political parties, politics & voting
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Voting
Political Parties&
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Political Parties A political party is group of people who run candidates
for public office under its banner. A party is a group that seeks to elect candidates to public
office by supplying them with a label (party identification), by which they are known to the electorate.
United States parties have become weaker as labels, sets of leaders, and organizations.
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By Selection of MembersCadre Parties
Cadre refers to a nucleus or small core of indoctrinated leaders who promote ideological interests.
Examples: Socialist Workers’ Party, American Nazi Party, Communist Party
Mass PartiesMass party refers to an organization where anyone is
encouraged and free to join. There are few if any tests for membership.
Examples: American Democratic and Republican Parties.
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By Nature of IdeologyMissionary Parties
Missionary party refers to a highly ideological organization whose members must be recruited and converted to the tenets or values of the organization.
Examples: Prohibition Party, Communist PartyBroker Parties
A Broker is someone who buys and sells on a commission. A broker party is an organization that is less ideological and is willing to modify its positions on issues in order to secure the most votes.
Examples: American Democratic and Republican Parties
Broker Parties Want VOTES!
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Ideology Ideology is a systematic set of attitudes and opinions
people use to justify their view of the political world. There is no one ideology. Ideology is thought to exist on a continuum from left to
right on the political spectrum.
Centralized Power
Decentralized Power© iTutor. 2000-2013. All Rights Reserved
By Degree of Discipline Strong Party Discipline
Discipline refers to the degree of authority and power the leaders hold over their rank and file members. Parties with strong party discipline hold a great deal of leverage over party members.
Examples: British Labor and Conservative Parties
Weak Party Discipline Discipline refers to the degree of authority and power
the leaders hold over their rank and file members. Parties with weak party discipline have relatively little leverage over party members.
Examples: American Democratic and Republican Parties
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Democrats and Republicans Mass Parties--virtually anyone can join. Broker Parties--looking for votes, not converts. Decentralized Parties--power is widely dispersed. Weak Party Discipline--leaders exert few sanctions.
DemocratRepublican
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Functions of Political Parties
a) Promote stability
b) Recruit leaders
c) Organize government
d) Help educate citizens
e) Provide loyal opposition
f) Spawn civic engagement
g) Simplify choices
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Promote Stability Major political parties serve as a buffer to soften the class of
extremism. They do so by building coalitions and brokering compromises.
Recruit Leaders Modern governments need quality leaders. Political parties
serve as personnel agencies to identify, recruit and promote competent public servants.
Organize government Without some mechanism to organize the law-making
process, legislative bodies would be nearly impossible to function. Party leaders set legislative priorities and help enact laws.
Help Educate Citizens Parties help define issues and educate voters about their
positions on public policy.
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Provide Loyal Opposition The party out of power serves as watchdog to keep the
governing party from abusing its authority.
Spawn Civic Engagement Parties help register voters and organize get-out-to-vote
drives. Voter turnout in partisan elections, all things being equal,
is significantly higher than in non-partisan elections.
Simplify Choices Most voters do not have the time, resources or
inclination to study every candidate and issue. The parties help simplify their choices.
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A Two-Party System Tradition
It seems the United States has nearly always had a strong two-party system.
It is part of our nation’s history and tradition.
Social Consensus If a nation can achieve a
“consensus” on fundamental values, then two parties are all that is needed to resolve secondary issues.
Economic Divisions Some believe our two major
political parties represent an economic division between the so-called “haves” and “have nots” in American society.
Development of the America’s Two-Party
System© iTutor. 2000-2013. All Rights Reserved
Political Socialization The primary agent of partisan transmission is the family. Most American families are either identify with or lean to
either the Democratic Party or the Republican Party. Few American children are socialized to be anything else.
Legal Restrictions Most legal restrictions are imposed by the 50 state
constitutions and legislation. Historically, state governments have enacted laws that
favor the two major political parties. For most U.S. elections, political candidates are elected
from single-member districts where the winner-takes all.
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