pick up your dbq notes packet from the front...•akbar “the great” (1556-1605) •continued...

Pick up your DBQ Notes Packet from the front

•Reading quiz on pgs 419-429 coming up

• I will answer questions in a few minutes

Unit 5

Gunpowder Empires and Unification of Asian States

More Islamic Empires!

Revival of Islamic Empires

A new era of stability

The Ottoman Empire (1300-1922)

• Osman I• Tribal Turkish leader

• Growth as a regional power in the late 1200s – early 1300s

Why is this a good place

to start territorial

expansion?

Late 1200s = Seljuk decline, Rise of beyliks ruled by

independent beys (lords)

•Good news!

•Bad news

•Good news!

•Meh news

•Good news!

• Then discussion of Ottoman Empire

• Good news! • Yesterday’s quizzes are graded

• Bad news • I was unable to complete notes on your essays

• Good news! • Essays returned Monday and final submission due April

15!• Meh news

• AP Practice Exam Monday • Good news!

• Quiz on pgs 430-444 moved to Tuesday

• Take the weekend off and enjoy life!

• Political Organization• Sultan = Title of Ottoman

leader

• Bey = regional governors (title and power diminished)

• Predominantly Sunni Islam

• Expansion • Mehmet II (1451-1481)

• May see his name as Mehmed II or “The Conqueror”

• Conquest of Constantinople = End of the Byzantine Empire (1453)

• Turks dominate Anatolia and Balkan Peninsula

Early Reign

At his death

Gentile BelliniPortrait of Sultan Mehmet II1480Oil on Canvas

Why is this not typical of Islamic art?

Venetian Artist Sent by the Venetian Senate as a visiting

painter and cultural ambassador. What does this say about the

relationship between the Ottoman Empire and Venice?

Extensive trade between Ottoman Empire and Venice

Bellini’s visit was part of a peace

settlement between the Ottomans and

the Venetians

Extensive trade between Ottoman Empire and Venice

Bellini’s visit was part of a peace

settlement between the Ottomans and

the Venetians

Ottoman and Venetian Trade:

Crash Course World History

(10:11)

Conflict with Safavid Persia

• Expansion • Selim I (1512-1520)

• Expansion into Mesopotamia and Mameluke Egypt

• Declares himself Caliph (Religious successor to Muhammad)

Territorial Expansion

under Suleiman I

• Expansion • Suleiman I “The Magnificent”

(r. 1520-1566)• Suppresses revolts early in his reign

• Continuing wars with Safavid Persia

• Expansion into Hungary and Austria

• Alliances and trade deals made with Western European powers --- Especially France

Franco-Ottoman Alliance

King Francis I (France) Sultan Suleiman I (Ottoman)

• Expansion • Suleiman I “The Magnificent”

(r. 1520-1566)• Suppresses revolts early in his reign

• Continuing wars with Safavid Persia

• Expansion into Hungary and Austria

• Alliances and trade deals made with Western European powers --- Especially France

• Development of secular laws

• Ottoman Rule • Tribal Customs Empire• Role of the Sultan

• Modeled off Byzantine emperor• Centralized power and administration• Hereditary position

• Not always oldest son = frequent conflict

• Bey – Originally an independent tribal leader, now more like a regional governor

• Ottoman Rule • Imperial Council

• Bureaucrats chosen by merit (mostly)

• Most born Muslim

• Provinces ruled by beys, local officials, and trained bureaucrats

Topkapi Palace (3:44)

Administrative center and residence of the Sultan –Construction began in 1459 under Mehmet II

• “Sultanate of Women”• Mothers to royal sons = “Queen

Mother” if son becomes Sultan

• Serve as advisors and regents

• Often slave origin but become powerful elites (like Janissaries)

