post-classical world history 600 to 1450 ce. common themes post-classical political developments...
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Post-Classical World History
600 to 1450 CE
Common Themes
• Post-classical political developments• Nomadic empires• Impact of interaction• Recovery and Renaissance in Asia and
Europe • American Civilizations
Post-Classical Political Developments
•Sui Dynasty (581-618 CE)•Used Buddhism & Confucian civil service
examination to establish legitimacy•Grand Canal
•Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE)– Political Development
•Scholars over soldiers•China expanded to Tibet & Korea•Supported Buddhism first; Daoism, and
Confucianism were less important•High taxation led to tension and peasant
rebellions•Korea, Japan, & Vietnam became tributary states
Post-Classical Political Developments
• Tang Dyansty (Cont.)– Economic Developments
•Silk Road security•Equal-field system
– Cultural Developments•Heavily influenced by spread of Buddhism•Empress Wu … increased influence •Anti-Buddhist campaign•Rise of Neo-Confucianism•Poetry = Li Bai, Du Fu•Kowtow practiced .. Superiority over foreigners
Post-Classical Political Developments
• Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE)– Political Development
•Re-established centralized rule•Civil service exam retained•Checked power of aristocracy while a
powerful, moral elite rose alongside•De-emphasized military approach of Tang•Paid tribute to neighboring nomadic powers•Military & economic weakness eventually
led to their fall to the Mongols in 1279.
Post-Classical Political Developments
• Song (cont.)– Economic Development
• Economic revolution – rice from Vietnam, internal trade flourished from Grand Canal, population growth, cannons, moveable type, water-powered mills, high-quality porcelain, paper money, “flying cash”, magnetic compass
– Cultural Developments• Women could keep their dowries and could
access new jobs.• Also subject to footbinding
Post-Classical Political Developments
• Islamic Caliphates– Islam: The Religion
•Muhammad (570-632 CE)•Kaaba•Allah•Mecca & Medina•Quran•Five Pillars•Universal religion
Post-Classical Political Developments
• Islamic Caliphates (cont.)– Political Developments
•Shia-Sunni split•Umayyad Caliphate - Damascus (661 CE)•Abbasid Caliphate – Baghdad
– “Golden Age” of Islam– Dar-al-Islam
Post-Classical Political Developments
• Islamic Caliphates (cont.)– Economic Developments
•Trade flourished•Improved irrigation•Increase in tax revenues•Artisans flourished: pottery, fabrics, rugs•Paper mills set up (Chinese influence)
Post-Classical Political Developments
• Islamic Caliphates (cont.)– Cultural Developments
•Mosques, hospitals, schools, orphanages•Algebra, latitude & longitude, spread of
Greek Hellenism•Universities: Cordoba, Toledo, Granada (Al-
Andalus, aka Spain)•Art & Architecture: images were forbidden;
use of geometric shapes & calligraphy
Post-Classical Political Developments
•Byzantine Empire– Political Developments
•Eastern Roman Empire•Justinian•Greek language•Strong central government•Great laws, efficient military, land
distribution, elaborate bureaucracy, theme system
Post-Classical Political Developments
•Byzantine Empire (cont.)– Economic Developments
•Excellent location for controlling trade•Silk worms smuggled out of China >
strong silk industry developed•Glassware, linen, jewelry, gold,
silversmithing
Post-Classical Political Developments
•Byzantine Empire (cont.)– Cultural Developments
•Greek•Theoretically, social mobility was
possible but was rare•Constantinople > political, commercial,
and intellectual center w/ great libraries•Split w/ western Church in 1054•Eastern Orthodox vs. Roman Catholic
Post-Classical Political Developments
•Western Europe (500-1000 CE)– Political Development
•Frankish Kingdom•Charlemagne•Feudal system – lack of strong central gov’t
– Economic Developments•Serfdom•Manors•No surplus of food so Europe lagged behind
Post-Classical Political Developments
• Western Europe (500-1000 CE)– Cultural Developments
•Birth = status•Noblewomen had a lot more power than peasant
women•Nunneries = escape for women to be treated
equally•Code of Chivalry•Christianity = religious, moral, and cultural
authority of this time w/ strong papacy•Role of monasteries
Post-Classical Political Developments
•Japan (600-1000 CE)–Political Developments
•Impact of geography•Yamato Clan > emperors of Japan
–Failed to centralize Japanese state
•Fujiwara Clan (710-785 CE)–Modeled Japan after China–Unsuccessful w/ Chinese-style bureaucracy–Strict hierarchy developed instead
Post-Classical Political Developments
•Japan (600-1000 CE)–Political Developments (cont.)
