physics caddate sess uer higher level paper 3 · g5. this question is about wedge ilm interference....

47 pages

M11/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX

Thursday 12 May 2011 (morning)

PHYSICS

HIGHER LEVEL

PAPER 3

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

• Write your session number in the boxes above.

• Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.

• Answer all of the questions from two of the Options.

•Write your answers in the boxes provided.

1 hour 15 minutes

Examination code

2 2 1 1 – 6 5 0 9

Candidate session number

22116509

–2– M11/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ1/XX

Pleasedo notwriteonthispage.

Answerswrittenonthispagewillnotbemarked.

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Option E — Astrophysics

E1. Thisquestionisaboutsomeoftheplanetsinthesolarsystem.

FouroftheplanetsinthesolarsystemareMars,Venus,JupiterandNeptune.

(a) ListtheseplanetsinorderofincreasingdistancefromtheSun.

NearesttheSun

FurthestfromtheSun

(b) Listtheseplanetsinorderofdecreasingdiameter.

Largestdiameter

Smallestdiameter

E2. Thisquestion isabout theHertzsprung–Russell (HR)diagramandusing it todeterminesomepropertiesofstars.

ThediagrambelowshowsthegridofaHRdiagram,onwhichthepositionsofselectedstarsareshown.(LS=luminosityoftheSun.)

luminosityL /LS

surfacetemperatureT /K

1 0 105

1 0 103

1 0 101

. ×−

1 0 103

. ×−

3 0 104

. × 1 2 104

. × 3 0 103

(a) (i) Drawacirclearoundthestarsthatareredgiants.LabelthiscircleR.

(ii) Drawacirclearoundthestarsthatarewhitedwarfs.LabelthiscircleW.

(iii) Drawalinethroughthestarsthataremainsequencestars.

(This question continues on the following page)

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(Question E2 continued)

(b) Explain,withoutdoinganycalculation,howastronomerscandeducethatstarBhasalargerdiameterthanstarA. [3]

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(c) UsingthefollowingdataandinformationfromtheHRdiagram,showthatstarAisatadistanceofabout800pcfromEarth.

ApparentbrightnessoftheSun = ×−

1 4 103 2

ApparentbrightnessofstarA = ×− −

4 9 109 2

MeandistanceofSunfromEarth =1 0. AU

1pc = ×2 1 105

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(d) ExplainwhythedistanceofstarAfromEarthcannotbedeterminedbythemethodofstellarparallax. [1]

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E3. Thisquestionisaboutcosmology.

(a) Statehowtheobservedred-shiftofmanygalaxiesisexplained. [1]

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(b) Explainhowthecosmicmicrowavebackground(CMB)radiationisconsistentwiththeBigBangmodel. [2]

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(c) Calculate the temperatureof theuniversewhen thepeakwavelengthof theCMBwasequaltothewavelengthofredlight( . ).7 0 10 7

×− m [2]

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E4. ThisquestionisaboutthemainsequencestarKhad(PhiOrionis).

TheluminosityofKhadis2 0 104

. × LS,whereLSistheluminosityoftheSun.

(a) Assumingthattheexponentninthemass–luminosityrelationis3.5,showthatthemassofKhadisabout17solarmasses. [2]

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(b) OutlinethelikelyevolutionofthestarKhadafteritleavesthemainsequence. [3]

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E5. ThisquestionisaboutHubble’slawandtheageoftheuniverse.

(a) (i) StateHubble’slaw. [1]

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(ii) StatewhyHubble’s lawcannotbeused todetermine thedistance fromEarth tonearbygalaxies,suchasAndromeda. [1]

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(b) (i) Showthat 1

isanestimateof theageof theuniverse,whereH0is theHubble

constant. [2]

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(ii) AssumingH0=801 1kms Mpc− − ,estimatetheageoftheuniverseinseconds. [1]

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Option F — Communications

F1. Thisquestionisaboutmodulation.

In order to test a temporary radio communication link, an audio signal is broadcast usingamplitudemodulation(AM).Thepowerspectrumoftheresultingcarrierwaveisshownbelow.

amplitude

frequency/kHz 96 104 100

(a) Usetheinformationinthepowerspectrumtodeterminethe

(i) frequencyofthecarrierwave. [1]

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(ii) frequencyoftheaudiosignal. [1]

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(iii) bandwidthofthissignal. [1]

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(Question F1 continued)

(b) (i) DistinguishbetweenAMandfrequencymodulation(FM). [2]

AM: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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FM: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(ii) OutlineoneadvantageandonedisadvantageofusingFMasopposedtoAMforthe transmission. [2]

Advantage: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Disadvantage: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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F2. Thisquestionisaboutdatatransmissionsystems.

