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Syllabus on Ph.D. Course Work and M.Phil. Entrance Examination w. e. f. 2017
F.M. 100
A. Subject F.M. 50
(Inorganic Chemistry)
1. Chemistry of elements (transition, non-transition, post-transition and inner-transition)
Allotropic/isotopic/nuclear form, electronic configuration, position in periodic table, span of oxidation
states, periodic/aperiodic variation in atomic/ionic properties including lanthanoid/actinoid contraction and their
consequences; a comparative view of synthesis, structure, bonding, stereochemistry, reaction pathway, colour,
magnetism and reactivity including catalytic properties of different inorganic/coordination/organometallic
compounds
2. Coordination chemistry: background, bonding theories and applications
Beginning and pioneers; Werner’s theory and defects, resolution of hexol and its implication;
innersphere/outersphere complexes; ligand classification, homoleptic/heteroleptic/
homometallic/heterometallic/metlorganic/organometallic complexes; chelate/macrocyclic effect and
entropic/enthapic favour; congregator; preorganization energy in podand/coronand/cryptand; different types of
isomers; formula writing and naming of complexes using recent IUPAC recommendation
Synthetic methodology: internal/external parameter; ligand design and synthesis; choice of
blocker/bridge/solvent/counter ion; aerobic/anaerobic condition, self-assembly/structure-directed synthesis; design
and synthesis of different functional materials
VB/CF/MO theory: postulates, applications, limitations; CFSE, interpretation of stereochemical
preferences, low/high spin complexes, Russel-Saunders coupling scheme, ground-state spectroscopic terms for dn/f
n
ions, CF terms, Orgel/Tanabe Sugano diagram and applications, Jahn-Teller distortion, laporte/Spin selection rule,
d-d/charge transfer transition, MLCT/LMCT/IVCT/LLCT/MMCT transition, mechanism of intensity stealing in
transition metal complexes, spectrochemical/nephalauxetic series, prediction of bonding
Different magnetic molecules, orbital/spin magnetic moment, orbital contribution to spin moment, Curie
equation, Curie/Neel temperature, Lande interval rule, spin-orbit coupling, super exchange, spin cross over,
interpretation of magnetic properties of dn/f
n ions
3. Bioinorganic and environmental chemistry
Hemoglobin and Myoglobin in oxygen transport mechanism; structural features of Hb and Mb; function of
Hb and Mb; characteristics of O2- binding interaction with Hb and Mb; cooperativity, Hill-plot, allosteric effect;
Hemerythrin; Hemocyanin, Na+ ion - K
+ ion pump; chelating agents as drugs
Toxic chemicals in the environment; impact of toxic chemicals on enzymes; biochemical effects of arsenic,
cadmium, lead, mercury, hexavalent chromium, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, ozone, PAH,
cyanide, pesticide; carcinogens.
4. Inorganic solids
Close-packing: hcp (ABAB… type), ccp (ABCABC… type); holes: cubic, tetrahedral and octahedral;
radius ratio principle and different polyhydra; structures of MX (NaCl, CsCl and ZnS), MX2 (CaF2, SiO2,
2
TiO2)/M2X (Na2O), MX3 (AlF3) type solids; Born Haber cycle, lattice energy, structure of simple silicates,
metallic structure
5. Inorganic reaction mechanism
Lability and inertness,A, D, Ia and Id classification, Factors affecting the rate of an equation, nucleophiicity and
rate scale, cis-effect and trans-effect, kinetic and activation parameters (Eyring equation and Arrhenius equation
and correlation between parameters obtained from two equations), Eigen-Wilkins mechanism, outer and inner
sphere mechanism, electron transfer reactions.
