photocatalytic degradation of procion bright...
Post on 18-Jul-2020
6 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
www.iajpr.com
Pag
e12
80
Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2014 ISSN NO: 2231-6876
Journal home page:
http://www.iajpr.com/index.php/en/
INDO AMERICAN
JOURNAL OF
PHARMACEUTICAL
RESEARCH
PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF PROCION BRIGHT TURQUOISE MX-G DYE
USING BIOGENIC SILVER NANOPARTICLES (AGNPS) SYNTHESIZED FROM ALPINIA
CALCARTA ROSC.
Sachindri Rana
1, K. Ghanapriya
2, K. Priadharsini
2, K. Rajagopal
1 and P. T. Kalaichelvan
2
1 Department of Biotechnology, Vels University, Pallavaram, Chennai-600117, Tamil Nadu, India.
2 Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai-600025, Tamil Nadu, India.
Corresponding author
Sachindri Rana
Department of Biotechnology, Vels University,
Pallavaram, Chennai-600117, Tamil Nadu, India
sachin_1785@yahoo.co.in
Copy right © 2014 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Indo American journal of Pharmaceutical
Research, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
Article history
Received 09/03/2014
Available online
16/03/2014
Keywords
Biogenic Silver
Nanoparticles, AgNps,
Alpinia Calcarata Rosc.,
Procion Bright
Turquoise MX-G,
Reactive Dichlorotriazine
Dye, Photocatalytic
Degradation.
.
In this study, a green approach of synthesizing stable biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)
using aqueous extracts of rhizomes of Alpinia calcarata Rosc. and silver nitrate has been
reported and is being used in the photocatalytic degradation of Procion Bright Turquoise MX-
G reactive dichlorotriazine dye. Green synthesis biogenic silver nanoparticles using aqueous
extracts of dry rhizomes of Alpinia calcarata Rosc. take place within 30 minutes. The
bioreduced silver nanoparticles have been characterized by Ultraviolet-visible Spectroscopy,
Powder X-Ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Energy Dispersive
Spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, High Resolution Transmission Electron
Microscopy and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and have been found to be 2-20 nm in size.
The photocatalytic degradation effect on Procion Bright Turquoise MX-G dye takes place
within 60 minutes and is confirmed by the decrease in absorbance in the concentration of the
dye with increase in time. This method of synthesizing silver nanoparticles is found to be very
cost effective and eco-friendly and thus can be economical and an effective alternative for a
large scale production of biogenic silver nanoparticles. These biologically synthesized
biogenic silver nanoparticles are also very effective in photocatalytic degradation of Procion
Bright Turquoise MX-G dye which is a commercial reactive dichlorotriazine dye. These
biogenic silver nanoparticles can thus be used in degradation of dyes in textile industries
before leaving out the dye effluent into the environment.
Please cite this article in press as Sachindri Rana et al. Photocatalytic degradation of Procion Bright Turquoise MX-G dye using
biogenic silver nanoparticles synthesized from Alpinia calcarata Rosc. Indo American Journal of Pharm Research.2014:4(03).
www.iajpr.com
Pag
e12
81
Vol 4, Issue 03, 2014. Sachindri Rana et. al. ISSN NO: 2231-6876
INTRODUCTION
The evolutionary boom in Nanotechnology has generated different nanosized materials and of this, metal nanoparticles are
one of the most interesting and promising ones. Recently, metal nanoparticles have been reported as effective photocatalysts for
degrading chemical complexes, under ambient temperature with visible light illumination [1]. This can be achieved by increasing the
optical path of photons leading to a higher absorption rate of nanoparticles in the presence of a local electrical field [2]. These
nanoparticles show new and improved properties based on their morphological structures and characteristics as compared to bulk
materials [3].
