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National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Plant and Animal
Emergencies
Chapter 27
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Objectives
27.1 Compare and contrast poison, toxin,
and venom.
27.2 List and describe common toxic plants
encountered in wilderness settings.
27.3 Describe how plants can be harmful to
humans.
27.4 List and describe various land and
marine creatures that may be harmful to
humans. continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Objectives
27.5 Describe and demonstrate how to
assess a patient that has been injured
following an encounter with a toxic plant,
an animal, or some marine life.
27.6 Describe and demonstrate how to
manage an exposure to topical toxins.
27.7 Describe and demonstrate the proper
management of wounds caused by
animals, including reptiles, insects, and
spiders.
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Topics
Anatomy and Physiology
Adverse Effects and Emergencies
from Common Plants
Spider, Insect, and Animal Injuries
Assessment
Management
Chapter Summary
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Case Presentation
You step out of the wilderness aid station and notice
a 22-year-old male, with a small limp, complaining of
pain in his leg as ambulatory personnel help him
down the trail entrance. He says he felt a sharp pain,
and noticed a dark brown snake slithering away. He
has two puncture holes in his calf above his boot.
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
continued
Anatomy and Physiology
Epidermis
◦ Waterproof protective barrier to invading
organisms
Dermis
◦ Contains the hair follicles, blood
capillaries, sweat glands and nerve
endings
Hypodermis
◦ Contains many small blood vessels
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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continued
Anatomy and Physiology
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Anatomy and Physiology
Organs with a high vascular supply
(i.e., major internal organs) absorb
toxins rapidly.
Organs with a low vascular supply
(i.e., the extremities) increase the
potential for infection.
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Anatomy and Physiology
Note distinction between toxin and
poison:
◦ Toxin: from a living creature
◦ Poison: from either a living creature or
non-living substance
Venom is a toxin or poison specific to
a certain animal (snake, spider,
scorpion, etc.)
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Plants Toxic to the Skin
Poison Ivy
◦ Description
◦ Habitat
◦ Toxic part
◦ Toxic effects
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Plants Toxic to the Skin
Poison sumac
◦ Description
◦ Habitat
◦ Toxic part
◦ Toxic effects
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Plants Toxic to the Skin
Poison oak
◦ Description
◦ Habitat
◦ Toxic part
◦ Toxic effects
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Plants Toxic to the Skin
Stinging nettle
◦ Description
◦ Habitat
◦ Toxic part
◦ Toxic effects
Copyright Dorling Kindersley Media Library
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Plants Toxic to Ingestion
Monkshood
◦ Description
◦ Habitat
◦ Toxic part
◦ Toxic effects
continued
Copyright Clive Bournsel /
Dorling Kindersley Media Library
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Plants Toxic to Ingestion
Autumn Crocus
◦ Description
◦ Habitat
◦ Toxic part
◦ Toxic effects
continued
Copyright Roger Smith /
Dorling Kindersley Media Library
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Plants Toxic to Ingestion
Lily of the Valley
◦ Description
◦ Habitat
◦ Toxic part
◦ Toxic effects
continued
Copyright Demi Brown /
Dorling Kindersley Media Library
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Plants Toxic to Ingestion
Foxglove
◦ Description
◦ Habitat
◦ Toxic part
◦ Toxic effects
continued
Copyright Dorling Kindersley Media Library
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Plants Toxic to Ingestion
Castor Oil Plant
◦ Description
◦ Habitat