6. Cluster molecules, Organometallic chemistry: Sigma- and Pi- complexes, Reactions involving gain or loss of
ligands, e.g., oxidative addition, reductive elimination etc., Reactions involving modifications of ligands, e.g.,
Insertion, ligand migration etc., Metal- Carbenes and Carbynes, Synthetic and catalytic aspects of
organometallic chemistry: Wilkinson’s catalyst, Tolman catalytic loops, Zigler-Natta polymerizations,
Hydroformylation, Wacker process, Monsanato Acetic acid process, Water Gas Shift Reaction, Fischer
Tropsch process, Heck reaction
7. Main group chemistry
Different hydrides, oxides, peroxides, superoxides, suboxides, suboxides of Group 1 elements; crown
ethers and cryptands; Borides, boranes, boron nitrides; different allotropic forms of Group 14 elements and
their carbides, hydrides, halides, oxohalides, oxides, chalgonide; freons, fullerenes, silicones, silane, silica,
silicates; nitrides, azides, nitride compounds, liquid ammonia as a solvent, structure of molecular phosphorus,
phosphides, phosphates, phosphonitrilic compounds; oxohlides, oxides, thioacids, molecular oxygen as ligand,
allotropes of S and their structures (S6, S8, S10, S12, Sx), polythionates, polysulphides, sulphur-nitrogen
compounds; atomoc and physical properties of clatharates, interhalogen compounds, polyhalide anions,
polyhalonium cations, pseudohalogen; synthesis of Group 18 compounds, their structure, bonding (VB and
VSEPR) and reactivity.
Tentative List of Recommended Books
1. F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, C. M. Murillo and M. Bochmann, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 6th Edn,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, 1999.
2. B. Douglas, D. McDaniel and J. Alexander, Concepts and Models of Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Edn, John
Wiley & Sons,Inc., New York, 2001.
3. G. Wulfsberg, Inorganic Chemistry, Viva Books Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, 2001.
4. J. E. Huheey, E. A. Keiter, R. L. Keiter and O. K. Medhi, Inorgnic Chemistry: Principles of Structures and
Reactivity, 4th Edn, Pearson, New Delhi, 2006.
5. P. Atkins, T. Overton, J. Rourke, M. Weller and F. Armstrong, Shriver & Atkins Inorganic Chemistry, 4th
Edn, Oxford,2006.
6. Purcell & Kotz, Inorganic Chemistry, Saunders, 1977.
7. J. D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry, Chapman and Hall, London, 1991.
8. G. L. Patrik, An Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry, 3/e, Oxford University Press, 2006.
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9. G. L. Miessler and D. A. Tarr, Inorganic Chemistry, 3/e, Pearson.
10. A. F. Hill, Organotransition Metal Chemistry, Royal Society of Chemistry, London, 2002.
11. R. H. Crabtree, The Organomettalic Chemistry of the Transition Metals, 4th Edn, Wiley, New York, 2005.
12. J. D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry, Chapman and Hall, London, 1991.
13. C. E. Housecroft, Cluster Molecules of the p-Block Elements, Oxford University Press, Cambridge, 1994.
14. R. L. Dutta and G. S. De, Inorganic Chemistry, The New Book Stall, Kolkata.
15. R. Sarkar, Inorganic Chemistry, New Central Book Agency, Kolkata.
16. A. K. Das, Bioinorganic Chemistry, Books & Allied (P) Ltd. Kolkata 2007.
17. S. P. Banerjee, Inorganic Chemistry, Books and Allied (P) Ltd, Kolkata.
(Nuclear & Analytical Chemistry)
1. Statistical methods in analytical chemistry
Application of counting statistics in analytical and nuclear measurements: probability and binomial distribution,
radioactivity as a statistical phenomenon, standard deviation of counting data, Poisson distribution, optimization
of counting experiments
2. Thermal methods
Different methods of analysis: TGA, DTA, DSC; thermogram, applications, thermal stability of covalent and non-
covalent bonds, thermal degradation, single crystal phase transformation, thermo-chemiluminescence, different
types of titrations and their applications, solid state reaction kinetics
3. Green chemistry and environmental chemistry
Sustainable development, principles of green chemistry and implementations, atom economy,
environmental E-factor, role of catalysts, microwave and ultrasound assisted green synthesis, traditional and
alternative commercial syntheses of ibuprofen, adipic acid and maleic acid etc., green chemistry in
developing foam, whitening agent, detergent, insecticides, synthetic chemicals.
4. Radioactive equilibrium
Successive disintegration, Bateman equation, secular and transient equilibrium, no equilibrium; formation of
radio-element in nuclear reactions, activation analysis.
