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Presentation &

Public Speaking

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Main Topics• Benefits of public speaking

• Managing communication anxiety

• Planning the presentation/speech

• Adapting the audience

• Find a topic and collecting material

• Structuring the presentation/speech

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Main Topics• Visualization

• Media

• Spoken and body language

• Voice

• Speech scenarios

• Training

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Benefits of Public SpeakingPersonal benefits

• Learn more about yourself

• Learn about others

• Learn to be an effective listener

• Increase your communication abilities

• Expand your career options

• Develop your understanding of public issues

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Benefits of Public Speaking

Social benefits

Freedom of speech is the most controversial as well as fundamental component in Democracies.

• In legal settings: guilt and innocence

• Debate public issues

• Celebrate special occasions

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Benefits of Public Speaking

Cultural benefits

• Understand our own and others identities

• Listen to different voices: discover the different

• Flavours of a society

• Expand conversational skills

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3 Key Points of Public Speaking

1. If you want to convince others with a message, convince them that you are a good person.

2. Use words that your audience will easily remember.

3. Speak direct, in a conversational way for a better communication

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Communication Anxiety

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Communication Comfort

13 %

19 %

33 %

36 %

face-to-faceon the phonein a meetinggive a presentation

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Communication AnxietyExternal factors:

• Unfamiliarity

• Importance

Internal factors:

• Anxiety Sensitivity

• Perfectionism

• Audience Misconceptions

• Dire consequences

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How is Anxiety Expressed?• Trembling or shaking 80%

• Mind going blank 74%

• Doing or saying something embarrassing 64%

• Unable to continue talking 63%

• Not making sense 59%

• Sounding foolish 59%

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How to Handle these Phenomena?

Negative Consequences:

• Your main purpose MUST be your message!

Trembling or Shaking:

• Focus on your message, walk around, use, presentation aids

Mind going blank:

• Do not memorize your speech, do not write it out!

• Practise your speech, use keywords on keycards

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How to Handle these Phenomena?

Embarrassing Yourself:

• You won't be hurt, you will survive ;-)

Unable to continue talking:

• Concentrate on the friendliest face in the audience and keep on talking.

Not making sense, sounding foolish:

• Be good prepared in terms of the topic of your speech.

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How to Handle these Phenomena?

Selective Relaxation:

1. Find a calm place, sit down comfortably, relax.

2. Slowly repeating a simple word, once you exhale.

3. Let your mind drift freely.

4. Breath deeply and tense your feet, legs, contract different muscles.

5. Breath deeply, repeat your word, relax your muscles.

6. Repeat that several times.

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Communication Models

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Listeners' Needs and Interests

Move away from egocentrism!

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Preparing Your Speech

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Step 1: Find Topic

A good topic

• involves you.

• involves your listeners.

• is one you can manage.

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Techniques to Find a Topic

• Brainstorming

• Mindmap

• Personal interest chart

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Techniques to Find a TopicTopic area inventory chart:

• personal interest —> audience interest —>possible topics

Media prompts:

• main topics in different media - find a relation to personal interests

Topic analysis:

• who, what, when, where, why, how?

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Step 2: Focus topic and collect material

Purpose

• To inform

• To persuade

• Celebration an event, person, etc.

Improve your purpose statement

• Fresh ideas

• Time limit

• No double focus, triviality, technical overload

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Step 2: Focus topic and collect material

Thesis statement: a short summary of your central idea.

• Summarize in a single sentence the main message of your speech.

• Keep in mind the purpose of your speech.