◦ Toxic part
◦ Toxic effects
continued
Copyright Steve Gorton /
Dorling Kindersley Media Library
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Plants Toxic to Ingestion
Yew
◦ Description
◦ Habitat
◦ Toxic part
◦ Toxic effects
continued
Copyright Roger Smith /
Dorling Kindersley Media Library
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Plants Toxic to Ingestion
Pokeweed
◦ Description
◦ Habitat
◦ Toxic part
◦ Toxic effects
continued
Copyright Andrea Lawson /
Dorling Kindersley Media Library
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Plants Toxic to Ingestion
Rhododendron
◦ Description
◦ Habitat
◦ Toxic part
◦ Toxic effects
continued
Copyright John Glove /
Dorling Kindersley Media Library
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Plants Toxic to Ingestion
Jimson Weed
◦ Description
◦ Habitat
◦ Toxic part
◦ Toxic effects
continued
Copyright Steve Gorton /
Dorling Kindersley Media Library
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Plants Toxic to Ingestion
Water Hemlock
Belladonna
◦ Description
◦ Habitat
◦ Toxic part
◦ Toxic effects
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Poisonous Mushrooms
Amanita
◦ Description
◦ Habitat
◦ Toxic part
◦ Toxic effects
Copyright Neil Fletcher /
Dorling Kindersley Media Library
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Poisonous Mushrooms
False morels
◦ Description
◦ Habitat
◦ Toxic part
◦ Toxic effects
Copyright Leighton Moses /
Dorling Kindersley Media Library
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Poisonous Mushrooms
Little brown
mushrooms
◦ Description
◦ Habitat
◦ Toxic part
◦ Toxic effects
Copyright Neil Fletcher /
Dorling Kindersley Media Library
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Poisonous Mushrooms
Jack-o-Lantern
Green-Spored
Lepiota
◦ Description
◦ Habitat
◦ Toxic part
◦ Toxic effects
Copyright Neil Fletcher /
Dorling Kindersley Media Library
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Spiders
Black Widow
◦ Description
◦ Habitat
◦ Characteristic of
Bite
◦ Toxic effect
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Spiders
Brown Recluse
◦ Description
◦ Habitat
◦ Characteristic of
Bite
◦ Toxic effect
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Spiders
Hobo
◦ Description
◦ Habitat
◦ Characteristic of Bite
◦ Toxic effect
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Spiders
Wolf
◦ Description
◦ Habitat
◦ Characteristic of
Bite
◦ Toxic effect
Copyright Frank Greenaway /
Dorling Kindersley Media Library
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Spiders
Wolf
◦ Description
◦ Habitat
◦ Characteristic of
Bite
◦ Toxic effect
Copyright Jerry Young /
Dorling Kindersley Media Library
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Scorpions
Bark scorpion
◦ Description
◦ Habitat
◦ Characteristic of
Bite
◦ Toxic effect
Copyright Dorling Kindersley Media Library
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Ticks
Deer tick
◦ Description
◦ Habitat
◦ Characteristic of
Bite
◦ Disease
transmitted
Copyright Pfizer Central Research
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Ticks
Deer tick
◦ Description
◦ Habitat
◦ Characteristic of
Bite
◦ Disease
transmitted
Copyright Charles Stewart & Associates
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Ticks
Dog tick
◦ Description
◦ Habitat
◦ Characteristic of
Bite
◦ Disease
transmitted
Copyright Dorling Kindersley Media Library
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Bees, Wasps, Hornets
Usually causes pain, swelling, and
joint aching
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Mosquitoes, Fleas, Biting
Flies
Localized
redness, itching,
swelling
Can transmit
illnesses:
◦ Malaria
◦ Dengue Fever
◦ Yellow Fever
◦ Encephalitis
◦ West Nile Virus
Copyright Frank Greenaway /
Dorling Kindersley Media Library
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Ants
Localized
redness, itching,
swelling
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Reptiles
Cold-blooded
animals that
regulate their
body temperature
by moving into or
out of the sun.