5. Interaction of radiation with matter
Different radiations, interactions of heavy charged particles, charged particles and photons, energy loss, stopping
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power and related semi-emperical calculations, Bethe formula, collisional and radiative stopping power,
mean excitation energy, slowing down time, Cerenkov radiation, attenuation coefficient
6. Separation techniques
Ionic liquid assisted and supercritical solvent extraction; chromatography: band broadening and column
efficiency; column resolution, numerical problems, gas chromatography, high performance chromatography
and supercritical fluid chromatography: principles, methods, comparison and applications; size-exclusion
chromatography, ion chromatography and capillary electrophoresis: principles, methods and applications
7. Electro-analytical methods
Electrochemical cell, electrodes: reference and indicator electrodes, membrane electrodes, electrode-solution
interface layer, gas-sensing probe, electrolytic process, three electrode system; supporting electrolyte,
DME; Cottrell equation, Ilkovic equation, Ilkovic-Heyrolsky equation, test of reversibility, current-voltage
diagram, DC and AC polarography, stripping voltammetry, amperometric titration
Tentative List of Recommended Books
1. S. Glasstone, Source Book of Atomic Energy, East-West Press Private Ltd, New Delhi, 1967.
2. R. D. Evans, The Atomic Nucleus, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1979.
3. G. R. Choppin and J. Rydberg, Nuclear Chemistry: Theory and Applications, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1980.
4. G. Friedlander, J. W. Kennedy, E. S. Macias and J. M. Miller, Nuclear and Radiochemistry, 3rd
Edn, Jhon Wiley
& SonsInc, New York, 1981.
5. H. J. Arnikar, Essentials of Nuclear Chemistry, 4th
Edn, New Age International (P) Ltd Publications, New Delhi,
2001.
6. D. D. Sood, A.V. R Reddy and N. Ramamoorty, Fundumentals of Radiochemistry, Yancas, Mumbai, 2004.
7. C. Duval, Inorganic Thermogravimetric Analysis, Elsevier Publishing Co, New York, 1963.
8. W. W. Wendlandt, Thermal Methods of Analysis, Interscience Publishers, New York, 1964.
9. R. C. McKenzie (Ed), Differential Thermal Analysis, Academic Press, New York, 1970.
10. D. Dollimore, General Review on Thermal Analyses, Anal Chem, 1994, 66, 17R.
11. P. Tundo, A. V Perosa and F Zecchimi (Eds), Methods and Reagents for Green Chemistry: An
Introduction, Wiley Interscience, New Jersey, 2007.
12. R. K. Sharma, I. T. Sidhwami and M. K. Chaudhury, Green Chemistry Experiments: A Monograph,
Tucker Prakashan,New Delhi, 2007.
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13. R.Sanghi and M. M. Srivastava, Green Chemistry, Environment Friendly Alternatives, Narosa, New Delhi,
2008.
14. D. A. Skoog, D. M. West and F. J. Holley, Fundamentals in Analytical Chemistry, 5th
Edn, Saunders,
Philadelphia, 1988.
15. A. Tarter, Advanced Ion Chromatography, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1989.
16. S. Lindsay and J. Barnes, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, John Wiley, New York, 1992.
17. G. D. Christian, Analytical Chemistry, 5th
Edn, Wiley, New York, 1994.
18. D. R. Crow, Polarography of Metal Complexes, Academic Press, London, 1979.
19. A. J. Bard and L. F. Faulkner, Electrochemical Methods – Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd
Edn, Wiley,
New York, 1998.
20. C. G. Zoski (Ed) Handbook of Electrochemistry, Elsevier, New York, 2007
(Organic Chemistry)
1. Organic Reactive Intermediates
Generation, stability and reactivity of carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, benzynes and nitrenes.
2. Aromaticity
Benzenoid and non-benzenoid compounds – generation and reactions.
3. Principles of Stereochemistry
Configurational and conformational isomerism in acyclic and cyclic compounds; stereogenicity, stereoselectivity,
enantioselectivity, diastereoselectivity and asymmetric induction.
4. Heterocycles
Synthesis and reactivity of common heterocyclic compounds containing one or two heteroatoms (O, N, S).