Theblockdiagrambelowrepresentsanelectronicsystem,S1,whichconvertsananalogueinputsignalintoaserialdigitaloutputsignalreadyfortransmission.ItinvolvesthreeseparatesystemblockslabelledA,BandC.

System S1

serialdigitaloutputsignal

analogueinputsignal

(a) StatewhetherthesignalbetweenblockAandblockBisanalogue,digitalormultiplexed. [1]

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(b) StatethefunctionofsystemblockA. [1]

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(c) Asimilarsystem,S2,isbasedonthesamesystemblocksasS1,buthasfewersignallinesbetweenblockBandblockC,asshownbelow.

System S2

serialdigitaloutputsignal

analogueinputsignal

Explainwhatdifferences,ifany,therearebetweenS1andS2withrespecttothemaximumqualityofthereproductionoftheanaloguesignalaftertransmission. [2]

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(d) Theserialdigitaloutputsignalistransmittedusinganopticalfibrelink.Theattenuationperunitlengthoftheopticalfibreis− −

dBkm .

(i) Defineattenuation. [1]

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(ii) Theinputpowertothefibreopticcableis100mWandtheoutputpowerattheendofthecableis1mW.Determinethelengthofthecable. [2]

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(iii) State two processes that must take place in order for this digital signal to betransmittedoveraverylongdistance. [2]

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2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F3. Thisquestionisaboutsatellites.

Ageostationarysatelliteisusedbyonecountrytobroadcastinformationtoadifferentcountry.

(a) Statewhichpartoftheelectromagneticspectrumisusedforthistypeofcommunication. [1]

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(b) Explain two disadvantages of using a polar satellite for this type of communication,whencomparedwithusingageostationarysatellite. [2]

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(c) Outlineonepossibleethicalissueassociatedwiththisbroadcast. [1]

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F4. ThisquestionisaboutaSchmitttrigger.

ThediagrambelowshowsaSchmitttriggercircuitbasedonanoperationalamplifier(op-amp).

input22kΩ

100kΩ

output

VINVOUT

TheoutputofthisSchmitttriggerispositivesaturation(+13V)ornegativesaturation(–13V).

(a) Statetwopropertiesofanidealop-amp. [2]

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(b) Determinetheinputvaluethatwillcausetheoutputtoswitchfrom–13Vto+13V. [3]

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(c) ExplainhowaSchmitttriggercanbeusedtoreshapeadigitalpulse. [3]

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F5. Thisquestionisaboutamobilephonenetwork.

Erinisapassengeronatrainmakingacalltoastandardfixedtelephoneline(“landline”)fromhermobilephone.ThetrainmovesErinbetweenadjacentcommunicationcells.Outlinethechanges,ifany,thattakeplaceinthe

(a) cellularexchange. [1]

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(b) publicswitchedtelephonenetwork(PSTN). [1]

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Option G — Electromagnetic waves

G1. Thisquestionisaboutdispersion.

(a) Stateanapproximatevalueforthewavelengthofvisiblelight. [1]

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(b) Describewhatismeantbydispersion. [2]

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(Question G1 continued)

(c) Anarrowbeam,consistingofamixtureofredandbluelight,isincidentuponarectangularglassblock.Thenormaltotheincidentsurfaceisshown.

normalincidentredandbluebeams

Onthediagramabove,drawlabelledlinestoshowthepathsoftheredandbluebeams,astheypassthroughtheglassblockandouttotheairontheotherside. [2]

G2. Thisquestionisaboutaconvexlens.

Thediagrambelow,drawn to scale, showsa smallobjectOplaced in frontof a thinconvex(converging)lens.Thefocalpointsofthelensareshown,labelledF.ThelensisrepresentedbythestraightlineXY.

(a) (i) Definethetermfocal point. [2]

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(ii) Onthediagramabove,constructthepathsoftworaysinordertolocatethepositionoftheimageformedbythelens.LabeltheimageI. [3]

(iii) Explainwhethertheimageisrealorvirtual. [1]

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(b) Aconverginglens,offocallength5.0cm,isusedasasimplemagnifyingglasstoviewanobjectoflength0.80cm.Theobserver’seyeisveryclosetothelens.Theimageisformedatthenearpoint(25cm).