Recently, Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been playing a major role in Nanotechnology. Biologically synthesized AgNPs
or biogenic AgNPs have been a very interesting area of research in the past few years due to their non-requirement of high pressure,
energy, temperature, and toxic chemicals [4]. Presently biogenic AgNPs are being synthesized from microorganisms, yeasts and
plants. Plant extracts are used to synthesize biogenic AgNPs in few minutes. These biogenic AgNPs have received attention due to
high surface plasmon resonance strong absorption in the visible region [5]. Their unique size dependent properties make them superior
and indispensable as they show unusual physical, chemical, and biological properties [6].
Alpinia calcarata Rosc. (Zingiberaceae) is a medicinal plant and is used for several pharmaceutical purposes. It is cultivated
in tropical countries including Sri Lanka, India and Malaysia. The rhizomes of Alpinia calcarata are used for medicinal purposes [7].
Extracts of Alpinia calcarata Rosc. have been found to show antibacterial [8], antifungal [9] and antihelminthic activity [10]. The
extracts of rhizomes have also been used in the treatment of bronchitis, cough, respiratory ailments, diabetics, asthma [11] and arthritis
[11, 12]. The aqueous extracts of rhizomes contain phytochemicals that aid to reduce of silver nitrate to biogenic silver nanoparticles.
This method of production is very cost effective and eco-friendly and thus can be economical and an effective alternative for a large
scale production.
Commercially available textile dyes are rich sources of organic compounds that pose threat to the environment as they are
highly toxic to the ecosystem. The various textile dye effluents enter the water bodies and soil and ultimately effect the ecosystem by
causing environmental hazards. Due to high amount of various organic compounds, the conventional biological methods are
ineffective for their de-colorization and degradation [13]. Procion Bright Turquoise MX-G is a reactive commercial dichlorotriazine
dye used in textile industries. It is a very bright, strong color that has very high reactivity making it suitable dyeing color for textile
even at low temperatures (20◦-30
◦ C). It contains copper at levels of 1 to 5% of the weight of the dye powder.
Sunlight is abundantly available natural energy source and its energy can be conveniently exploited for degradation of commercial
dyes.
Hence, the present study has been aimed to study the photocatalytic degradation of Procion Bright Turquoise MX-G dye; a
commercial reactive dichlorotriazine dye using biogenic AgNPs synthesized using the aqueous extracts of dry rhizomes of Alpinia
calcarata Rosc. that acts both as reducing and stabilizing agents.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Preparation of Aqueous Rhizome Extract
Rhizomes of Alpinia calcarata Rosc. were cleaned, dried and powdered using a Dry Grinder (Fig. 1a-c). The aqueous
rhizome extract was prepared by adding 1g of dry powder to 100 mL of distilled water and heated at 80° C for 3 minutes. This extract
was then filtered using Whatman 40 filter paper and the filtrate was refrigerated at 4° C for further use.
Biogenic synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)
5mL of the aqueous rhizome extract was added to 95 mL of 5 mM Silver nitrate (Sisco Research Laboratories Pvt Ltd,
Mumbai, India) and incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. The solution turned brownish orange in color (Fig. 1d and Fig.
1e).
Fig. 1a – Morphology of Alpinia calcarata Rosc., Fig. 1b – Dry rhizomes, Fig. 1c – Powder of dry rhizomes, Fig. 1d - Silver
nitrate (AgNO3) and Synthesized biogenic Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), Fig. 1e – Green synthesis of biogenic AgNPs at
different time intervals
www.iajpr.com
Pag
e12
82
Vol 4, Issue 03, 2014. Sachindri Rana et. al. ISSN NO: 2231-6876
Characterization of biogenic Silver Nanoparticles
Ultraviolet-visible Spectroscopic studies
The synthesized AgNPs were studied at regular intervals using Hitachi U 2900 UV-Visible Spectrophotometer between
ranges of 300 - 800 nm and at a scanning speed of 600 nm/ min.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic studies
The functional groups present in the rhizome of the plant and its role in the synthesis of AgNPs was determined by FT-IR
studies. The dried rhizome powder and biogenic AgNPs were mixed with KBr to make pellet and the FT-IR analysis was carried out
in transmittance mode by Schimadzu FT-IR 8300 in the range of 400 - 4000 cm -1
at a resolution of 4 cm -1
Powder X-Ray Diffraction studies
The synthesized dry AgNP powder was analyzed with Cu Kα1 filtered radiation (λ = 1.540598 Å) at a voltage of 40 kV and a
current of 30 mA using Seifert JSO Debye Flex XRD in a range of 10◦ to 70
◦. The peaks were matched with JCPDS file No-04-0783.
