Tota

l rev

enue

and

cos

t ($)

TR

TC

EMSY

Grafton, R.Q, et al., 2004, The Economics of the Environment and Natural Resources, p.110

Introduction The Ban Key Economic Issues Conclusion

43

Currently management of elephant populations are nationalized and uncoordinated

Stiles, D., 2004.The ivory trade and elephant conservation.Environmental Conversation 31 (4): p. 309

“Elephant conservation and public welfare can be

better served by legal ivory trade than by a trade

ban, but until demand for ivory can be

restrained and various monitoring and regulation

measures are put into place it is premature for

CITES to permit ivory sales”

Introduction The Ban Key Economic Terms Conclusion

Questions

This is your chance to ask specific questions about your presentation !

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The Structure of Humor

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Why are Jokes Funny?

A story within a story.

The twist

Revealing the truth

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Other Types of Humor

• Self Depreciation

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QuestionsQuestionsand moreQuestions

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Where to from Here

Making your presentation

Rehearsing

Adjusting for your target audience

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Good Luck

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