polypyrrole polystyrenesuiphonate films
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P o l j w r r In ternat iona l 31
( 1993)45-50
Electrochemical,
FTIR
and
Morpho logical Study
of
Polypyrrole-Polystyrenesu phonate
Conducting F i l m s
M. J. Gonzalez-Tejera,
M .
A. de la Plaza,b
E.
Sanchez de la Blanca
I .
Hernandez-Fuentes
Departamento dc Quimica Fisica
I ,
Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, 28040 Madrid, Spain
(Received 18 December 1991; revised version received 21 April 1992; accepted 28 May 1992)
Abstract: The electrochemical bchaviour, FTIR spectrum and
t he
morphology of
polypyrroleepolystyrenesulphonate (PPy-PSS) films obtained po tentiostatically
a t 0 . 6V in a
0.05~
y
+
1.7 x
~ O - M
NaPSS medium have been analysed. Different
electrochemical parameters have been modified in order to establish the first
polaron formation, the reversibility of the redox process and
the
doping
nicch a n ism.
The F TIR spectrum confirms the existence
of
C=O groups in the film structure
and two possible explanations are suggested. SEM reveals a higher homogeneity in
these films than
in
PPy films doped with smaller counterions.
K q .
i iwh: conducting polymer, polypyrrole, electrochemical and FTIR study.
INTRODUCTION
Polypyrrole (PPy) is t h e mo s t co mmo n co n d u c t in g
polymer because of i ts application to battery electrode
material a nd electrochroniic devices. Th e characterist ics
of
the result ing polymeric material depend on the
electrochemical conditions of synthesis. In this sense PPy
has been obtained i n aqueou s and non-aqueous media by
several authors, ' - 3 and the influence of the counterion
(e.g. size, geometry, charge, organic o r no t o rganic nature,
etc.) has been studied in some cases.4
Compo site systems can be prepared by the electro-
chemical polymerization
of
PPy in the presence of a
soluble anionic polyelectrolyte such as sodium polysty-
renesulphonate (NaPSS). l 3 Using this polyelectrolyte
it is possible to have
a
charge controllable membrane in
which the fixed charges are controlled electrochemically.6
The membrane electroneutrali ty is preserved by the
penetra tion of the e lec tro ly te ca t ion (N a+ ) in to the
PPy-PSS matrix producing a pseudo-c athodic doping.69 7
Th e s tabi l ity of the membrane genera ted depends on
the degree of entanglement of the polymeric counterions
and the po lypyr ro le s t ruc ture which is enhanced as the
oxidation state increases.
In o r d e r to establish better knowledge of the electro-
chemical mechanism
of
PPy-PSS m em bran e generation,
the a im of th is paper has been focused on producing
different internal oxidation sta tes by cyclic voltamme try.
This technique a lso g ives in forma t ion abo ut the revers i -
bility of the redox process and the porosi ty of t h e
composi te f i lm genera ted . I t s morphology has been
analysed using scanning electron microscopy and i ts
conduct iv ity by th e four -prob e method .
Spectroscopic meth ods have been used to elucidate the
s t r u c tu r e of PPy f i lms obtained with different counterions
such as BF,,14 C10, 5* 6 a n d K N O 3 . l 7The re a re several
differences, but the C=O groups presence in the f i lm
structure i s the most s ign i fican t . The
FTIR
spect rum of
PPy-PSS has been studied
to
clarify the presence of the
C=O
groups.
45
P ol j wrr .
InternarionalO959-8103/93/ 06.00
993
SCI.
rinted
in
Great Britain
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46
M . J . Gnnzulez-Tcyera M . A .
de
la Pluzu, E. Sanchez de la Blunca I . Hernundez-Fucntes
E X P E R l M
E N T A L
PPy
films
were obtained potentiostatically at
0.6
V using
times from 600 s to 4 h. Film thickness was determined by
weighing using the PPy density given by Dia z Hall.18
The anodic deposition and the electrochemical charac-
terization of PPy films were carried o ut in two different
cells. with
compartment and three electrodes in each
one.
A
saturated calomel electrode SCE) was employed
as a reference electrode. The electrical contact between
working and refercnce electrodes was through a Luggin
capillary. A Pt-mesh counter-electrode of large area was
employed and a platinum sheet
10
x 20m m2 was used as
the working electrode. Before each electrodeposition the
working electrode was sonicated in acetone 5 min) after
being treated with hot and concentrated sulphuric acid
a n d
rinsed copiously
with
ultrapure Milli-Q water.
