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Chapter 13Chapter 13Cooling Rate and Hardenability
of SteelsCooling Rate and Hardenability
of Steels
Cooling Rate • HardenabilityCooling Rate • Hardenability
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
The face-centered cubic crystal structure of austenite transforms by shear into the body-centered tetragonal cubic crystal structure of martensite.
The face-centered cubic crystal structure of austenite transforms by shear into the body-centered tetragonal cubic crystal structure of martensite.
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
The hardness of martensite is a function of the carbon content of the steel.
The hardness of martensite is a function of the carbon content of the steel.
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Lath martensite and plate martensite require the use of an electron microscope for complete resolution.Lath martensite and plate martensite require the use of an electron microscope for complete resolution.
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
The morphology of upper bainite consists of a feathery structure, and that of lower bainite consists of a needle-shaped structure.
The morphology of upper bainite consists of a feathery structure, and that of lower bainite consists of a needle-shaped structure.
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Hypoeutectoid steels, eutectoid steel, and hypereutectoid steels are the three main groupings of steels identified on the iron-carbon diagram.
Hypoeutectoid steels, eutectoid steel, and hypereutectoid steels are the three main groupings of steels identified on the iron-carbon diagram.
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
As the cooling rate increases, diffusion of carbon has less time to occur, which results in a slight change in the shape of the iron-carbon diagram. The eutectoid composition is shifted to the left for hypoeutectoid steels and to the right for hypereutectoid steels.
As the cooling rate increases, diffusion of carbon has less time to occur, which results in a slight change in the shape of the iron-carbon diagram. The eutectoid composition is shifted to the left for hypoeutectoid steels and to the right for hypereutectoid steels.
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Isothermal transformation (I-T) diagrams typically exhibit three distinctive regions and the temperature and time boundaries for the transformation of austenite.
Isothermal transformation (I-T) diagrams typically exhibit three distinctive regions and the temperature and time boundaries for the transformation of austenite.
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
The microstructure of steel depends on the rate that it cools to the isothermal transformation temperature.
The microstructure of steel depends on the rate that it cools to the isothermal transformation temperature.
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
I-T diagrams for hypoeutectoid steels include a region for proeutectoid ferrite. I-T diagrams for hypereutectoid steels include a region for proeutectoid cementite.
I-T diagrams for hypoeutectoid steels include a region for proeutectoid ferrite. I-T diagrams for hypereutectoid steels include a region for proeutectoid cementite.
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
The products of transformation are indicated along the bottom of C-T diagrams and on the right-hand side of I-T diagrams.
The products of transformation are indicated along the bottom of C-T diagrams and on the right-hand side of I-T diagrams.
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
A 1080 steel develops higher surface hardness when quenched, but a 4140 steel has higher hardenability because it retains hardness across the section thickness.
A 1080 steel develops higher surface hardness when quenched, but a 4140 steel has higher hardenability because it retains hardness across the section thickness.
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
The critical cooling rate is the slowest cooling rate that misses the nose of the I-T or C-T diagram.
The critical cooling rate is the slowest cooling rate that misses the nose of the I-T or C-T diagram.
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
The Jominy end-quench specimen is austenitized and quenched under standardized conditions.
The Jominy end-quench specimen is austenitized and quenched under standardized conditions.
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
On an end-quench hardenability curve, hardness is plotted against distance from the quenched end of the Jominy bar.
On an end-quench hardenability curve, hardness is plotted against distance from the quenched end of the Jominy bar.
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
The ASTM graph paper used for plotting end-quench hardenability curves indicates the variation of cooling rate with distance from the quenched end of the Jominy bar.
The ASTM graph paper used for plotting end-quench hardenability curves indicates the variation of cooling rate with distance from the quenched end of the Jominy bar.
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
High-hardenability steels exhibit hardness that is maintained for greater distances from the quenched end of the Jominy bar than low-hardenability steels.
High-hardenability steels exhibit hardness that is maintained for greater distances from the quenched end of the Jominy bar than low-hardenability steels.
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
A hardenability band indicates the maximum and minimum hardenability boundaries for a given grade of steel.
A hardenability band indicates the maximum and minimum hardenability boundaries for a given grade of steel.
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Correlation of the end-quench hardenability curve with the matching C-T diagram enables the phases formed at different locations along the Jominy end-quench specimen to be predicted.
Correlation of the end-quench hardenability curve with the matching C-T diagram enables the phases formed at different locations along the Jominy end-quench specimen to be predicted.
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
The most common criterion for hardenability on the end-quench hardenability curve is the point of inflection (50% martensite). Cooling rates at given distances from the quenched end of the Jominy bar can be correlated to the cooling rates at four different locations in the quenched specimen.
The most common criterion for hardenability on the end-quench hardenability curve is the point of inflection (50% martensite). Cooling rates at given distances from the quenched end of the Jominy bar can be correlated to the cooling rates at four different locations in the quenched specimen.
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Severity of quench increases from air, to oil, to water, to brine. The amount of agitation of the quenching medium also increases the severity of quench.
Severity of quench increases from air, to oil, to water, to brine. The amount of agitation of the quenching medium also increases the severity of quench.
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Curves of Du/D versus HD are used for estimating the severity of quench (H) of the quenching medium.
Curves of Du/D versus HD are used for estimating the severity of quench (H) of the quenching medium.
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
The hardenability of various steels is rated using the ideal critical diameter (DI) values. The higher the DI, the greater the hardenability.
The hardenability of various steels is rated using the ideal critical diameter (DI) values. The higher the DI, the greater the hardenability.
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Ideal critical diameter (DI) is related to the actual critical diameter (D) by the severity of quench (H). For a perfect quench (H = ∞), DI and D are equal.
Ideal critical diameter (DI) is related to the actual critical diameter (D) by the severity of quench (H). For a perfect quench (H = ∞), DI and D are equal.
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Increasing carbon content significantly lowers the Ms and Mf temperatures.
Increasing carbon content significantly lowers the Ms and Mf temperatures.
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Like carbon, most alloying elements have a depressing effect on the Ms temperature.
Like carbon, most alloying elements have a depressing effect on the Ms temperature.
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Chapter 13 — Cooling Rate and Hardenabilityof Steels
Retained austenite is usually difficult to resolve in the optical microscope, but it is sometimes observed as white patches in a martensite structure.
Retained austenite is usually difficult to resolve in the optical microscope, but it is sometimes observed as white patches in a martensite structure.
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