phrase
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Universidade Estadual da Paraíba – UEPB
Centro de Educação – CEDUC II - Departamento de Letras e ArtesCurso de Letras - Habilitação: Língua Inglesa Componente Curricular: Redação em Língua Inglesa Professora: Telma S. F. Ferreira Ano: 2011.2
Sentences, Clauses and Phrases
Telma Ferreira – telmasff@hotmail.com
Parts of Speech
Verb
Noun
Adjective
Adverb
Pronoun
Preposition
Conjunction
Basic Grammar Terminology
Function
Refers to an action or state
Refers to things or people.
Describes a noun
Describes a verb, an adjective or adverb
Replaces a noun
Links a noun to a word
Joins clauses or words
Example
John explains the grammar.The students are interested.
My friend presented a seminar.
This subject is easy.
Our teacher speaks slowly a very important subject.
She give us time to take some notes.
The data show is on the desk.
I´ve made some questions and the teacher answered.
What Makes a Sentence?
Subject = noun or pronoun that does an action or experiences a state of being
Verb =
expresses the action or “state”of the subject
Object = noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb
John explained the grammar.
This is also a sentence …
Subject Verb Complement
A complement is a great deal like an object, but it differs in that it does not “receive” the action of a verb. Instead it “is” the subject.
Complements can be nouns or adjectives. The key to understand them is to identify the verbs they follow.
The students were interested.
Subject = noun or pronoun that does an action or experiences a state of being
Verb = expresses
the action or “state”of the subject
Adverbial = adverb or group of words that tells where, when, why or how the verb happened.
And this is a sentence as well.
John was in the classroom.
John was a student last year.
John reads English texts quickly.
John went to New York to visit his aunt.
More adverbial examples
S + V / O / C / A
So, we can symbolize the basic components of a sentence in the following way:
Where: S = subject (a noun or pronoun that does an action)V = verb (the action itself)/ = “optional” some verbs do not need an O, C or A O = object (a noun or pronoun that receives an action)C = complement (an adjective or noun that is the subject)A = adverbial (an adverbial that tells more about the action)
Sentence components
Is this a sentence?
The students were interested while John explained the grammar.
John spoke English
Subject
Verb
Object
We have the original subject John with its verb spoke and its object English
But the sentence continues with a second subject, this time he, a second verb, explained and a second object, the grammar.
while he explained the grammar
Our one sentence is basically two “mini” sentences hooked together by the word while.
“Mini” sentences, units of S+V/O,C,A, within a sentence are called clauses.
Clause
John spoke English while he explained the grammar
John spoke English while he explained the grammar.
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Clause
After studying, John spoke English while he explained the grammar.
In addition to the two clauses we are familiar with, this sentence has the added words after studying. These work together to give extra information about the clauses, but they do not form a clause. They form a phrase.
One way to define a phrase is to say it is a group of words that “belong together” in terms of meaning but do not have both a subject and a verb.
Phrase = a group of words that acts like one word
Phrase S + V
Another way to define a phrase is to think of how it works within a sentence. When you think of a phrase this way, you can define it as:
Phrase
• Prepositional phrase with a preposition as head (after studying)
• Noun phrase with a noun as head (the grammar)
• Verb phrase with a verb as head (spoke English; explained the grammar)
• Adjective phrase with an adjective as head (easiest part)
• Adverbial phrase with adverb as head (very carefully)
Types of Phrases
Types of Phrases
After studying, John spoke English while he explained the easiest part of the grammar very carefully.
Types of Phrases
Prepositional phrase
Adverb phrase
Noun phrase
Adjective
phrase
Verb phrase
My
My teacher
My friend taught us grammar
My teacher taught us grammar
because we needed to improve our English.
Word
Phrase
Clause
Sentence
Summarizing
Exercise
Identify the phrases, clauses and sentences bellow.
1. Across the Universe2. I Feel Fine3. She Loves You4. In My Life5. While My Guitar Gently Weeps6. I Want to Hold Your Hand7. A Hard Day’s Night8. Till There Was You9. I Saw Her Standing There10. All My Loving11. When I Get Home12. Lonesome Tears in My Eyes13. I Call Your Name14. When I’m Sixty-four15. The Long and Winding Road
1. phrase2. sentence/main clause3. sentence/main clause4. phrase5. dependent clause6. sentence/main clause7. phrase8. dependent clause9. sentence/main clause10. phrase11. dependent clause12. phrase13. sentence/main clause14. dependent clause15. phrase
Reference
-EASTWOOD, John. Oxford Guide to English Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.-THOMSON, A. J. and MARTINET, A.V. English Grammar 2nd Edition. London: Oxford University Press, 1974. -Site: http://www.google.com.br/#hl=pt-BR&source=hp&q=sentence%2C+clause%2C+phrase&oq=sentence%2C+clause%2C+phrase&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=2211l7096l0l7314l24l15l0l0l0l0l813l1366l5-1.1l2l0&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&fp=b0bbe684c0ba1d3a&biw=1024&bih=677. Accessed on 13/08/11.
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