P j ri-ole (Py j (Aldrich Chemical Co .) was previously
distillod under vacuum and stored in the dark under
reduced pressure at low temperature. Th e electrolyte used
was sodium polystyrenesulphonate (Na PPS ) (Aldrich
<.liemicnl Co.). The solution concentration was 0 . 0 5 ~
Py + 1.7
x
10-
'M
NaPSS. Th e solution w as slightly acidic
i n
order to improve the quality of the deposits5 and was
dcosygenated w i t h nitrogen. The experiments were run at
room tcmper;iture
i n
a nitrogen atmosphere.
Cj clic voltammot ric nieasurenieiits were perform ed
\ v i t h ;I Wenking 6XFR 0.5 potentiostat in conjunction
u i t h
ii
triangular wave generator Wenking model
VS
G72
and a Sefram X Y type Y t
25
recorder.
FTlR spectra of the films
in
the oxidized solid state
werc dctorniined froni it pressed disc of the sample mixed
with K B r powder, using a Nicolet 60 SX.
A n S E M IS1 DS-130 with an R-X spectrometer (ED X )
Kwex
XOOO
I I and
a
Si/Li detector were used to analyse
the morphology of the polymeric films formed.
The conducti\.ity o f the films was measure d by the fou r-
probe method.
RESULTS A N D
DISCUSSION
Figure shows cyclic voltam mo gram s of a PPy film
potcntiosta~icallygrown
i n
the conditions mentioned
in
the Experimental section and recorded in the same
medium. The voltammo grams were obtained by potential
sweeping between
-0.8
and + 0 . 6 V at a scan rate, 1 1 , of
30mV
s -
I . Four peak potentials are observed in Fig. 1.
I n the anod ic sweep two different oxidation states were
detected in the PPy matrix (pea ks A and B). Peak A
(E,(A) = -0.75 V) (where E, = peak potential) represents
a weak oxidation sta te (polaron state ) generated in the
PPy matrix, i n which electroneutrality was conserved by
penetration of PSS anion s from the electrolytic solutio n.
The valuc of this first oxidation potential is much lower
than that of polypyrrole films prepared using low
molecular weight electrolyte' an d we can attr ibu te this
effect to the macromolecular nature of the counterion. A
4 5 1 P P y l N a P S S
1.7.10-
M
I I
4 5 -
P P y l N a P S S 1 . 7 . l O - M
v = 30
mVs-1
30
-
N
E 15-
u
E
n
7 0-
-15
-
-30
-
- 0.5 0 0.5
E / V S C E )
I
I I
- 0.5 0 0.5
E / V S C E )
Fig 1 Cyclic charactcriration vo l t ammograms of PPy
in
1.7
x
1 o - ' M
NaPSS.
redox couple at peak A is not formed because thc
oxidation state generated is very weak and unstable. At
highcr positive potential peak B appears E,, B) 0.12 V),
which corresponds to a more intense oxidation state of
PPy and consequently to a higher incorporation of PSS-
anions, producing an intricate entanglement of PPy and
PSS- backbones s imilar to a me m br ar ~e .~ .~ . ').20 Further
studies by electron microscopy must be done in order to
analyse the PSS- distribution
in
PPy films.
n thccathodiccycle twopeaksarcalso present. Peak
C
(E ,(C j= -0 .7V ) is related t o the oxidized species
generated in peak B (AE,(B -
C
=
0.58
V). According to
Gen ies Sy ed ?' there is a clear irreversibility in the
formation of oxidized and reduced species, but i,,c/ip,13
remains close to unity, suggesting that the reaction is
almost reversible (where
i,,c
and i, ,13are peak C an d peak
B curren t density respectively).' Finally, peak D (E,(D) =
f0 .1 V) can be attr ibuted to the penetration of the Na
cation into the PPy- PSS membrane (pseudo-cathodic
dop ing) when the m embrane is organized.
PSS- incorpora ted durin g either electrochemical
polymerization or oxidation processes does not expe-
rience any redox reaction.
With cycling, the current densities of peaks
B
and C
decrease, because of the loss ofelectroactivity of thc PPy-
PSS membrane in the highest oxidation state, while the
current densities of peaks A and D increase.
The influence of the value of the positive and negative
end potentials at
\ ' =
30 m V s- ' on the electrochemical
behaviour of PPy films has been studied. F igure
2
shows
cyclic voltammograms obtained using a constant initial
potential El= -0.8V ) an d a variable positive end
potential, from 0.08 to
0.85V.