5. Natural products
Carbohydrates: Abnormal mutarotation of monosaccharides; use of complexing agents: borates, phosphates and
copper compound; synthesis of glycosides; general treatment of polysaccharide chemistry: isolation, purification,
hydrolysis, methylation and periodic oxidation, Smith degradation, Barry degradation.
Proteins: Classification, evaluation quality: biological value, digestibility co-efficient, PER and NPU;
denaturation, structure elucidation; amino acid analysis, molecular weight determinations, tertiary and quaternary
structures.
6. Pericyclic reactions
Electrocyclic, cycloaddition, sigmatropic rearrangements and other related concerted reactions.
7. Organic photochemistry
Photochemical energy, Jablonski diagram, Norrish Type I and Norrish Type II processes, Paterno-Buchi reaction,
photochemical rearrangement of unsaturated compounds.
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8. Common named reactions and rearrangements
Heck reaction, Negishi cross-coupling, Sonogashira coupling, Suzuki coupling, Stille coupling, Mitsunobu
reaction, Peterson olefination, Shapiro reaction, Simmon-Smith reaction, Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation,
Sharpless dihydroxylation, Claisen rearrangement, Favorskii rearrangement, Fries rearrangement, Pinacol-
Pinacolone rearrangement, Sommelet-Hauser rearrangement, Stevens rearrangement.
9. Organic transformations and reagents
Functional group interconversion including oxidations and reductions; common catalysts and reagents. Chemo-,
regio- and stereoselective transformations.
10. Organic Spectroscopy
Structure determination of organic compounds by IR, UV-VIS, 1H- &
13C-NMR and Mass spectroscopic
techniques.
Tentative List of Recommended Books
1. D. Nasipuri, Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, 2nd Edn, Wiley Eastern, New Delhi, 1993.
2. E. L. Eliel, S.H. Wilen and L.N. Mander, Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, John Wiley & Sons,
New York, 1994.
3. R. S. Ward, Selectivity in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1999. F. A. Carey and R. J.
Sundberg, Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A and Part B, 4th Edn, Plenum Press, New York, 2001.
4. J. Clayden, N. Greeves, S. Warren and P. Wothers, Organic Chemistry, Oxford University Press, Oxford,
2001.
5. J. R. Hanson, Organic Synthetic Methods, Royal Society of Chemistry, London, 2002.
6. J. H. Fuhrhop and G. Li, Organic Synthesis, Concepts and Methods, Wiley-VCH, New York, 2003.
7. P. Sykes, A Guidebook to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, 6th Edn, Pearson Education Ltd, New Delhi,
2011.
8. R. Kartritzky, Handbook of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Pergamon Press, London, 1986.
9. R. R. Gupta, M. Kumar, V. Gupta, Heterocyclic Chemistry II, Springer Pvt Ltd, India, 2005.
10. R. K. Bansal, Heterocyclic Chemistry, 4th Edn, New Age International (P) Ltd, India, 2005.
11. J. A. Joule, K. Mills, Heterocyclic Chemistry, 5th Edn, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK, 2010.
12. K. Nakanishi, T. Goto, S. Ito, S. Natori and S. Nozoe, Natural Products Chemistry, Vol I, Academic Press,
New York, 1974.
13. M. P. Stevens, Polymer Chemistry: An Introduction, 3rd Edn, Oxford University Press, USA, 1998.
14. G. R. Newkome, C. N. Moorefield and F. Vogtle, Dendrimers and Dendron: Concepts, Syntheses,
Applications, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2001.
15. G. Odian, Principles of Polymerization, 4th Edn, Wiley Interscience, New Jersey, 2004.
16. P. C. Hiemenz and T. P. Lodge, Polymer Chemistry, 2nd Edn, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2007
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17. J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms and Structure, 5th Edn, John Wiley, New
York, 1999.
18. S. P. McManus, Organic Reactive Intermediates, Academic Press, New York, 1973.
19. F. A. Carey and R. J. Sundberg, Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A and Part B, 4th Edn, Plenum Press,
New York, 2001.
20. T. L. Gilchrist and C. W. Rees, Carbenes, Nitrenes and Arynes, Nelson, New York, 1973.
21. T. H. Lowry and K.C. Richardson, Mechanism and Theory in Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edn, Harper and
Row, New York, 1998.