(i) Determinethedistanceoftheobjectfromthelens. [2]

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(ii) Determinethelengthoftheimage. [2]

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G3. Thisquestionisaboutusingadiffractiongratingtoviewtheemissionspectrumofsodium.

Light from a sodiumdischarge tube is incident normally upon a diffraction grating having8 00 10

5. × linespermetre.Thespectrumcontainsadoubleyellowlineofwavelengths589nmand590nm.

(a) Determine the angular separation of the two lines when viewed in the second orderspectrum. [4]

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(b) Statewhyitismoredifficulttoobservethedoubleyellowlinewhenviewedinthefirstorderspectrum. [1]

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G4. ThisquestionisaboutX-rays.

Electronsareacceleratedthroughapotentialdifferenceof25kVandstrikeamolybdenumtarget.TheresultingX-rayspectrumisshownbelow.

intensity/relativeunits

1.0 2.0 3.00

wavelength/TH m/ .×−

Theacceleratingpotentialdifferenceischangedto15kV.

(a) CalculatetheminimumwavelengthoftheX-raysproduced. [2]

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(b) Onthegraphabove,sketchtheX-rayspectrumthatwouldbeproduced. [3]

G5. Thisquestionisaboutwedgefilminterference.

Oneflat,glassslide isplacedatanangleon topofasecond identicalslide. Theslidesareincontactalongoneshortedgeandareseparatedattheotheredgebyathinpieceofpaper,asshownbelow.

glassslide

L (diagram not to scale)

Athinwedgeofairofvariablethickness,t ,istrappedbetweenthetwoslides.Thearrangementisviewednormallyfromabove,usinglightofwavelength590nm.Theglassplatesarecoated,sothatreflectiononlytakesplaceatthebottomsurfaceofthetopplateandthetopsurfaceofthebottomplate.

Aseriesofstraightbrightanddarkfringes,equallyseparatedandparalleltotheshortedgeoftheslides,isseen.

(a) Deducethatthethicknessoftheairwedgetthatgivesrisetoabrightfringe,isgivenby2 1

2t m= +( ) .λ [2]

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(b) The lengthof theairwedge,L, is8.2cm. Thebright fringesareeachseparatedbyadistanceof1.2mm.Calculatethethicknessofthepaper. [3]

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Option H — Relativity

H1. Thisquestionisaboutlengthcontractionandsimultaneity.

(a) Defineproperlength. [1]

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(b) Aspaceshipistravellingtotherightatspeed0.75c,throughatunnelwhichisopenatbothends.ObserverAisstandingatthecentreofonesideofthetunnel.ObserverA,forwhomthetunnelisatrest,measuresthelengthofthetunneltobe240mandthelengthofthespaceshiptobe200m.ThediagrambelowshowsthissituationfromtheperspectiveofobserverA.

observerA

observerB

240m200m

ObserverB,forwhomthespaceshipisstationary,isstandingatthecentreofthespaceship.

(i) CalculatetheLorentzfactor,γ ,forthissituation. [1]

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(ii) CalculatethelengthofthetunnelaccordingtoobserverB. [1]

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(Question H1 continued)

(iii) CalculatethelengthofthespaceshipaccordingtoobserverB. [1]

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(iv) According to observer A, the spaceship is completely inside the tunnel for ashorttime.Stateandexplainwhetherornot,accordingtoobserverB,thespaceshipisevercompletelyinsidethetunnel. [2]

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(c) Twosourcesoflightarelocatedateachendofthetunnel.ThediagrambelowshowsthissituationfromtheperspectiveofobserverA.

light1 light2

observerA

observerB

240m200m

According to observerA, at the instantwhen observer B passes observerA, the twosourcesoflightemitaflash.ObserverAseesthetwoflashessimultaneously.DiscusswhetherornotobserverBseesthetwoflashessimultaneously. [4]

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H2. Thisquestionisaboutrelativevelocitiesandenergyatrelativisticspeeds.