The obtained pattern was for fcc cubic crystal structure. The ratio between the intensities of diffraction peaks of the sample were
calculated and matched with the conventional values of JCPDS file No-04-0783. The crystalline size was calculated using the Debye–
Sherrer formula [14]. The lattice constant was calculated according to Bragg’s law [15]. The crystallinity index was calculated using
the formula-
Icry = Dp (SEM, TEM)/Dcry(XRD)
where, Icry is the Crystallinity Index, Dp is the particle size obtained from either SEM or TEM morphological analysis, Dcry is
the particle size calculated according to Debye–Sherrer formula in XRD [16].
Transmission Electron Microscopic studies
A drop of solution containing biogenic AgNPs was placed on the carbon coated grids and kept under vacuo desiccation
before analyzing with Hitachi H 7650 at 100 kV of acceleration.
Energy Dispersive Spectroscopic studies
The dry AgNP powder was used for this purpose using Hitachi S 3400 N operating at 30 kV of acceleration and at a
magnification of 25k and the energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) was recorded.
High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopic studies
The stable biogenic AgNPs were washed and diluted by distilled water to attain the absorbance range of 0.5. Then one drop
of diluted AgNP sample was placed on Copper grid with Ultrathin Copper on holey carbon disc and was allowed to dry in vacuo.
After drying, the synthesized AgNPs were visualized using Tecnai G2 FEI High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope
operating at 200 kV of acceleration. The SAED pattern was also obtained.
Evaluation of effect of biogenic AgNPs on the reduction of Procion Bright Turquoise MX-G dye
The photocatalytic degradation of Procion Bright Turquoise MX-G dye was evaluated outdoor with sun as the main source of
light. The intensity of light was measured using an Extech Lightmeter 401025 (Taiwan) Luxmeter. 1 mL of 50 µg/ mL AgNPs
solution was added to 50 mL of 10−4
M Procion Bright Turquoise MX-G dye solution. This mixture was then stirred for a minute in
darkness to ensure constant equilibrium of AgNPs in the dye solution. After this reaction, the mixture was kept under sunlight in a
borosil glass beaker at mean temperature of 32◦C with 60 minutes shine duration.
The absorption spectrum of the suspension mixture was measured using Hitachi U 2900 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer ranging
between 200 - 700 nm at a scanning speed of 600 nm/ min. This was done after centrifuging 2 mL of the reaction mixture at 10000
rpm for 10 minutes to ensure the degradation of the dye solution.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Characterization of biogenic Silver Nanoparticles
Ultraviolet-visible Spectroscopic studies
The formation of biogenic AgNPs was easily detected and characterized by UV-Visible Spectroscopy owing to the reduction
of silver nitrate and due to the Surface Plasmon resonance (SPR), i.e., the interaction of electromagnetic radiation and the electrons in
the conduction band around the nanoparticles [17, 18]. AgNPs were observed strongly in the range of 400 - 450 nm in visible region.