22. I. L. Finar, Organic Chemistry, Vol I, 6th Edn, Addison Wesley Longmann, London, 1998.
23. D. L. Nelson and M.M. Cox, Lehninger: Principles of Biochemistry, W.H. Freeman Co, London, 2005.
24. W. J. I. Noble, Highlights of Organic Chemistry, Mercel Dekker, New York, 1974.
25. E. A. Davidson, Carbohydrate Chemistry, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1967.
26. R. D. Guthrie and J. Honeyman, An Introduction of Chemistry of Carbohydrate, 3rd Edn, Clarendon Press,
Oxford, 1988.
27. J. Kennedy, Carbohydrate Chemistry, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1988.
28. R. T. Morison, and R. N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 6th Edn, Prentice-Hall India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi,
1992.
29. J. R. Dyer, Applications of Absorption Spectroscopy of Organic compounds, 2nd print, Prentice Hall, New
Jersey, 1971.
30. R. C. Banks, E.R. Matjeka and G. Mercer, Introductory Problems in Spectroscopy, Benjamin/Cumings
Publishing Co, 1980.
31. W. Kemp, Organic Spectroscopy, 3rd Edn, McMillan, Hong Kong, 1991. R. M. Silverstein and F. Webster,
Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, 6th Edn, John Wiley, New York, 1998
(Physical Chemistry)
1. Symmetry and group theory
Point symmetry operations, groups, representation of symmetry operators and groups, characters of
symmetry operators in a representation
2. Quantum mechanics
Identification of classical and quantum systems, postulates of quantum mechanics, properties of wave
functions, operators and related theorems, uncertainty principle, exactly solvable problems: step potential and
tunneling, harmonic oscillator, rigid rotator
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3. Thermodynamics and statistical mechanics
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution with degeneracy (for both distinguishable and indistinguishable particles),
partition function and its properties, molecular partition functions (translational, rotational, vibrational and
electronic) for ideal gas.
4. Principles of molecular spectroscopy
Fundamentals of rotation, vibration and Raman spectra: energy levels, selection rules and spectral features,
NMR spectra - its origin, equivalent protons
5. Elementary nanotechnology
Principles and practices, Density of states – zero dimensional solid, one dimensional quantum wire, thin
film and three dimensional box, optical properties of metallic nanoparticles
6. Chemical kinetics
Theories of reaction rates (elementary ideas on kinetic theory of collisions and transition state theory),
thermodynamic formulation of reaction rate, study of fast reactions flow process and relaxation techniques.
Tentative List of Recommended Books
1. S. C. Rakshit, Molecular Symmetry Group and Chemistry, The New Book Stall, Kolkata, 1988.
2. V. Heine, Group Theory in Quantum Mechanics: An Introduction to Its Present Usage, Dover Publication, New
York, 1991.
3. D. M. Bishop, Group Theory and Chemistry, Oxford University. Press, 1993.
4. A. Vincent, Molecular Symmetry and Group Theory, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1998.
5. F. A. Cotton, Chemical Applications of Group Theory, 3rd
Edn, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1999.
6. L. Pauling and E. B. Wilson, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1939.
7. H. Eyring, J. Walter and G. F. Kimball, Quantum Chemistry, Wiley, New York, 1944.
8. P. W. Atkins, Molecular Quantum Mechanics, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1980.
9. L. I. Schiff, Quantum Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1985.
10. A. K. Chandra, Introductory Quantum Chemistry, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co, New Delhi, 1989.
11. F. L. Pilar, Elementary Quantum Chemistry, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 1990.
12. R. Taylor, The Chemistry of Fullerenes, Advanced Series in Fullerenes, Vol. 4, World Scientific, Singapore,
1995.
13. D. A. McQuarrie, Quantum Chemistry, Viva Books Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, 2003.
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14. C. N. R. Rao, A. Müller, A. K. Cheetham, The Chemistry of Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and
Applications, Vols 1 and 2, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2004.
15. C. Bréchignac, P. Houdy, M. Lahmani, Nanomaterials and Nanochemistry, Springer, London, 2006.
16. I. N. Levine, Physical Chemistry, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 1978.
17. K. Denbigh, Principles of Chemical Equilibrium, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1981.
18. I. M. Klotz and R. M. Rosenberg, Chemical Thermodynamics, John Wiley, New York, 1994.
19. G. W. Castellan, Physical Chemistry, 3rd
Edn, Narosa Publishing House, 1995.
