presentation on nuclear reactor on9 10-07
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PRESENTATIONON
NUCLEAR REACTOR
April 12, 2023 1
FUNDAMENTAL OF PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY
April 12, 2023 2
BASIC STRUCTURE OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
April 12, 2023 3
LAYOUT OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
REACTOR
Containment and biological shield
TURBINE GENERATOR
FEEDPUMF
(SINGLE FLUID SYSEM)April 12, 2023 4
Benefits of Nuclear Power
Reduce demand of Coal
Stable fuel cost
Improves the environment
Less space is requiredApril 12, 2023 5
Bigger capacity gives additional advantage
Economic benefits – jobs & economy
Waste product is controlled, stored, monitored, protected and regulated
Proven, reliable, low-cost supplier of electricity
April 12, 2023 6
A Nuclear Power Plant
April 12, 2023 7
How a Nuclear Power Plant Works: Fuel
Uranium-238 atoms are split apart in a process called nuclear fission.
As more and more atoms split inside the reactor, a large amount of heat is produced.
April 12, 2023 8
April 12, 2023 9
April 12, 2023 10
Where Does the Energy Come From?:
When an 235U atom fissions:-
235U + 1 neutron 2 neutrons + 92Kr + 142Ba + ENERGY
The mass seems to be the same on both sides of the reaction:
235 + 1 = 2 + 92 + 142 = 236
April 12, 2023 11
IT SEEMS THAT NO MASS IS CONVERTED INTO ENERGY. HOWEVER, THIS IS NOT ENTIRELY CORRECT. THE MASS OF AN ATOM IS MORE THAN THE SUM OF THE INDIVIDUAL MASSES OF ITS PROTONS AND NEUTRONS, WHICH IS WHAT THOSE NUMBERS REPRESENT. EXTRA MASS IS A RESULT OF THE BINDING ENERGY THAT HOLDS THE PROTONS AND NEUTRONS OF THE NUCLEUS TOGETHER. THUS, WHEN THE URANIUM ATOM IS SPLIT, SOME OF THE ENERGY THAT HELD IT TOGETHER IS RELEASED AS RADIATION IN THE FORM OF HEAT. BECAUSE ENERGY AND MASS ARE ONE AND THE SAME, THE ENERGY RELEASED IS ALSO MASS RELEASED. THEREFORE, THE TOTAL MASS DOES DECREASE A TINY BIT DURING THE REACTION.April 12, 2023 12
MAIN PART OF NUCLEAR REACTOR AND REACTOR CONTROL
C
OR
E
FULE RODS
Control Rods
MODERATOR
Coolant OUT
Coolant IN
STEAM
TO
STEAM TURBINE
RADIATION SHIELDREFLECTOR
HEAT EXCHANGER OR STEAM GENERATOR
April 12, 2023 13
Containment Vessel1.5-inch thick steel
Shield Building Wall3-foot thick reinforced concrete
Dry Well Wall5-foot thick reinforced concrete
Bio Shield4-foot thick leaded concrete with1.5-inch thick steel lining inside and out
Reactor Vessel4- to 8-inches thick steel
Reactor Fuel
Weir Wall1.5-foot thick concrete
April 12, 2023 14
Multiple Layers to Safety
45 inch steel-reinforced concrete
1/4 inch steel liner
36 inch concrete shielding
8 inch steel reactor vessel
nuclear fuel assemblies
April 12, 2023 15
MAIN COMPONENTS OF NUCLEAR
REACTOR
FUEL
MODERATOR
REFLECTOR
COOLANT
CONTROL RODS
SHIELDING
April 12, 2023 16
FUEL:-
THE FUEL WHICH USUALLY USED IS NATURAL U-235. IT IS USED IN THE FORM OF RODS AND MODERATOR SURROUNDS IT.
April 12, 2023 17
MODERATOR:-
THE FUNCTION OF MODERATOR IS TO REDUCE THE ENERGY OF NEUTRON EVOLVED DURING FISSION INORDER TO MAINTAIN THE CHAIN REACTION.IT ALSO REDUCES THE QUANTITY OF FUEL REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN THE CHAIN REACTION.