• Non-Islamic background

• Very educated

• Often extremely influential and politically powerful• Many sultans were minors

Hafsa Sultan: Wife of Selim I and mother of Suleiman (25 when he became Sultan

• Religion and Society• Sunni Islam = dominant religion

• Sultan claims position of Caliph

• Mixture of Shari’a (religious) law, tribal customs, and secular laws

• Minorities• Largely tolerant of minorities

• Taxed

• Exempted from military

• Could convert to Islam – Muslims not allowed to covert to other religions

The Ottoman Empire (1300-1922)• Social Classes

• 4 main groups

• Agricultural Peasants• Deeded land, could be passed on to

• Artisans• Craft Guilds

• Merchants• Exempt from many taxes and

government regulation

• Wealthy

• Pastoral Herders

• Women in the Ottoman Empire• Non-Muslims followed their own laws

and customs

• Muslim women could own and inherit property

• Divorce allowed

• No forced marriages

Ottoman Empire c. 1880s

Ottoman Advantages…or not?

• Social organization and characteristics of Ottoman society• Why/how is this helpful? Or is it not?

• Technology• Why/how is this helpful? Or is it not?

• Attitudes toward/treatment of minorities• Why/how is this helpful? Or is it not?

• Beys – provincial governors • Why/how are they helpful? Or are they not?

• Janissaries• Why/how are they helpful? Or are they not?

•Essay work today

•You may resubmit essays beginning today• Final essay due Monday, April 15

Pick up your essay and practice exam packet from the front

Wednesday, April 10 Schedule

• Schedule:• 1st Block 7:50-9:10

• STAT: 9:17-10:20

• 2nd Block 10:27-11:37

• A Lunch 11:37-12:12

• 3A 12:19-1:29

• 3B 11:44-12:54

• B Lunch 12:54-1:29

• 4th Block 1:36-2:46

•Quiz Coming up•Pgs 430-444

• I will take questions in a few minutes

•Pick up an AP exam packet

•We will look at practice exam scores in a few minutes

Practice AP Exam (60 Minutes) GradingOnly answer questions 1-55

55%-60% = 30/30

50%-54% = 29/30

45%-49% = 28/30

40-44% = 27/30

35%-39% = 26/30

30%-34% = 25/30

25%-29% = 24/30

20%-24% = 23/30

Above 60% = 33/30

Round up: Example 29.2% = 30%

Safavid Persia (c. 1500-1736)

• Fall of the Timurid Empire

• (1350-1507)• Tamerlane (r. 1370-1405)

• Claimed Mongol Connection

• Sons and grandsons appointed as local governors

• Guess what happens after his death?

• Lack of regional unity, independent provinces, civil wars

• Rise of Safavids

• Shah Ismail (r. 1501-1524)• Shi’ite Islam

• Conquest of modern Iran/Iraq –Ismail declared Shah of new Persian state

• Attempts to spark religious revolts in Anatolia (Ottoman Empire – Sunni Islam)

• Conflict with the Ottomans• Loss of territory

• Shah Abbas I (r. 1588-1629)• “Golden Age” of Safavid Empire

• Janissary-like military organization and professional administrators

• Strong empire but continued conflict with Ottomans

• New capital city established = Isfahan

• Trade (Especially textile production –carpets and cloth) grows

Conserving Persian Carpets from the Safavid Era (8:32)

The Ardabil Carpet

• Politics and society• Cultural mix

• Shi’ite Islam was used as a unifying factor

• Shah viewed as religious and political leader

• Bureaucrats and advisors rose through merit, not birth

• Government actively promoted trade

• Reliance on overland trade routes

• Decline of the Safavids• Conflicts over succession

• Religious extremism• Led to continued warfare

• Diminished role of women

• Persecution of minorities• Led to civil unrest

• Military unrest

• Invasions

Mughal India(c. 1526-1857)

• Indian Subcontinent

• Leaders are not Indian• Islamic

• Multicultural Empire

• Unified much of the Indian Subcontinent (rare)

The Mughal Empire (11:43)

•A look at Akbar the Great and the Mughal Dynasty in India

•Then continue work on your essay – Due Monday

Mughal Growth

• Babur (r. 1483-1530)

• Descendant of Tamerlane• Sunni Islam

• Military and diplomatic conquests

• Use of advanced military technology

Babur and his soldiers visiting a Hindu temple – Why significant?