Q JQ ratios have been
calculated in all cases and the corresponding values were
very close to unity, indicating that all the PPy oxidized
P O L Y M E R
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Polypyrrole-polystyrenesulphonate
conducting
Jilms
47
E.
a
1 125 mA c n i
PPy I N o P S S
30 mV 5-1
I I
O 5
EIV ISCEI
0 0
Fig.
2. Cyclic voltammograms
of
a 1.13pm standard PPy layer
in 1.7 x 10 2~ NaPSS
with
different Ef
was reduced (where Q , and
Q,
are cathodic and anodic
charge respectively).
The negative end potential has also been modified, see
Fig. 3,
in
the range -0.1 to
-1.OV.
The end positive
potential was maintained constant in all cases
E ,
=
0.55
V).
From Fig.
3
it
can be seen that peak
A
clearly appears only when the sweep begins at Ei
0.7V
I
I
- 0 5 0 0 5
-50
-10
I V ISCEI
Fig. 3.
Cyclic voltammogram s
of a
1.13
p m
standard PPy layer
in
1.7 x
1 0 - 2 ~aPSS with different E .
I I
FPy11710 2M N aPSS
I
E/V SCEI
Fig.
4. Effect of potential scan rate on the cyclic voltammo-
30; ...... 50.
70. 90
grams shape:
- 9 , ,
, ,
_ _ _ - , 110
m V s - ' .
and this is the reason why in previous studies of PPy-
PSS- f ilms this peak has not been d e~ cr ib ed .~ . ' he
evolution of ip,c/ip.8ratios over the different voltamm-
ogram s shows a slow increase of resistivity in the polym er
film, which means a higher degree of oxidation as the
cath odic potential reaches a mo re negative value. Finally,
the evolution of hydrogen when the sweep begins at
Ei= .OV can be observed.
Th e variation of the potential scan rate can give further
insight into the mechanism of charge transport and
electrode processes. Potential scan rate was varied in the
range 10-130mV s - l and the an odic peak potential shifts
positively, as show n in F ig.
4.
Th e peak's cu rren t increases
as the scan rate rises. A plot of the anodic (B)and cathodic
peak (C)current as a function of v ' ' ~ s represented in Fig.
5.
A
linear relationship with
a
slope very close to
0 5
is
found, which is an indication that the electron transfer
process is controlled by a semi-infinite diffusion
condi t ion.2.22-24
I
I I
loo0
,,*
10000
3
Fig.
5. Plot of i as a funct ion of v * : --------
, p B; -
ips?
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48
M . J . Gonzalez-Tejera
M .
A . de
la Plaza, E.
Sanchez de la Blanca I . Hernandez-Fuentes
500r l
0 50
100
150
v / rnv s-1
Fig. 6. Capacitive current versus scan rate plot for a
0 8
pm PPy
film to a constant potential
0.35
V).
In agreement with K O er a/ ’ we have observed in our
cyclic voltammograms recorded at different scan rates a
decay in the faradaic currents after oxidation peak
potential. All the oxidation processes finished in the
region of 0.35 V and the current measured should arise
from a capacitive component of the current density.
Currents measured
in
this potential region (0.35 V) show
linear relationships with scan rates (Fig. 6). Fro m the
slope of this line the PPy film c apac itance w as calculated,
(b )
Fig.
7.
S E M s ofPPy
films
potentiostatically ob tained in NaPSS
medium. Time deposit: (a ) 30min;
(b)
240min.
C =
0.27 m F cm -2 . The comparison between the value of
the capacitance determined by us in PPy-PSS films and
the corresponding magnitude for PPy films with similar
thickness doped with ClO, anio ns2 ndicates tha t the PPy
films electropolymerized in NaPSS medium are less
porous. With regard
to
the assumption that th e PPy films
are composed of many essentially identical non-
interconnected channelsz5our lower capacitance value is
an indication that the polymeric counteranion closes
some
of
the channels, improving the film homogeneity.
Figure 7 shows SEM pictures of the PPy-PSS deposits
obtained during 30 and 240min with thicknesses of 1.13
and 13.4
pm
espectively. Th e homogeneity of bo th films
is higher than that obtained for PPy films in other
electrolytes with smaller
counter ion^^^-^'
and is in
agreement with the film porosity discussed above.