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Step 2: Collect materialAcquiring knowledge:

• Experts, latest developments, local applications of

• Special interests to your audience

Personal knowledge and experience:

• What I know / Where I learned it / What I need to find out

Evaluate your material:

• authority, accuracy, objectivity, currency, coverage

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Step 2: Collect material• Facts, statistics, examples, testimony, narratives

• Conducting research strategy:

• Develop an overview

• Build an bibliography

• Aquire in-depth knowledge

• Check if your information are up-to-date

• Focus on local applications

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Step 3: StructuringThree Techniques for Using Supporting Materials:

1. Comparison:

• Points out similarities: unfamiliar or controversial

2. Contrast:

• Emphasizes the differences between or amongthings

3. Analogy:

• Combines comparisons and contrasts: remote or abstract ideas

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Step 3: Structuring• Balance 3 parts: introduction, body, conclusion

• Time yourself

• Order: consistent pattern, logical

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Step 3: Structuring• Main points, Sub points: short, direct, clear

• Arrange these points appropriately:

• Similarity: group things in categories

• Proximity: present things in their naturally order

• Closure: to finish a story, offer a solution, give motivation:

1. Arouse attention

2. Demonstrate a need

3. Show, how the need might be satisfied

4. Visualize the results

5. Call for action

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Step 3: Structuring1. Use a categorical design that divides a subject into

areas of interest.

2. Use a cause-effect design that pictures a subject either as the cause of an effect or as the effect of a cause.

3. Use a narrative design that moves from scene to scene in telling a story.

Be sure that you have an effective introduction, body and conclusion.

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Step 3: Structuring

KISS: keep it short and simple

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Step 3: Structuring

Introduction: Attention Getter

• Acknowledge the audience, location, occasion

• Involve the audience: ask a question, startle the audience

• Relate to a personal experience

• Tell a story, use humor, develop suspense

• Begin with a quotation

• Use a presentation aid

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Step 3: Structuring

Introduction: Personal credibility

• You can seem competent only if you know what you are talking about.

• Reference your sources

• First impression: body language

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Step 3: Structuring

Introduction: Previewing your message

• Consider your audience, the mood you want to establish

• Consider your time frame

• Consider what you do best

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Step 3: StructuringConclusion Techniques:

• Summarize your message

• Echo your introduction

• Involve the audience to remind them of the importance of your message

• Call for action to get a commitment

• Ask questions to give something to consider on

• End with a memorable story, use a quotation

• Use strategic repetitions to implant your ideas

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Step 4: Visualization

Presentation Aids:

• Types of presentation aids: people, objects, models, animals, graphics, pictures

• Types of presentation media: flip charts, posters, handouts, transparencies, slides, video, audio, CD, DVD, web, PowerPoint, Keynote, etc.

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Step 4: VisualizationAdvantages

• Enhance understanding

• To memorize message

• Establish authenticity

• Improve your credibility

• Improve delivery

• Add variety and interest

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Disadvantages

• Distract speaker

• Distract audience

• Reduce eye contact

• Damage credibility if sloppy

• Take time to prepare

• Depend on equipment

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Step 4: VisualizationSlides:

• Keep it simple

• 6 x 6

• Plain fonts

• Light on dark

• Dark on light

• Run spellchecker

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Step 4: Visualization

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Slides Handouts

Title 48 18

Subtitle 32 14

Text 28 12

Footer 20 10

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Analogous scheme

Step 4: VisualizationComplementary scheme

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Step 5: Speech• First impression

• Language: verbal, nonverbal

• Voice

• Contact to the audience

• Question and answers

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Step 6: Training• Practise standing up and speak loud

• Start from your outline

• Work on maintaining eye contact

• Practise integrating presentation aids

• Check time of your speech

• Dress on and speak in front of friends

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Sources• Public Speaking, Osborn & Osborn, Houghton Mifflin

Company, Boston/New York

• Personal Report of Public Speaking Anxiety by J. C. McCroskey, Speech Monographs

• Colour scheme: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Byrcolorwheel.png

• Communication model: http://www.schulz-von-thun.de/mod-komquad.html

• Speech Outline, Evaluation Sheet: Isabell Schulz, ABS Paris

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Christine Graf

cocoate32 rue du Pla

FR-11510 Fitou

http://cocoate.com info@cocoate.com

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