In the present work, the biogenic AgNPs are rapidly formed (at pH 7) after the addition of Alpinia calcarata Rosc. aqueous extract,
evident from the appearance of brownish orange color at 422 nm which is the characteristic wavelength of silver nanoparticles [19]
with increase in absorbance at regular time intervals of 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes as depicted in Fig. 2.
www.iajpr.com
Pag
e12
83
Vol 4, Issue 03, 2014. Sachindri Rana et. al. ISSN NO: 2231-6876
Fig. 2 - UV Visible spectrum of biogenic AgNPs using 95 mL of 5mM Silver nitrate and 5 mL aqueous extract of dry rhizomes
of Alpinia calcarata Rosc. incubated at room temperature (pH 7) with gradual increase in time
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic studies
FT-IR spectroscopy studies were carried out to identify the biomolecules that not only capped, but also helped in reduction
and stabilization of synthesized biogenic AgNPs. FT-IR spectrum of dry powder aqueous extract and synthesized AgNPs are shown in
Fig. 3. The absorption bands that appear in the IR spectrum of the dry rhizome powder (sample) could also be seen in the IR spectra of
phytocapped synthesized AgNPs. This shows that the phytoconstituents present in the aqueous extract protect the AgNPs from
aggregation.
Fig. 3 - FT-IR spectrum of sample (powder of dry rhizome) and synthesized biogenic AgNPs
The IR-spectrum of the silver nanoparticles showed absorption bands at 1038.1, 1380.4, 1635.2 and 3430.3 cm−1
. The
absorption bands at 1038.1 cm−1
correspond to C-N stretching vibrations of the amine. The absorption bands at 1635.2 cm−1
correspond to amide 1 band of proteins due to carbonyl stretch in proteins and absorption bands at 3430.3 cm−1
are due to the O-H
stretching in alcoholic compounds [20]. The sharp band at 1380.4 cm−1
is due to C-H stretching vibrations of aromatic and aliphatic
amines. IR spectroscopic study thus confirmed that the carbonyl group form amino acid residues and proteins has the stronger ability
to bind metal indicating that the proteins could possibly form a layer covering the metal nanoparticles (i.e., capping of silver
nanoparticles) to prevent agglomeration and thereby stabilize the medium. This suggests that the biological molecules could possibly
perform dual functions of formation and stabilization of silver nanoparticles in the aqueous medium [20].
www.iajpr.com
Pag
e12
84
Vol 4, Issue 03, 2014. Sachindri Rana et. al. ISSN NO: 2231-6876
Powder X-Ray Diffraction studies
XRD studies were carried out to identify the crystalline nature of the synthesized biogenic AgNPs. Diffraction peaks were
observed at 2θ values of 38. 2°, 44.4° and 64.1° that can be indexed to (111), (200) and (220) reflection planes of face centered cubic
(fcc) as shown (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4 - XRD pattern of biogenic AgNPs
This study confirms that the resultant particles are (FCC) silver nanoparticles [21]. The ratio between the intensities of
diffraction peaks of (200) - (111) and (220) – (111) of the sample values were calculated to be 0.45 and 0.27 which were in agreement
with the conventional values of JCPDS File No. 04-0783 (0.40 and 0.25) [21]. The mean size of the biosynthesized AgNPs was
determined by Debye–Sherrer formula [14] and found to be in the range of 2-10 nm. The lattice parameter was calculated according to
Bragg’s law [15] and was found to be 4.077Å which was also in agreement with the conventional value of JCPDS File No. 04-0783
(4.08Å) [22]. The crystallinity index was calculated to be 1.3604 and was confirmed that synthesized silver nanoparticles were
monocrystalline in nature and the fcc structure was well indexed [16].
Electron Microscopy/ Energy Dispersive Spectroscopic studies
Electron Microscopy studies were carried out to view the size of the synthesized biogenic nanoparticles. The HR-TEM image
of synthesized AgNPs (pH 7) depicted in Fig. 5 (a) gives clear indications regarding size, shape and size distribution of nanoparticles.
The size of the synthesized biogenic AgNPs is approximately 2-20 nm. The SAED pattern of AgNPs reveals that the particles are
crystalline in nature as shown in Fig. 5 (b).