The measured electronic conductivity
of
the film of
13.4pm thickness was 10.8 S c m -
’.
N o change
in
the film
conductivity after 3 mon ths in contact with air was found.
FTIR SPECTRUM
Figure 8 shows the FTIR spectrum of the oxidized
PPy-PSS films
E ,
= 0 5 5
V).
Th e spectrum was measured
from 4000 to 400cm -
’,
In the high frequency region NH
an d C H stretching bands are observed. The region below
1800cm - was specially analysed because the most
significant bands of the film studied appear there. The
main characteristic ba nds observed are included
in
Table
1 , together with t he literature FT IR results for PPy films
doped with ClO, counterions.I6
Analysis of the FTIR PPy-PSS spectrum reveals the
following characteristics. Vibrations due to CH out-of-
plane bending are observed about 916,951 and 762cm -’.
A band appea rs at arou nd 1025 cm - ’ ,which is attributed
to the NH in-plane bending vibration. In the region
121( r l
1
82 cm can be found two CH in-plane bendings,
one abou t 1 204 cm -’ assigned to the CH bending of the
95.6
78.2 I I I I I I I I
1860
1700 1560 1380
1220 1060 9M
7LO r
WAVENUMBERS
Fig.
8. FTIR spcctrum of a PPy film generated
in 1.7
x I O - ’ M
NaPSS
medium.
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Polypyrrok-polystyrenesulphonate
conduct ing films
49
TABLE 1.
FTIR data of PPy sys tem
Mode PPy-PSS PPy-cIo;
(from Ref. 16)
(C-0)
stretching
(C- C)
stretching pyrrole ring
Ring stretching
(C-H)
bending
(N-H)
bending deformation
(C-H)
out-of-plane
C--C
stretching of
C,H,-C-C
group
R-SO; characteristic band
1700cm-'
1559
1466
1380
1319-1 300
1204-1 182
1025
951
91 6
762
1636
1
370-1 300.
1200-1 180
1 71 7 cm-'
1567
1482
1360
1302
1191-1 178
1040-1 035
965-964
91 0-900
781 776
polymer neutral s tate and the other about 118 2cm -'
assigned to the oxidized polymer state.
PPy ring stretching characteristic ban ds can be found at
1466, 1380 and 1319-1300cn1-' an d the most characte r-
ist ic one, a very strong band, at abo ut 155 9cm -'.
The band assignments mentioned are in agreement
with
the literature results for PPy films doped with ClO,
(see Table I ) .
Th e presence of R-SO; grou ps ca n be justified by the
strong band that appears at 120 4cm -'; there is also a
weak band at around 163 6cm -' that could be attr ibuted
to a C-C stretching band belonging to the C,H,C=C
group. This is a confirmation of the presence of PSS
groups in the polymer.
The weak band that appears at approximately
170 0cm -' is attributed to the existence of C=O groups
in
the structure . This is
in
accord with the results obtained
using others
counter ion^,'^^'^.^^
and was also confirmed
in the U V region in the case of polymerization in aqu eou s
solution. The intensity of this band can be understood
as a consequence of the very low percentage of C=O
groups in the PPy structure.
The presence of C=O groups and the electroactivity
lost could mean either a nucleophilic attack by water
molecules and/or hydroxylic groups belonging to the
medium that break the n-conjugated structure of the
polymer, o r pos sib le PPy ring r ~ p t u r e . ~
CONCLUSIONS
Two oxidation states have been detected by cyclic
voltammetry in PPy-PSS- films. T he first, appearing at
very low values of the oxidation potential, corresponds t o
a weak oxidation state; the second corresponds to more
intense oxidation. PSS- has become entangled with the
PPy matrix producing a polymeric membrane which is
very homogeneous a t the highest oxidation po tential and
with a conductivity value above that of semiconductor
materials.
The FTIR spectrum confirms the existence of a
characteristic band belonging to C=O stretching vibra-
tions. This means that C=O groups are produced in the
PPy-PSS f i lm structure , as well as in PPy films generated
in
ClO, and NO, aqueous media, and two possible
explanations are suggested.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish
to
thank DGICYT (Spain) (Project
PB89-0089) for financial suppo rt. Than ks are due to D rs
D. Rueda and
C.
Arribas (In stituto de la Materia, CSIC)
for the conductivity measurements and to Dr J. Palacios
and Mrs Bajon (Instituto de Catalisis, CSIC) for the
SEMs.
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