20. N. A. Gokcen and R. G. Reddy, Thermodynamics, Plenum Press, New York, 1996.
21. G. K. Vemulapalli, Physical Chemistry, Prentice-Hall, India, 1997.
22. P. W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998.
23. R. S. Berry, S. A. Rice and J. Ross, Physical Chemistry, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000.
24. G. M. Barrow, Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy, McGraw-Hill International Book Company, Tokyo,
1982.
25. C. N. Banwell and E. M. McCash, Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, 4th
Edn, Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi, 1994.
26. J. D. Graybeal, Molecular Spectroscopy, McGraw-Hill International Editions, Spectroscopy series, 1998.
27. D. A. McQuarrie and J. D. Simon, Molecular Thermodynamics, University Science Books, California, 1999.
B. Research Methodology F.M. 50
1. Introduction: Definition, objective and types of research; different research approaches, significance,
research method vs. Methodology, criteria of good research; problems encountered by researchers in India.
2. Research problem: Definition, necessity, selecting the problem, techniques to identify the problem.
3. Research design: meaning, need, and concepts relevant to research design, different types of research
design.
4. Methods of data collection: Selection of observation method, collection of primary and secondary data,
case study methods
5. Processing and analysis of data: processing operations, types of analysis, Multiple correlations and
regression
6. Sampling fundamentals: need for sampling, sampling theory, standard error, and its determination, sample
size and its determination.
7. Analysis: chi-square test, students’ T test, multivariate analysis techniques.
8. Interpretation and report writing, computational techniques.
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Tentative List of Recommended Books
1. Research methodology, methods and techniques, 2 nd Ed., C R Kothari, WishwaPrakashan, New Delhi, 1990.
2. N K Denzin, Y S Lincoln, Hand book of qualitative research, 2 nd Ed., Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage publications.
3. S J Taylor, R Bogdan, Introduction to qualitative research methods, Wiley 1998, ISBN 0-471-16868-8.
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SYLLABUS OF RET (RESEARCH ELLIGIBILITY TEST) IN BOTANY
SUBJECT
Microbiology
1. History of Microbiology and bacterial classification: - Early history and milestone discoveries in Microbiology 2. Bacterial Taxonomy:- Brief idea about the modern approach of bacterial taxonomy. 3. Ultrastructure of prokaryotic cell:- Cell wall and cell membrane of bacteria and archaea; Muerin biosynthesis; capsule,
pili, and flagella. Mechanism of flageller movement and chemotaxis; Reserve material and other cytoplasamic inclusions; Endospore – structure, formation and regulation of endospore formation and germination.
4. Bacterial genetic material: – Structure and replication of bacterial chromosome; Plasmid – structure type and properties, episome; Spontaneous and induced mutation of bacteria.
5. Bacterial growth and nutrition :- Growth curve, growth factor, growth kinetics ; batch and continuous culture; synchronous culture , enrichment culture, diauxic growth; Microbial growth control by disinfectant, antiseptic and chemotherapeutic agents – a brief account of their types and mode of action. Brief idea about Autotrophy, heterotrophy and Mixotrophy.
6. Genetic recombination in bacteria: – Molecular mechanism of Transformation, Conjugation, Transduction, Gene mapping and Complementation test.
7. Gene regulation and metabolic inhibition in bacteria: - Operon concept; lac and trp operon; catabolic repression, attenuation and riboswitch; allosteric control, types of feedback inhibition and isozyme.
8. Microbes in N2 Cycle:-Nitrification, Denitrification, Ammonification; Mechanism of biological N2 fixation; structure and regulation of nif gene.
9. Virus: - Organization and structure of Capsid, Viral genome –types and structure; Replication of virus and viral nuclic acid, Lytic and lysogenic cycle of bacteriophage , regulation of lysogeny , induction of lysogeny and significance of lysogeny; Viroid and Prion.
10. Fundamentals of Immunology:- Innate and acquired immunity, T-cell, B-cell, MHC, Cytokines, Antigen- types and characteristics; Structure and functions of immunogloblins, Cell mediated and Humoral Immunity; Ag-Ab reactions and Immunological techniques – RIA, ELISA .
