planning for food access
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Planning for Food Access CDC Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity & Obesity TeleconferenceNovember 19, 2009
Kimberley Hodgson, MURP, MS, RDManager, Planning & Community Health Research CenterAmerican Planning Associationkhodgson@planning.org
http://www.planning.org
American Planning Association
Non-profit, professional membership & education organization
Over 44,000 members Advocates & encourages good planning practices
http://www.planning.org/nationalcenters/health
Planning & Community Health Research Center
Mission Integrate community health issues into every stage and
phase of urban and regional planning practice.
http://www.planning.org/nationalcenters/health
Planning & Community Health Research Center
Priority Areas: Physical activity and active
living Access to healthy food Aging population and people
with disabilities Community design Schools Environmental justice and
social equity Environmental health Future planners and health
professionals
Learning Objectives
Explain how urban planning related policies can influence the community food system.
Describe the role of the local comprehensive plan in improving food access at the local government level.
List 3 planning-related regulations that can be used to preserve community gardens and other forms of urban agriculture.
Community Planning & Food Access
Types Number Location Proximity
Changing the Food Environment
1. Partnerships & Consensus Building 2. Visioning & Goal Setting 3. Assessments4. Plan-Making5. Regulations 6. Site Design & Development 7. Public investment
COMMUNITY FOOD SYSTEM ASSESSMENT
Inventory, assessment and analysis of selected community food system characteristics
Conducted by Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission
Evaluation and analysis of the regional food supply Stakeholders Agricultural resources Production trends Natural resource constraints Origins and destinations of food imports and exports Economic significance of the food economy.
Source: http://www.dvrpc.org/Food/FoodSystemStudy.htm
Greater Philadelphia Food System Study
Source: http://www.dvrpc.org/Food/FoodSystemStudy.htm
PLAN-MAKING
Comprehensive or general plan Strategic plans Sub-area plans Functional plans
The comprehensive plan
Required by state statute (in most states) 10-30 year vision Goals, action items, and policies for the future of a
community Social, economic and environmental topical areas Legal foundation for local level regulations, policies and
ordinances Public and private decisions that affect the long-range
future of a community
Mandatory Elements Transportation Housing Land Use Natural Resources
Optional Elements Economic Development Parks & Open Space Water & Air Quality Health Agriculture Food
The comprehensive plan (cont.)
Comprehensive plan-making process
Image Source: http://www.cityofrichmondgeneralplan.org/docManager/1000000775/00_Introduction.pdf
Plan-making for food access
1. Community food access issues2. Public engagement and education3. Community goals & objectives4. Action steps & policies5. Long-term health of the community
Source: http://www.kingcounty.gov/property/permits/codes/growth/CompPlan.aspx
Goal Examples
Goal Examples (cont.)
Source: http://www.migcom.com/projects/view/3
Source: http://www.cityofrichmondgeneralplan.org/Content/10020/preview.html
Source: http://www.cityofrichmondgeneralplan.org/Content/10020/preview.html
Source: http://www.cityofrichmondgeneralplan.org/Content/10020/preview.html
Source: http://www.cityofrichmondgeneralplan.org/Content/10020/preview.html
Source: http://www.cityofrichmondgeneralplan.org/Content/10020/preview.html
Source: http://www.cityofrichmondgeneralplan.org/Content/10020/preview.html
Source: http://www.cityofrichmondgeneralplan.org/Content/10020/preview.html
Source: http://www.co.marin.ca.us/depts/cd/main/fm/cwpdocs/CWP_CD2.pdf
Source: http://www.ci.baltimore.md.us/government/planning/sustainability/
REGULATIONS
Development regulations Design guidelines and standards Financial incentives and policies
Zoning
Divides land into different land use categories which determine how the land can be used:
Specifies what can or cannot be built on the land:
Source: http://citymaps10.phila.gov/ZoningOverlay/ and http://www.zoningmatters.org/facts/districts
Zoning for Food Access | Used-Based Zoning
Use-Based Zoning Regulations Permit location of healthy food outlets Conditionally permit or restrict certain food outlets Prohibit unhealthy food outlets
Zoning for Food Access | Other Zoning Regs
Other Zoning Regulations Incentive Zoning Performance Zoning Interim Zoning Restrictive Covenants
Zoning for Healthy Food Retail
New York, NY Chicago, IL
Source: http://www.nyc.gov/html/misc/html/2009/fresh.shtml
NYC Food Retail Expansion to Support Health
NYC FRESH Criteria
Who is eligible? What are the requirements to become a FRESH store? Why become a FRESH store? What are the incentives?
