presenting tailored (context-aware) information to city visitors keith cheverst lancaster university...
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Presenting Tailored (Context-Aware)
Information to City Visitors
Keith CheverstLancaster Universitykc@comp.lancs.ac.uk
Lancaster University - DMRG
Motivation…
Mobile Computing
Wireless Communications
Context Awareness= ?
+
+
Why did we choose tourism ?
Lancaster University - DMRG
GUIDE Requirements… Four main requirements
Flexibility Passive, active, control the pace of
interaction Context-aware information
Not just location based Support for dynamic information
Changes to opening times etc. Support for interactive services
Lancaster University - DMRG
Communications Infrastructure Infrastructure has a dual role, broadcasting:
Dynamic information, Positioning information
Lancaster University - DMRG
Infrastructure Continued…
Lancaster University - DMRG
The Information Model… Represents various information types
Geographic, Hypertext and Active Components
Lancaster University - DMRG
Configuring GUIDE…
Lancaster University - DMRG
Welcome to GUIDE…
Lancaster University - DMRG
Information Retrieval…
Lancaster University - DMRG
Picking a Tour…
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Following a Tour (1)…
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Following a Tour (2)…
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Following a Tour (3)…
Lancaster University - DMRG
Implications of Disconnection… GUIDE units can loose network
connectivity Information Model cached locally, but… Trust/reliability of information is an issue
No reception of dynamic information Information can become out-of-date
Certain functionality becomes unavailable Location Information, Messaging Service etc
Encourage an understanding for the role of connectivity
Lancaster University - DMRG
Solving Location Problems: A GUIDE and Visitor Partnership
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Found Again…
Lancaster University - DMRG
Generating the AH (1) Incorporation of GUIDE tags
Enables pages to query Information Model
Processed by GUIDE filter component Example
<GUIDETAG INSERT NEIGHBOURS> Filter calls ProvideDescription() and
ProvideImage() on associated location objects
Builds up page…
Lancaster University - DMRG
Generating the AH (2)
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Generating the AH (3)<HTML><P><FONT> <GUIDETAG INSERT FULLUSERNAME> ,the following attractions are near to you at <GUIDETAG INSERT POSITION>.</P><P> Note: The list below is ordered according to closeness and whether or not they are open or closed.</P><P><BR> <GUIDETAG INSERT NEIGHBOURS></FONT></P></HTML>
Lancaster University - DMRG
Updating the User Model (1) Use of GUIDE Meta Tags enable the
dynamic updating of the User Model e.g. Increasing History rating <GUIDE METATAG HISTORY>
<GUIDETAG INTEREST (HISTORY GREATER 0)> -- Additional History Text --</GUIDETAG>
Lancaster University - DMRG
Updating the User Model (2)
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With Low History Interest…
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With High History Interest…
Lancaster University - DMRG
The Evaluation of GUIDE… Expert Walkthrough
Highlighted a number of UI issues Field Trial - Sixty visitors over 5 weeks
What the public actually think Would users accept and trust the system? Ascertain quality of visitor’s experience
Determine the implications of our approach
Was the browser metaphor appropriate? Granularity of location information?
Lancaster University - DMRG
Key Findings (1) …
In general, visitors enjoyed using the system… Visitors appreciated location-awareness
Found navigation reassuring Visitors trust of the system was dynamic
Increased when shown detailed descriptions e.g. ‘watch the step when leaving the path’
Decreased when information could not be retrieved or appeared inaccurate/incorrect
Lancaster University - DMRG
Key Findings (2)… Some concern over missing information
Based on automated retrieval Majority appreciated system’s flexibility
But for some ‘Less is More’ (Information Appliance)
High acceptance for the end-system Could be lighter…
Young visitors revelled in the technology
Lancaster University - DMRG
Future (1)… Cooperation
Lancaster University - DMRG
Future (2) … Supplement infrastructure with
micro-cellular system, e.g. bluetooth Connectivity within buildings Obtain finer positioning granularity
Persistence of User Model Constant learning/building of user’s
profile Reduce tight-coupling with GUIDE
Further Evaluation…
Lancaster University - DMRG
Concluding Remarks… Growing acceptance of technology ?
Context can simplify the visitor’s task When adapting to context designers
need to carefully consider… How to avoid over-determining the user Appropriate metaphors for interaction
Implications for User Interaction… Context and Infrastructure
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