• Akbar “The Great” (1556-1605)• Continued Conquest

• Embraced diversity within empire

• Semi-autonomous principalities all linked by loyalty to the emperor

Mughal Principalities

Trade remains a major factor in Mughal trade….but it isn’t going to last

•Mughal Society and Economy• Upper Administration = non-

Indian Muslims• Lower Administration = Muslims

and Hindus• Zamindars = local government

officials – collected taxes, recruited military and civilian administrators – Locally very powerful

• Growth of trade• Fair tax system

• Akbar “The Great” (1556-1605)

• Akbar and Indo-Muslim Civilization• Lifelong exposure to various religions

• Religious tolerance

• Patron of arts (various religious and secular)

• Divine Faith• New religion that combined

characteristics of various religions

• Infallibility of the Emperor

• A form of divine right rule Akbar holding a religious assembly (c. 1600)

You have 30 minutes to work on your essays

• Essays due by the end of the day

• If you are finished• Tonight’s reading

assignment = pgs 439-451• Quiz Tuesday

•After Akbar• Jahangir (r. 1605-1628)

• Attempts to increase central government control – internal conflict actually decreased central control (a son attempted a revolt –blinded, then killed)

• Patron of the arts

Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings, Mughal India, 1615-1618, opaque watercolor, gold and ink on paper

Reflects Safavid Persian and European styles

Backstory: Akbar, the Shaikh Salim, the son

Islamic Motifs/Characteristics? (Styles)?

European Motifs/Characteristics? (Styles)?

Miniature paining becomes very popular during the Mughal

era in India

• Limited tradition of painting in India before the Mughal era

• Paper introduced and increased popularity

• Mixed Islamic, Indian, and European Motifs

• Shah Jahan (r. 1628-1658)• Economic and domestic problems

• Frequent wars

• Few public works projects• Ex. Roads, canals, bridges,

irrigation

• Massive building projects• Taj Mahal

• Red Fort

• High taxes

The Red Fort built in Shah Jhan’snew capital of Delhi

Taj Mahal

• Shah Jahan (r. 1628-1658)• Becomes ill in 1658

• Sons (serving as governors) declare independence = civil war• Shah Jahan declared incompetent by

son (Aurangzeb) and placed him under house arrest in Agra Fort --- he could see the Taj Mahal from there

• Aurangzeb (r. 1658-1707)• Increase in Hindu bureaucrats and

nobility.

• Devout Muslim

• Taxes on non-Muslims

• Destruction of some temples and mosques…also built many temples and mosques

• Patron of Islamic calligraphy

• Trade agreements with Europeans

• Rebellions and civil war after his death weaken government control

•Have a seat

•Quiz on pgs 439-451 coming up

•I will take questions in a few minutes

The British in India

British Influence in India

• 1600- East India Company (Britain) is formed, which built trading posts and forts in India

• French East India Company does the same, and the French challenge the British for control

• 1757-Battle of Plassey- East India Co. defeats the French East India Co. by using British and Indian soldiers

Consolidation of Power

• Relied on Indian troops (sepoys) trained in European military style

• Global rivalry with the French

• Conflict with Indian princes

• Sepoy Rebellion -- 1857• British put down revolt, Direct Rule established

Benefits of British Rule

• Education reforms- new universities and schools

• Irrigation projects

• Reformed police and judicial system

• Encouraged cotton industry

• Built railroads, canals, and roads across the country

Harmful Effects of British Rule

•Unrest among the population

•British discriminate against the natives

•Changed ancient Indian traditional agriculture• Grow cotton, not wheat• Led to the starvation and death of millions of

Indians.

The East Asian World

Decline of the Ming Dynasty

• Foreign Relations• Significant withdrawal from world

trade and foreign relations

• Tributary System Maintained• Viewed tributary states as “Younger

Brothers”

• Trade with Portugal and Spain• Chinese goods for silver

• Introduction of Christianity by Jesuit missionaries

• Introduction of European technology

Decline of the Ming Dynasty (c.1550-1644)

• Weak rulers, corruption, land issues, and rebellions

• 1556 earthquake killed over 800,000 in China

• Economic inflation

• Crop failures

• Disease

• High Taxes

• Invasions from the Jurchen (Manchus)

Decline of the Ming Dynasty (c.1550-1644)

• Peasant rebellions begin in the 1630s following epidemic disease and famine

• Li Zicheng emerges as a rebel leader

• Wins a civil war in 1644 when he occupies Beijing.