Fig. 5
(a) - HR-TEM studies of biogenic AgNPs
(b) – SAED pattern of biogenic AgNPs
www.iajpr.com
Pag
e12
85
Vol 4, Issue 03, 2014. Sachindri Rana et. al. ISSN NO: 2231-6876
From TEM images, (Fig. 6) it can be seen that the AgNPs are capped with phytoconstituents of rhizome of Alpinia calcarata Rosc.
[23]. The figure also shows the synthesized AgNPs to be 5.63 to 13.85 nm in size.
Fig. 6 - TEM image of biogenic AgNPs
The result of EDS gives a clear idea about the elements present in the nanoparticles (Fig. 7).
Fig. 7 - EDS studies of biogenic AgNPs
As shown in the figure, the strong signal of the silver (Ag) atoms indicates the crystalline property. The carbon (C) and oxygen (O)
peaks in the EDS analyses can be attributed to the surrounding residual material and/or the carbon tape used for SEM grid preparation
[24, 25].
Effect of biogenic AgNPs on the reduction of Procion Bright Turquoise MX-G dye
Photocatalytic degradation of Procion Bright Turquoise MX-G dye was investigated using synthesized biogenic AgNPs [26]
by solar irradiation technique at different time intervals of 15 minutes for an hour [27]. The characteristic absorption peak of Procion
Bright Turquoise MX-G dye solution was found to be at 660 nm. Degradation of Procion Bright Turquoise MX-G dye at light
intensity of 45000-49000 Lux was visualized by decrease in peak intensity within 60 minutes of incubation time. There is no
considerable shift in peak position for Procion Bright Turquoise MX-G dye solution without exposure to biogenic AgNPs [28]. The
degraded samples were used for determining the possible changes in the absorption spectra of the dye in the UV -Vis range (Fig. 8)
www.iajpr.com
Pag
e12
86
Vol 4, Issue 03, 2014. Sachindri Rana et. al. ISSN NO: 2231-6876
350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
60 mins
30 mins
15 minsA
bso
rba
nce
Wavelength
Control
Fig. 8 – UV-Visible spectrum of photocatalytic degradation of Procion Bright Turquoise MX-G dye using biogenic AgNPs at
different time intervals
Compared to other irradiation techniques, solar light was found to be faster in decolorizing dye in the presence of metal
catalyst [29]. The adsorption of biogenic AgNPs on to the Procion Bright Turquoise MX-G dye solution increased with constant
increase in time. Altogether, the photocatalytic properties of Ag nanoparticles in visible light may well be due to excitation of surface
plasmon resonance (SPR), which is nothing but oscillation of charge density that can propagate at the interface between metal and
dielectric medium. AgNPs are good, highly efficient and stable photocatalysts under ambient temperature with visible light
illumination for degrading organic compounds and dyes [30]. Thus this study also reveals that biogenic AgNPs are stable and efficient
photocatalysts that actively degrade Procion Bright Turquoise MX-G dye which is a reactive commercial dichlorotriazine dye used in
textile and dyeing industries. This ensures that the treated dye effluent may be reused in the industries and also ensures environment
safety if the treated water is let out into the ecosystem.
CONCLUSION
In this study, a facile, environmental friendly and simple method has been adopted to synthesize silver nanoparticles
biologically using Alpinia calcarata Rosc., in room temperature within 30 minutes of incubation time and were characterized by UV
spectra, FT-IR, XRD, EDS, TEM, HR-TEM and AAS studies. The synthesized nanoparticles were found to be highly active in
degrading Procion Bright Turquoise MX-G reactive dichlorotriazine dye solution with visible light illumination within 60 minutes.