Grocery Store Operators
Developers|
|
|6,000 sq ft retail
space
30% perishable foods
8% fresh produce
NYC FRESH Zoning Incentives
Additional floor space Taller buildings Less parking
NYC FRESH Financial Incentives
Real Estate Tax Reductions Sales Tax Exemption Mortgage Recording Tax Deferral
Source: http://www.metroplanning.org/articleDetail.asp?objectID=2935
Limiting Restrictive Covenants | Chicago
Prevent competitors from using land Limits new store development Reduces access to fresh, affordable food Contributes to neighborhood blight
Source: http://www.metroplanning.org/cmadocs/Restrictive_covenants_issue_brief.pdf
Zoning for Urban Agriculture Boston, MA Minneapolis, MN Ann Arbor, MI Chattanooga, TN
Zoning for Unhealthy Food
Ban Concord, MA; San Francisco, CA; Newport, RI; Carlsbad,
Calistoga, and Solvang, CA Cap
Berkeley, CA Distance
Arden Hills, MN Moratorium
Los Angeles, CA
Source: Planning and Urban Design Standards, APA 2006
Design guidelines Provide guidance to urban designers, architects, landscape
architects, planners, civil and environmental engineers, and private developers involved in the planning and implementation of development and redevelopment projects.
Provide guidance on the design and placement of buildings and the open space, streets, sidewalks, and plazas between and around buildings: Building setbacks Architectural style Parking Streetscapes Signage Materials Sustainability Open space Public space
Source: http://vancouver.ca/ctyclerk/cclerk/20090120/documents/p2.pdf
Urban Agriculture Design Guidelines | Vancouver
Urban Agriculture Design Guidelines | Vancouver
Overall Guidance Siting and access Co-location with other amenities
to facilitate and encourage social interaction
Design Support facilities
Form-based codes
Sources: http://www.transect.org; http://www.smartcodecentral.com/. Image: http://www.transect.org/rural_img.html
Regulates physical form of the built and natural environment Building and street types, civic space, open space
Provides for a variety and mix of land uses Housing, retail, commercial
Regulates the intensity of mixed-uses and interconnections Density, design, lot sizes, transportation network
Agric
ultu
ral U
rban
ism
Adapted from: http://www.newurbannews.com/13.4/jun08newest_files/FoodTransect-leveled.jpg
Contiguous & Disjointed Urban Farms
RURAL AG PERIURBAN AG URBAN AG
Forgeable Land
Large Farms
Specialty Farms
Community, Institutional, and Private Produce Gardens
Edible Landscaping
Roof Gardens / Balcony Boxes / Window Boxes
FOOD PROCESSING, RETAIL & DISPOSAL
Supermarkets / Grocery Stores / Farmers’ Markets or Stands / Community Supported Agriculture
Mobile Vending / Community Kitchens
Restaurants / Neighborhood Corner Stores or Markets
Food Composting / Food Processing Facilities
Image Source: http://vancouver.ca/commsvcs/southeast/documents/pdf/designingUA.pdf
Image Source: http://vancouver.ca/commsvcs/southeast/documents/index.htm#gbs
Image Source: http://www.agriculturalurbanism.org/
Source: Community Food Security Coalition
PARTNERSHIPS | Food Policy Council
Coalition of food system stakeholders Public, private, governmental, non-governmental
Duties Convene, research, assess, advise
Examples Portland/Multnomah Food Policy Council Toronto Food Policy Council Chicago Food Policy Advisory Council Vancouver Food Policy Council
Source: http://www.portlandonline.com/bps/index.cfm?c=42290
Portland/Multnomah County FPC
Composition Authorized by local government Citizen-based advisory council
Mission To bring together a diverse array of stakeholders to integrate
the aspects of the food system (production, distribution, access, consumption, processing and recycling) in order to enhance the environmental, economic, social and nutritional health of the City of Portland and Multnomah County.
Some Accomplishments Land inventory for urban agriculture County corrections department food purchasing policy
Source: APA PAS Report 554; http://www.toronto.ca/health/tfpc_index.htm
Toronto FPC
Composition Subcommittee of the Toronto Board of Health
Mission To partner with business and community groups to develop
policies and programs promoting food security. Our aim is a food system that fosters equitable food access, nutrition, community development and environmental health.
Some Accomplishments City of Toronto’s Official Plan Food Charter Hospital Food Purchasing Policies
Implications for Public Health & Nutrition Professionals
Does your community have a comprehensive plan? Other plans? When is your community scheduled to update its comprehensive
plan? What is the public participation process? What mechanisms and strategies will be used to implement the
plan? How are grocery stores, corner stores, fast-food restaurants,
farmers markets, community gardens, and urban agriculture referenced in your community’s zoning code? design regulations?
What is the process for amending your community’s zoning code? How can you partner with your community’s planning dept? Does your community have a food policy council or coalition?
Resources American Planning Association – Planning & Community Health
Research Center, http://www.planning.org/nationalcenters/health/ A Planners Guide to Community and Regional Planning:
Transforming Food Environments, Facilitating Healthy Eating, http://www.planning.org/apastore/search/Default.aspx?p=3886
Create and Implement Healthy General Plans, http://healthyplanning.org/toolkit_healthygp.html
General Plans and Zoning, http://healthyplanning.org/toolkit_gpz.html
Healthy Planning Policies: A Compendium from California General Plans, http://www.phlpnet.org/healthy-planning/products/healthy-planning-policies
Kimberley Hodgson, MURP, MS, RDManager, Planning & Community Health Research Center
American Planning Associationkhodgson@planning.org
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