• Last Ming ruler (Chongzhen Emperor) hangs himself

• Shun Dynasty established (1644-1645) • Led by Li Zicheng

Decline of the Shun Dynasty (1644-1645)

• Li Zicheng’s armies defeated by a coalition of the Manchus and remnants of the Ming forces

• Li dies sometime in 1645…we are not sure what happened

• Manchu and Ming leadership begin to merge…Qing (Manchu) Dynasty established (1644-1912)

• Quiz on pgs 451-462

• I will take questions in a few minutes

• Unit Exam Thursday (Only on pgs 419-462)

The Qing Dynasty (1645-1912)

• Early Chinese resistance to Manchu authority• Chinese forced to adopt Manchu dress

and customs

• Manchus attempt to remain distinct from Chinese

• Manchu kings adopt Chinese methods of rule – Confucianism continues to be a major part of the governmental system

Chinese men forced to adopt the queue hairstyle as a sign of submission to

the Manchu

• Early Rule• Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661-1722)

• Suppression of revolts

• Territorial expansion

• Settles border disputes with Russia• Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689)

• Support of the arts and Confucian Scholarship

• Height of Christian efforts in China• Christianity will be suppressed after

his death

Qing leaders are winning legitimacy for their rule and

claiming the “Mandate of

Heaven”

• Early Rule• Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735-1796)

• Manchu rulers continue Chinese tradition of efficient bureaucracy

• Continued support of the arts and Confucian scholarship

• Successful warfare, continued expansion• Suppression of northern invaders

• VERY expensive

• Higher Taxes

• Early Rule• Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735-1796)

• Problems in later rule• Government Corruption and theft

• Mccartney Mission (1793)• Part of British effort to increase trade with

• Qianlong Emperor dismisses this effort

“Our Celestial Empire possesses all things in prolific abundance and lacks no product within its borders. There is therefore no need to import the manufactures of outside barbarians in exchange for our own produce.” – Qianlong to King George III

• Qing policies• Continuation of Ming policies

• Support of Confucianism

• Dyarchy• Administrative positions shared by Chinese and Manchus

• Linguistic, ethnic, and cultural distinction from the Chinese

• Manchus favored by the government

• Banners/Bannermen• Elite military units made exclusively of Manchus

• Bureaucracy less merit based • Degrees and positions could be purchased rather than earned

Helped gain support from native Chinese

Did not help gain support of native

Chinese

• Changes in China• Population growth

• Stability of government

• Growth of manufacturing and internal trade• State control of manufacturing

• No private ownership like in Europe

• Confucian attitudes toward trade are unchanged

• Little importation of new technology

Large population sometimes led to famine

Large # of landless poor

Begins introduction of new, more productive crops

• Daily Life• Continued importance of the extended family

• Land scarcity made extended family difficult to support

• Labor intensive farming (extended family helped)

• Little economic opportunity beyond farming for most

• Extended ties to a clan provided the poor with assistance

• Arranged marriages in all classes

• Women in Qing China• Inferior position throughout Chinese history

• No rights to divorce or property ownership

• Lack of educational opportunities

• Female infanticide

• Foot-binding remained common among upper classes until 20th century

• Cultural Development• Growth of wealthy urban class

• Increased demand for art, luxury items, and literature

• Development of the Chinese novel• Realistic depictions of Chinese life, sympathetic, awareness of

social inequalities and social justice

• Often very sexually charged

• Gold Vase Plum (The Golden Lotus) – c. 1610• Historical fiction

• Critique of Chinese decadence

• No legal justice for wrongdoing…cosmic justice/divine punishment

The beginnings of European Imperialism and Asian reactions

(12:54)

Tomorrow

•Unit 5 Exam (pgs 419-462 only)•We will look at Tokugawa Japan next week

•Notes are not allowed on this exam

•Multiple Choice Only

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