Characterized by
scales covering
their skin.Copyright Stephen Kirk /
Dorling Kindersley Media Library
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Rattlesnake
Description
Habitat
Characteristic of
Bite
Toxic effects
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Rattlesnake
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Coral Snake
Description
Habitat
Characteristic of
Bite
Toxic effects
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Alligator and Crocodile
Description
Habitat
Characteristic of
Bite
Toxic effects
Copyright Andy Holligan /
Dorling Kindersley Media Library
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Marine Creatures
Shark
◦ Description
◦ Habitat
◦ Method of
causing injury
◦ Injuries
Copyright Frank Greenaway /
Dorling Kindersley Media Library
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Marine Creatures
Moray eel
◦ Description
◦ Habitat
◦ Method of
causing injury
◦ Injuries
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Marine Creatures
Stingray
◦ Description
◦ Habitat
◦ Method of
causing injury
◦ Injuries
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Marine Creatures
Jellyfish
◦ Description
◦ Habitat
◦ Method of
causing injury
◦ Injuries
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Marine Creatures
Biting fish
◦ Description
◦ Habitat
◦ Method of
causing injury
◦ Injuries
continued
Copyright Colin Keates, Dorling Kindersley
Courtesy of the Natural History Museum, London
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Marine Creatures
Spined fish
◦ Description
◦ Habitat
◦ Method of
causing injury
◦ Injuries
Copyright Steve Gorton /
Dorling Kindersley Media Library
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Mammals
Horse bite
◦ Soft tissue
damage
◦ Broken bones
◦ Localized soft-
tissue infections
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Mammals
Dog bite
◦ Soft tissue
damage
◦ Broken bones
◦ Localized soft-
tissue infections
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Domestic and Wild Dogs,
Wolves, Coyotes, and Foxes
Beware of Dogs Ready to Bite
Copyright Dorling Kindersley Media Library
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Domestic and Wild Dogs,
Wolves, Coyotes, and Foxes
Wolf
◦ Method of causing injury
◦ Injuries
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Domestic and Wild Cats
Method of
causing injury
Habitat
Injuries
Copyright Jerry Young /
Dorling Kindersley Media Library
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Pack Animals
Horses, Mules, Llamas, Alpacas
◦ Method of causing injury
◦ Injuries
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Rodents and Small Animals
Method of
causing injury
Injuries
Copyright Frank Greenaway, Dorling Kindersley
Courtesy of the Natural Museum, London
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Bats
Method of
causing injury
Injuries
Copyright Frank Greenaway /
Dorling Kindersley Media Library
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Moose, Elk, Deer, and Bison
Method of
causing injury
Injuries
Copyright Frank Greenaway /
Dorling Kindersley Media Library
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Bear
Method of
causing injury
Injuries
Copyright Christopher and Sally Gabe /
Dorling Kindersley Media Library
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Case Update
A 22-year-old male is in moderate distress and his
leg is red and swollen. His pulse is 120 BPM,
respiration is 18, BP 110/90. There are no other
signs of trauma, no medical problems, he is not
taking any medications, and has no known allergies.
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Assessment
Immediate life
threatening situation?
Need to assess
ABCDs
Bite? Plant? Large
animal trauma?
Allergies: Patient have
an Epipen®?
Bite or fang marks?Copyright Scott Smith
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Assessment:
Plants and Mushrooms
Assess extend of the rash or trauma;
monitor over time
Monitor vital signs frequently and
watch for shock.