Thus, large volume of low concentration textile effluents could be treated with AgNPs in the industries in tanks open to sunlight, left
to stand for few hours, allowing efficient photocatalytic dye degradation and centrifuged to settle down the AgNPs before reusing this
treated water free from AgNPs and dye in the dyeing process or letting this treated water into the environment. These findings suggest
that, biogenic silver nanoparticles synthesized from Alpinia calcarata Rosc., can degrade dyes in the presence of sun light and paves
way for a cost effective treatment of textile industrial effluents.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are thankful to Prof. R. Rengasamy, Director, Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Guindy
campus for providing lab facilities. We would like to show gratitude to the Head, Department of Nuclear Physics, University of
Madras for providing XRD facility and the Head, National Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Madras, for
providing Electron microscopy facilities. We would also like to show appreciation towards the Head, Department of Chemistry, Anna
University for providing FT-IR facility.
www.iajpr.com
Pag
e12
87
Vol 4, Issue 03, 2014. Sachindri Rana et. al. ISSN NO: 2231-6876
List of abbreviations
S. No Abbreviation Meaning S. No Abbreviation Meaning
1 Rosc. Roscoe 4 cm Centimeter
2 ◦ C degree Centigrade 5 mA Milliampere
3 % Percentage 6 kV Kilovolt
7 g Gram 13 µg Microgram
8 mL Milliliters 14 M Molar concentration
9 mM Millimolar 15 rpm Revolutions per minute
10 nm Nanometer 16 C Carbon
11 O Oxygen 17 H Hydrogen
12 N Nitrogen
Authors’ statements
Competing interests
The authors declare of having no conflict of interest.
REFERENCES
[1] Mohamed RM., Mkhalid IA., Baeissa ES., Al-Rayyani MA., Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue by
Fe/ZnO/SiO2 Nanoparticles under Visiblelight, J Nanotechnol 2012; http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/329082.
[2] Garcia MA., Surface plasmons in metallic nanoparticles: fundamentals and applications, J Phys D: Appl Phys 2012;
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/44/28/283001.
[3] Gurunathan S., Kalishwaralal K., Vaidyanathan R., Venkataraman D., Pandian SRK., Muniyandi J., Hariharan N., Eorn
SH., Biosynthesis, purification and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Escherichia coli, Colloids Surf B 2009; 74:
328-335.
[4] Sinha S., Pan I., Chanda P., Sen SK., Nanoparticles fabrication using ambient biological Resources, J Appl Biosci 2009; 19:
1113-1130.
[5] Fayaza AM., Girilal M., Mahdy SA., Somsundar SS., Venkatesan R., Kalaichelvan PT., Biosynthesis of silver and gold
nanoparticles using thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Process Biochem 2011; 46: 1958-1962.
[6] Kovochich M., Xia T., Xu J., Yeh JI., Nel AE., Principles and procedures to assess nanoparticles, Environ Sci Technol
2005, 39: 1250-1256.
[7] Jayaweera DMA., Medicinal Plants Used in Ceylon, Vol. V, Colombo: National Science Council of Sri Lanka; 1982 p. 213.
[8] George M. and Pandalai KM., Investigations on plant antibiotics part IV. further search for antibiotic substances in Indian
medicinal plants, Indian J Med Res 1949; 37: 169-181.
[9] Pushpangadan P., Atal CK., Ethno-medico-botanical investigations in Kerala I. Some primitive tribals of Western Ghats
and their herbal medicine, J Ethnopharmacol 1984; 111: 59-77.
[10] Kaleysa RR., Screening of indigenous plants for anthelmintic action against Ascaris lumbricoides Part II, Indian J Physiol
Pharmacol 1975; 19: 47-49.
[11] Ramanayake L. and Visithuru O., Publication of Department of Ayurveda, Colombo: 1994 p. 68-71.
[12] Arambewela LSR., Basnayake CS., Serasinghe P., Tissera MSA., Dias S., Weerasekara DR., Traditional Treatment in Sri
Lanka for Chronic Arthritis, Colombo: NARESA Printing Unit, 1995.