April 12, 2023 18
REFLECTOR:-
DURING THE CHAIN REACTION SOME NEUTORN WHICH ESCAPE FROM THE SURFACE OF THE CORE WITHOUT TAKING PART IN THE FISSION ARE REFLECTED BACK INTO THE CORE TO TAKE PART IN THE FISSION REACTION.
April 12, 2023 19
COOLANT:-
THE PURPOSE OF THE COOLANT IS TO TRANSFER THE GENERATED HEAT TO GENERATE THE STEAM. THE COOLENT IS CIRCULATED IN THE REACTOR AND KEEPS AND KEEPS THE TEMPRATURE OF THE TEMPRATURE BELOW THE SAFE LEVEL BY CONTINEOUS REMOVAL OF ENERGY FROM THE CORE.
April 12, 2023 20
CONTROL RODS:-
THE CONTROLS RODS HELPS TO VARY THE OUTPUT ACCORDING TO THE LOAD AND SHUT DOWN THE REACTOR UNDER EMERGENCY CONDITIONS. BY ABSORBING MORE NUMBER OF NEUTRONS THAN EMITTED AND THE FISSION REACTION DIES OUT.
April 12, 2023 21
SHIELDING:-
THE REACTOR IS THE SOURES OF INTENSE RDIO-ACTIVITY AND THESE RADIATION ARE VERY HARMFUL TO THE HUMAN LIFE. TO PREVENT THAT A THICK CONCRETE LINING OUTSIDE AND THIN STEEL LINING IS PROVIDED TO AVOID THE ESCAPE OF RADIATIONS TO THE ATMOSPHERE.
April 12, 2023 22
CLASSIFICATION OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
On The Basis Of Neutron Energy IN THERMAL REACTOR / neutron energy ( 0.03 ev) IN FAST REACTOR / neutron energy (1000 ev) IN INTERMEDIATE REACTOR / ( in b/w )
On The Basis Of Fuel One of the material can be use U-233 , U-235 , PU-239
On The Basis Of Type Of Coolant Used GAS (CO2, H2) LIGHT WATER HEAVY WATER LIQUID METALHYDRO CARBON HYDROCARBON
April 12, 2023 23
On The Basis Of Moderator Used Light Water Heavy water Graphite Organics
On The Basis of Type of Fuel Enrichment
Natural Fuel Enriched Fuel
On The Basis of Geometry of Fuel Moderator Arrangement
Homogeneous( fuel is homogeneously dispersed in the moderator)
Heterogeneous( fuel in the form of rod or plates in the matrices of moderator)April 12, 2023 24
On The Basis Of Their Applications, Function And Construction
Research teaching and material testing reactor
Plutonium production reactor which produce fissile material from fertile material or produce isotopes
Power reactors Stationary power plant Center station power reactor Package reactor for easy mobility, specially
for defense purpose Mobile reactor , Naval reactor , merchant
ship reactor Space reactor which are used in space craft Food irradiation reactor
April 12, 2023 25
BASIC REACTOR SYSTEM Pressurized water reactor Boiling water reactor Sodium graphite reactor Fast breeder reactor Homogeneous reactor Organic cooled and moderator
reactor Gas cooled reactor High temperature gas cooled
reactorApril 12, 2023 26
Pressurized water reactor
April 12, 2023 27
1 Reactor vessel 8 Fresh steam 14 Condenser
2 Fuel elements 9 Feedwater 15 Cooling water
3 Control rods 10 High pressure turbine 16 Feedwater pump
4 Control rod drive 11 Low pressure turbine 17 Feedwater pre-heater
5 Pressurizer 12 Generator 18 Concrete shield
6 Steam generator 13 Exciter 19 Cooling water pump
7 Main circulating pump
Pressurized water reactor
April 12, 2023 28
Advanced Gas Cooled Reactor (AGR)
April 12, 2023 30
Heavy Water Reactor/candu
April 12, 2023 31
THANK YOU
April 12, 2023 32
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