Two identical rockets are moving along the same straight line as viewed from Earth.Rocket1ismovingawayfromtheEarthatspeed0.80crelative to the Earthandrocket2ismovingawayfromrocket1atspeed0.60crelative to rocket 1.

rocket2

0.80c relativetoEarth 0.60c relativetorocket1

rocket1Earth

(a) Calculatethevelocityofrocket2relativetotheEarth,usingthe

(i) Galileantransformationequation. [1]

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(ii) relativistictransformationequation. [2]

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(b) Commentonyouranswersin(a). [2]

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(c) The restmass of rocket 1 is1 0 103. × kg. Determine therelativistic kinetic energy ofrocket1,asmeasuredbyanobserveronEarth. [3]

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H3. ThisquestionisabouttheMichelson–Morleyexperiment.

The diagram below shows the essential features of the apparatus used in theMichelson–Morleyexperiment.

lightsource

telescope

semi-transparentmirror

mirror

(a) StateandexplainhowthisapparatuswasusedtotryandmeasurethespeedoftheEarthrelativetotheaether. [4]

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(b) Statetheresultofthisexperimentandexplainhowthisresultsupportsthespecialtheoryofrelativity. [2]

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H4. Thisquestionisaboutgravitationalred-shift.

TwoidenticallasersaresituatedonthesurfaceoftheEarth.OneisdirectedhorizontallytowardsobserverA,whomeasuresthefrequencytobe4 62 10

14. × Hz.Theotherisdirectedvertically

upwardstowardsobserverB,whoisataheightof1 00 102. .× m

observerA Earth’ssurface

observerB

1 00 102. .× m

(a) (i) StatehowthefrequencyasmeasuredbyobserverBcompareswiththefrequencyasmeasuredbyobserverA. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Calculate the difference in frequency between the laser light as measured byobserversAandB. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Stateoneassumptionthatyoumadein(a)(ii). [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

–33–

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(b) Thelasersarenowplacedonaspaceship,whichisacceleratingupwardsataconstantrateof9 81 2. m s− ,farawayfromanyothermassesasshownbelow.ThedistanceofobserverDfromthelaseris1 00 10

2. .× m ObserverCisatthebottomofthespaceship.

9.81ms–21 00 10

2. .× m

observerC

observerD

Explain, with reference to the equivalence principle, the frequencies measured byobserversCandD,ascomparedtoobserversAandB. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Option I — Medical physics

I1. Thisquestionisaboutsoundintensitylevels.

Aspart of a safety inspectionof anew factory, adata loggermeasures the intensityof thesoundsgeneratedbythemachines. Thesoundintensity levelsneedtobewithinacceptablelimits.

(a) Defineintensityandintensity level. [2]

Intensity: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Intensity level: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The data logger is moved between five different locations in the factory ( ).A E→ Thereadingsareshownbelow.

Location Readingondatalogger/mWm–2

A 302B 158C 891D 413E 524

(i) Determinetheintensitylevelatthenoisiestlocation. [3]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

–35–

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(Question I1 continued)

(ii) Usingyouranswerto(b)(i),discusswhetherornotitisnecessaryforthemachineoperatorstouseearprotectorswhenworkinginthisfactory. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Onepossibleeffectonhearingoflong-termexposuretonoiseistinnitus.Outlinewhatismeantbytinnitus. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I2. Thisquestionisaboutmedicalimaging.

Apatientissuspectedofhavingapartialblockageinhisintestineasit leadsawayfromhisstomach.PossiblemedicalimagingtechniquesincludeX-rayphotography,ultrasoundandtheuseofanendoscope.

(a) WhenproducingtheX-rayphotograph, thedoseiskept toaminimumbyatechniquecalledenhancement.

(i) Outlinewhythedoseneedstobekepttoaminimum. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Describeonepossibleenhancementtechnique. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Discussanyextraprocedures thatareneeded togetanappropriate imageof theintestineinthissituation. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

–37–

Turn over

(b) A successful ultrasound scan relies on changes of acoustic impedance around thestructurebeing imaged.

(i) Defineacoustic impedance. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) StatetheSIunitinwhichitismeasured. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Explain,intermsofacousticimpedance,whygelneedstobeappliedonthesurfaceoftheskinbeforetheultrasoundscan. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) The blockage is cut out and removed in a procedure which involves a laser and anendoscope.

(i) Outlinehowitispossibletousealaserasascalpel(knife). [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Byreferringtotheroleplayedbyopticfibres,discusshowanendoscopeisusedinthissituation. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

–39–

Turn over

I3. Thisquestionisaboutradiationinmedicine.