[13] Arslan I., Balcioglu IA., Tuhkanen T., Bahnemann D., H2O2/UV-C and Fe2+
/H2O2/UV-C versus TiO2/UV-A treatment for
reactive dye wastewater, J Environ Eng 2000; 126: 903-911.
[14] Cullity BD., Elements of X-ray Diffraction, USA: Addison-Wesley Company, 1956.
[15] Theivasanthi T. and Alagar M., X-Ray Diffraction Studies of Copper Nanopowder, Archives of Physics Research 2010; 1:
112-117.
[16] Xubin P., Iliana MR., Ray M., Liu J., Nanocharacterization and bactericidal performance of silver modified titania
photocatalysts, Colloids Surf B 2010; 77: 82-89.
[17] Mulvaney P., Surface Plasmon Spectroscopy of Nanosized Metal Particles, Langmuir 1996; 12: 788-800.
[18] Park J. and Kim Y., Effect of shape of silver nanoplates on the enhancement of surfaceplasmon resonance (SPR) signals, J
Nanosci Nanotech 2008; 8: 1-4.
[19] Kora AJ., Sashidhar RB., Arunachalam J., Gum kondagogu (Cochlospermum gossypium): a template for the green
synthesis and stabilization of silver nanoparticles with antibacterial application, Carbohydr Polym 2010; 82: 670-679.
[20] Sathyavathi R., Krishna MB., Rao SV., Sarith R., Rao DN., Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Coriandrum
Sativum Leaf Extract and Their Application in Nonlinear Optics, Adv Sci Lett 2010; 3: 1-6.
www.iajpr.com
Pag
e12
88
Vol 4, Issue 03, 2014. Sachindri Rana et. al. ISSN NO: 2231-6876
[21] Lanje AS., Sharma SJ., Pode RB., Synthesis of silver nanoparticles: a safer alternative to conventional antimicrobial and
antibacterial agents, J Chem Pharm Res 2010; 2: 478-483.
[22] Sun Y. and Xia Y., Shape controlled synthesis of Gold and Silver nanoparticles, Science 2002; 298: 2176-2178.
[23] Edison TJI. and Sethuraman MG., Instant green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Terminalia chebula fruit extract and
evaluation of their catalytic activity on reduction of methylene blue, Process Biochem 2012; 47: 1351-1357.
[24] Babu MM., Sridhar J., Gunasekaran P., Global transcriptome analysis of Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 in response to
silver nitrate stress, J Nanobiotechnol 2011; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1477-3155-9-49.
[25] Kalaiarasi R., Prasannaraj G. and Venkatachalam P., A rapid biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf broth
of Rauvolfia tetraphylla and their promising antibacterial activity, Indo American J of Pharm Research 2013; 3 (10): 8052-
8062.
[26] Rashed MN. and El-Amin AA., Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange in aqeous TiO2 under different solar
irradiation sources, Int J Phys Sci 2007; 2: 73-81.
[27] Wang G., Liao C., Wu F., Photodegradation of humic acids in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, Chemosphere 2000; 42:
379-387.
[28] Kumar P., Govindaraju M., Senthamilselvi S., Premkumar K., Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange dye using
silver (Ag) nanoparticles synthesized from Ulva lactuca, Colloids Surf B 2013; 103: 658-661.
[29] Kansal SK., Singh M., Sud D., Studies on TiO2/ZnO photocatalysed degradation of lignin, J Hazard Mater 2008; 153: 412-
417.
[30] Wang P., Huang B., Qin X., Zhang X., Dai Y., Wei J., Whangbo MH., Composite Semiconductor H2WO4⋅H2O/AgCl as an
Efficient and Stable Photocatalyst under Visible Light, Chem Eur J 2008; 14: 10543-10546.
54878478451014225
Submit your next manuscript to IAJPR and take advantage of:
• Access Online first
• Double blind peer review policy
• No space constraints
• Rapid publication
• International recognition
Submit your manuscript at: editorinchief@iajpr.com
top related