policy change and tourism policy in the united kingdom
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POLICY CHANGE AND TOURISM POLICY IN
THE UNITED KINGDOMSamantha Chaperon & James KennellUniversity of Greenwich, UK
TOURISM POLICY MAKING – THE STANDARD VIEW
Analysis of Issues
Identification of
solutions
Consultation
Selection of preferred
alternatives
Implementation
Evaluation of policy
Dredge & Jenkins (2007)Tomsett & Shaw (2014)Hwang & Lee (2015)Del Santa (2015)
Comprehensive / Bounded Rationality Vested
interests
External shocks
PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM THEORYLong periods of policy stability followed by short, intense periods of policy changeCombines 2 perspectivesRole of policy communitiesAgenda setting (Issue networks)
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
Period 5
Period 6
Period 7
Period 8
Policy Change
Time
Chan
ge
Policy monopoly
Destruction of policy monopolies
Policy monopoly
Gersnick (1991)Baumgartner (2014)
WHY PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM? Often applied in other policy fields including Environmental Policy (e.g. Speth & Repetto 2008), Health Policy (e.g. Givel 2006) and Economic Policy (e.g. Breunig 2006)
Offers an opportunity to look at the tourism policy making process from a new perspective, with a new set of tools
UK politics is going through a period of intense change
UK TOURISM POLICY – A TIMELINE 1999 – Tomorrow’s Tourism 2004 – Tomorrow’s Tourism Today 2008 – Winning – A Tourism Strategy for 2012 and beyond
2011 – UK Government Tourism Policy 2015 - Backing the Tourism Sector: A Five Point Plan
TOURISM POLICY CHANGE IN THE UK (PE)
1997
Electio
n
1999
Tomorr
ow's T
ourism
2001
Electio
n
2004
Tomorr
ow's T
ourism
Toda
y
2005
Electio
n
2008
Winn
ing
2010
Electio
n
2011
Touri
sm Po
licy
2015
Electio
n
2015
Five P
oint P
lan
Policy Change
Time
Chan
ge
CHANGING POLICY COMMUNITIES
Perio
d 1Stability of
successive Labour governmentsMovement of Tourism into DCMS from DNHDevolutionEstablishment of Tourism Alliance
Perio
d 2Coalition
governmentConservative GovernmentTourism Industry CouncilChanges to NTOs
Perio
d 3New period
of change starting with Brexit
Kennell (2013), Kennell & Chaperon (2013)
CASE: POLICY COMMUNITIES2010
• Plan to close one NTO
2011-2015
• New Tourism Policy• Tourism moves from RDAs to new PPPs• Massive cuts to public funding for
tourism• Tourism Industry Council formed
2015 • Review of NTOs
2016• One NTO closed
Dinan & Coles (2012), Kennell & Chaperon (2013)
CASE: AGENDA SETTING (ISSUE NETWORKS)
Campaign since 2011Widespread industry supportNational media attention140 Members of Parliament
Blocked by policy communities because:
“EU Rules”“Methodological differences”“Parliamentary time” Etc…
CONCLUSIONS1. PE is useful for explaining periods of stability and change in
tourism policy1. In other fields, PE explains the tension between Policy Communities & Issue
Networks
2. In UK Tourism policy, Issue Networks have very little power, whilst Policy Communities are much more like the ‘iron triangle’ of US politics
3. PE allows us to challenge the ‘shift to governance’ theory, in UK Tourism Policy
1. Despite the rhetoric of consultation and engagement and the high level of issue network activity
THANK YOU! Any questions?
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