Anuclearstresstestisusedtoinvestigatethebloodflowwithinapatient’sheartduringexercise.Theradioisotopethallium-201isinjectedintothepatient’sbloodandagamma-raydetectoristhenusedtorecorditsdistributionwithintheheartmuscle.

Thefollowinginformationaboutthisprocedureisavailable.

Massofpatient =75kgDoseequivalentforanuclearstresstest =25mSv

(a) Thequalityfactorofthegamma-raysis1.Determinetheenergyabsorbedbythepatientasaresultofthethalliuminjection. [3]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Suggestwhetheryouwouldexpecttheenergycalculatedin(a)toresultinasignificantincreaseinthepatient’stemperature. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Onaverage,1inevery1000patientswhoundertakeanuclearstresstestgoontodevelopcancerasaresultoftheradioactivedosethattheyreceivedduringthetest.

(i) Byreferringtotheconceptofbalancedrisk,outlinewhythetestmaystillbeofbenefittothepatient. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Thehospitaltechnicianwhoadministersthetestcouldalsoreceiveanincreaseddose.Outlinehowfilmbadgesareused toprotect technicians from receivingexcessivedosesofradiation. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

–41–

Turn over

Option J — Particle physics

J1. Thisquestionisaboutmesons.

(a) Statewhatismeantbyanexchangeparticle. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) In 1935, the physicist Hideki Yukawa predicted that the strong interaction betweennucleonswasmediatedbyparticlescalledmesons. Giventhat therangeofthestronginteractionisapproximately1 5 10 15. ×

m,calculateapossiblevaluefortherestmassofameson. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Question J1 continued)

(c) A meson called the pionwas detected in cosmic ray reactions in 1947byPowell andOcchialini.Thepioncomesinthreepossiblechargestates:π π π

, .and0 TheFeynman

diagrambelowrepresentsapossiblereactioninwhichapionparticipates.

Stateandexplainwhetherthemesonproducedisaπ π π+ −

, .or a0 [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(d) Statethepossiblespinnumbersofmesonsandexplainyouranswer. [3]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

–43–

Turn over

(e) Explainwhy,accordingtothequarkmodel,itisnotpossibleforaparticletoconsistoftwoupquarksonly. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

J2. Thisquestionisaboutacceleratingparticles.

Thediagrambelowshowsthebasicstructureofacyclotron.

vacuumtarget

source

x x x x

Chargedparticlesareemittedfromasourceatthecentre.TheymoveinavacuumthroughtwoD-shapedcavitiesor“dees”.Thereisauniformmagneticfielddirectedintothepage,withintheregionofthedees.

(a) Outlinewhythevoltageappliedacrossthedeesmustchangepolarityeveryhalfrevolution. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

–45–

Turn over

(b) Showthatthefrequency,f,oftheappliedpotentialdifferenceisgivenbytheexpression

where q = chargeofparticle m = massofparticle B = magneticfieldstrength. [3]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Statetwodisadvantagesofusingacyclotronratherthanasynchrotrontoaccelerateparticles. [2]

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(d) Explainwhyitisnecessarytoaccelerateparticlestohighspeedsinordertocreatenewparticlesoflargemass. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(e) Highenergyparticlesareusedtoprobethenucleus.Explainwhyalphaparticleswouldgivebetterresolutionthanprotonsmovingatthesamespeed. [3]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

J3. Thisquestionisaboutenergyandconservationlaws.

Two protons moving at the same speed in opposite directions, collide with each otherproducing threeprotonsandananti-proton,asshownbelow.

p p p p p p+ → + + +

(a) Calculatetheminimumpossiblekineticenergyofoneofthecollidingprotons. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Explainwhythefollowingreactionisnotpossible,evenifthecollidingparticleshaveenoughenergy.

p n p p p+ → + + [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

J4. Thisquestionisaboutcosmologyandstrings.

(a) Thebindingenergyofaheliumnucleusisabout28MeV.Calculatethetemperatureoftheuniverseabovewhichheliumnucleicouldnothaveexisted. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Statetwofundamentaldifferencesbetweenthestandardmodelandthetheoryofstrings. [2]

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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physics caddate sess uer higher level paper 3 · g5. this question is about wedge ilm interference....

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