•Kamakura Shogunate–Feudalism–Shogun–Daimyo–Samurai–Bushido–Role of emperor
Post-Classical Political Developments
• Japan (600-1000 CE) – Economic Developments
•Predominantly an agrarian society•Artisans > weavers, carpenters, ironworkers•Local trade regulated by clans•Kamakura period > foreign trade w/ Korea
and China•Peasants were very similar to serfs in Europe•“Genin”
Post-Classical Political Developments
• Japan (600-1000 CE)– Cultural Developments
•Buddhism popular but Shintoism maintained its respected traditions
•Adopted Chinese technology, written language, and Buddhism (Zen Buddhism)
•Heian Period (794-1185) – Chinese contact cut off and focus on Japanese cultural values
– Tale of Genji – women were highly regarded– By the end of this period women began to lose
power
Nomadic Empires
• Vikings (800-1000 CE)•Scandinavia•Seasonal raids to supplement low farm
production•Viking boats > terrorized coastal
communities in France, Scotland, Ireland, & England
•Greenland & Iceland•Normans (aka “Northmen”) > Normandy•1066 > William the Conqueror
Nomadic Empires
•Turks (1000-1450)•Central Asian steppes•Often hired as mercenaries•Seljuk Turks (1055) > captured Baghdad
–1071 – defeated the Byzantines and took most of modern Turkey
•Afghan Turks–Series of raids into India in the 10th century–Began Delhi Sultanate in India (1206-1526)
Nomadic Empires
•Mongols (1200-1550)•World’s largest empire > mobility•Genghis Khan
–“Submit and live. Resist and die–Every male, 15-70, had to serve–Unique military strategies–Took Central Asia, Tibet, Northern
China, and Persia–Died in 1227
Mongol kingdoms
• Mongols (1200-1550)•China: Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368)
– Kublai Khan – Style of rule?
•Middle East: The Ilkhanates– 1258 – Hulegu > defeated Abbasids– Style of rule? … many converted to Islam
•Russia: The Golden Horde– Batu – heavy taxes – Moscow collected – Kiev resisted
•Pax Mongolica– For nearly 100 years Eurasia was united– Mongol Exchange
•Mongol decline … Mamluks (Egypt), Japanese Kamikaze, overspending led to inflation
Impact of Interaction
• West African Kingdoms– Ghana (500-1200 CE)
•Trans-Saharan Trade•Gold, ivory, slaves, salt, horses, cloth•Arrival of Islam (10th century)
– Mali (1235-1400’s)•Islamic conversion encouraged•Mansa Musa•Timbuktu > êntrepot
Impact of Interaction
• Christianity in North & East Africa (~1st century CE)
•Egypt & Ethiopia (Coptic Christians)•Unique style of architecture
• East African City-States (900-1500)•Indian Ocean Trade•Mogadishu, Kilwa, Sofala … Swahili city-states
•Zimbabwe
Impact of Interaction
•Europe during the High Middle Ages (1000-1450)
•~1100 CE pre-modern economy was evolving•Breakdown of feudalism = growth of towns &
commercial cities emerged– Bruges, Hamburg, Florence
•Service providers & craftspeople set up in these towns
•These cities began to plan their growth, regulate businesses, and collect taxes
•Wealthy towns (Italy) invested in beautification
Impact of Interaction
•Crusades (1095-1204)– Series of Christian holy wars conducted against infidels– Pope Urban II– 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th Crusades– Christian Europe gains trade & technology
•Long Distance Trade– Silk Road– Trans-Saharan – Indian Ocean – Mediterranean
Impact of Interaction
• Missionary Campaigns•Buddhism
– Theravada & Mahayana Buddhism– Central Asia – Tibet– Personal salvation– Korea & Japan– Zen Buddhism – syncretism – Buddhism & Shintoism
•Christianity– Both east & west spread Christianity– Christian syncretism?– Nestorian Christians