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Assessment:
Spiders and Scorpions
Localized soft
tissue injury
Tissue necrosis
Skin color and
temperature
Monitor for
serious infection
or tissue necrosis
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Assessment: Tick Bites
Monitor site for developing rash
Monitor vital signs
Evidence of fever could mean serious
infection
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Assessment: Tick Bites
Remove tick
properly
Copyright Joanna Cameron /
Dorling Kindersley Media Library
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Assessment: Bee Stings
Localized
inflammation
Generalized
allergic reaction
Monitor vital
signs closely
Airway
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Assessment: Mosquitoes,
Insects, and Ant Bites
Localized inflammation
Mosquitoes can transmit serious
illnesses:
◦ Fever
◦ Cardiovascular instability
◦ Neurological instability
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Assessment: Snake Bites
Snake bites can be fatal
◦ Monitor amount of inflammation
◦ Signs of abnormal bleeding (i.e. gums or
nose)
◦ Monitor vital signs for shock
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Assessment: Other Reptiles
Major tissue damage, fractures,
amputations
◦ ABCDs
◦ Monitor vital signs for shock
◦ Treat massive bleeding
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Assessment: Mammals
ABCDs
Assess soft tissue injuries for
bleeding
Evaluate for internal injuries
◦ Head & Spine
Monitor vital signs for shock
Assess soft tissue injuries for infection
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Management
Assure scene safety regarding
“creatures” or plant life
Observe Standard Precautions
Manage ABCD-related problems
Call ALS, if needed
Assume spine injury if trauma from
large animal
Urgent evacuation and transport to
definitive care
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Management: Plant Toxins
Skin decontamination
◦ Remove obvious resin or plant material
◦ Vigorously wash with hot water and soap
(including under fingernails)
◦ Clean exposed clothing, equipment, and
supplies with hot water and soap
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Management: Plant Toxins
Copyright Andy Crawford and Steve Gorton /
Dorling Kindersley Media Library
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Management: Plant Toxins
Remove spines with tweezers
Inhaled smoke from fire involving
poisonous or toxic plant
◦ Transport immediately to medical care
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Management: Ingested Plant
or Mushroom Toxins
Provide supportive care measures
If able to identify toxic plant
◦ Call 911 (Poison Control)
◦ Follow direction of poison control
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Management: Insects and
Biting Creatures
Remove stinger
if present
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Management: Insects and
Biting Creatures
Clean using soap and water
Apply ice
Immobilize to prevent spread of
venom (spider or scorpion)
Supportive care & Transport
Epinephrine auto-injector
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Management: Snake Bites
Plan for rapid
evacuation
Immobilize
affected
extremity
Place limb at
heart-level
Avoid heavy
physical exertion continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Management: Snake Bites
Do not:
◦ “suck the poison out”
◦ Apply tourniquet (unless arterial
bleeding)
◦ Apply ice
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Management: Marine Injuries
Animal bite
◦ control bleeding & transport
◦ Irrigate all wounds with fresh water and
apply dressing
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Management: Marine Injuries
Stinging injuries
◦ Remove spines; decontaminate
◦ Fresh water showers, vinegar, topical
isopropyl alcohol can provide pain relief;
do not rub area with jellyfish
contamination
◦ Check with local authorities for
frequently encountered species and
recommended therapies
Diver's Alert Network
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Management: Animal Bites
Bleeding control & standard wound
care
Wash injury with sterile or clean water
or saline
Immobilize suspected fractures
Physician evaluation
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Management: Large Animal-
Related Trauma
Treat according to signs and
symptoms present
Control external bleeding
Splint possible fractures
Assume spine injury
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
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Case Disposition
You are concerned that your patient was bitten by a
rattlesnake. Splint his leg while keeping him supine,
warm, and calm. His friends help you carry him to the
trailhead so that he can avoid exertion. You arrange
transport to the closest hospital so that he can be
treated with antivenom.
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Chapter Summary
Most skin rashes from contact with toxic
plants are not life threatening.
Skin rashes can become infected and
should be evaluated by
a physician.
Minor bites from wild animals are not
usually life threatening.
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Chapter Summary
Bites and scratches by certain small wild
animals warrant evaluation for rabies.
Unexplained altered mental status or
severe nausea/vomiting may be associated
with ingestion of a plant or mushroom
toxin.
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Chapter Summary
When ingestion of a poisonous plant is
suspected, obtain a history of what the
individual ate.
Manage large bites and injuries as you
would any traumatic wound.
Many stings, whether by insects or marine
animals, can be managed with localized
treatment.
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5/e
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
BRADY
Chapter Summary
Observation of signs of systemic
involvement requires transport to a
medical-care facility.
Taking preventative measures to avoid
animal bites is the best course of action.
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