Impact of Interaction
• Missionary Campaigns•Islam
– Spread: military conquest OR trade & missionary activity
– Tolerance– Sufi missionaries (after 900 CE)– Islam in Africa …. Syncretism
• Travelers•Ibn Battuta, Marco Polo, Rabban Sauma
Impact of Interaction
– The Spread of Diseases•Black Plague•Trade routes impact•Population decrease = labor shortage
= decrease in serfdom•Anti-Semitism grew
Recovery & Renaissance in Asia and Europe
• Chinese Political Development– Ming
– “comeback kids” (1368-1644) – Hongwu– Eliminated all evidence that the Mongols ever ruled– Civil service examination– Mandarins = class of powerful officials– Temporarily supported Chinese exploration (Zheng
He)– Rebuilt irrigation systems & agrarian production
improved– Porcelain, silk, and cotton actively traded
Recovery & Renaissance in Asia and Europe
• European Political Development•By the 1400’s, regional kingdoms replaced by
strong, powerful monarchies (France, England, Spain)
•Key = professional, standing armies paid with taxes
•Competition among these states led to a refinement and improvement in weapons, ships, and technology
•These states now positioned to dominate the world
Recovery & Renaissance in Asia and Europe
•Chinese Intellectual Developments•Neo-Confucian schools•Self-discipline, filial piety, and obedience to
rulers stressed•Yongle Encyclopedia•Printing, novels, poetry•Jesuit missionaries in China (Matteo Ricci) …
Chinese interested in European technology, not Christianity
Recovery & Renaissance in Asia and Europe
• European Intellectual Developments•Renaissance “rebirth”•Contact w/ Islamic world = Greek & Roman texts•Painters, sculptors, and writers drew inspiration
from the Greco-Roman world•Humanists•Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles??•Medici family (Florence)
Recovery & Renaissance in Asia and Europe
•Chinese Exploration•1405-1433•Seven massive naval expeditions to re-
establish Chinese presence in the Indian Ocean network
•Spy mission?•Zheng He•Why did Ming order explorations to stop?
Recovery & Renaissance in Asia and Europe
•European Exploration•Impact of Renaissance?•Gold, God, Glory•Eastern spices in high demand … Ottoman
Empire’s impact?•Portuguese were FIRST, Spanish SECOND•Henry the Navigator•Vasco da Gama•Christopher Columbus•Naval race??
American Civilizations
•Maya (300-900 CE)•Borrowed Olmec traditions
–Agricultural economy–Distinctive temple complexes and massive
pyramids–Ritualistic polytheism–Urban areas with thousands of people– Independent city-states, linked by trade–Staple diet of maize (corn) and beans
American Civilizations
•Aztec (1400-1521)– Aka. … Mexica
– Militant warrior tradition– Rule by severe despots– Priestly class to oversee rituals, including human
sacrifice– Large urban capital (Tenochtitlan) ~ 150,000 people– Agricultural economy with cacao beans sometimes
used as currency– Decentralized network of city-states that paid
tribute
American Civilizations
• Inca (1400-1540)– Centralized empire with its capital at Cuzco– Extensive, irrigated agricultural economy adapted to
the rugged terrain of the Andes– Large urban centers– Polytheistic religion centered on worship of the sun– Patriarchal society with few rights for women– Privileged noble class, headed by a king (Inca) in which
royal ancestors revered and worshipped (mummification)
– No written language– Impressive achievements in building with cut stone
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