Phycology
1. Modern criteria of algal classification with special emphasis on chloroplast ultrastructure, flagella and pigments. 2. Endosymbiosis and its significance in algae. 3. Cyanophyta: General features & ecology; genetic recombination; heterocyst structure and function; affinities. 4. Rhodophyta: General features; specialities in sexual reproduction and post-fertilization changes. 5. Chlorophyta: Characteristic features of different classes highlighting distinctive features of different orders; evolutionary
trends. 6. Photosynthetic Stramenopiles: distinctive features
a) Diatoms: Features and ecology. b) Xanthophyceans: General features, parallelism with green algae & affinities. c) Phaeophyceans: General features & ecology; lifecycle patterns.
7. Algal biotechnology: aquaculture, bioremediation, biodiesel, bioethanol and hydrogen production by algae, carbon sequestration by algae, algae as health food; Industrial use of algae, photobioreactors and raceway ponds.
Mycology
1. Position of fungi in modern systematic: Modern approaches towards classification of fungi. 2. Ultrastructural features of fungal cell structures: Nucleus and its division, cell wall and its biochemical composition, tissue organization, modifications of fungal hyphae. 3. Life cycle patterns: Basic pattern of sexuality, sexual mechanisms and their correlations in different groups of fungi, Parasexual cycle-basic concept. 4. Fungal symbionts: Mycorhizae-basic concept and their applications. Lichen-Phycobiont and mycobiont, histology, biology and physiology of lichen thallus, economic importance of lichen.
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5. Beneficial uses of fungi: Fungi in medicine and antibibtic production, alcohol production and organic acid production; industrial production of alcohol and penicillin. 6. Edible Mushrooms: cultivation technology, nutritional and medicinal properties of mushrooms. 7. Fungi as animal parasites: Mycoses of vertebrates- types and symptoms, insect fungus association. . 8. Mastigomycotina: A comprehensive knowledge with emphasis on occurrence of sex hormones and sporangia to conidia transition. 9. Ascomycotina: A comprehensive knowledge with emphasis on types of ascocarps and methods of spore dispersal. 10. Basidiomycotina: A comprehensive knowledge with emphasis on fruiting structures and methods of spore dispersal. 11. Deuteromycotina: A general account with emphasis on sporulating structures of the members, classification with special reference to conidial ontogeny. 12. Fungal diseasesin animal and man and their management.
Plant Pathology
1. History of the development of Plant Pathology. 2. Plant diseases: Classification and types.
3. Pathogenesis: Contact, entry and penetration, infection of host tissue and disease development relationship between pathogen and host factor(s). 4. Plant pathogen in offence: enzymes, toxins and growth regulators.
5. Host plant in defense: structural and biochemical defense; concept of horizontal and vertical resistance.
6. Physiological changes in host plants as a result of infection: Photosynthesis, Respiration Translocation of water and nutrients; Molecular changes in protein and nucleic acid in diseased plants. 7. Plant disease epidemiology: Factors responsible for development of plant disease epidemic; Disease forecasting and Remote Sensing; Computer simulation technique. 8. Strategies of plant disease management: Cultural, chemical, biological and integrated management of pest and diseases; Biopesticides and their applications in management of plant diseases. 9. Seed pathology: Factors responsible for seed deterioration, effect of fungal deterioration of seeds and grains, mycotoxin
production and control of seed deterioration. 10. Wood decay: Decay of wood and wood products by wood rotting fungi; Structural and biochemical changes of wood as a
result of decay. 11. Study of plant diseases: Symptoms, etiology, disease cycles and control measures of
some important diseases of the following crops: Rice, Wheat, Potato, Sugarcane and Tea.
Bryology
1. Introduction: Diversity in forms, habitats, economic importance and ecological values. 2. Classification of Bryophytes – traditional and modern systems. 3. Brief idea about: a) Bryophyte phylogeny b) Fossil Bryophytes c) Photoperiodism d) Water relations e) Axenic culture of Bryophytes h) Peristome characteristics and their importance i) Broad ideas. Pteridology
1. Introduction about pteridophytes. 2. Concept about primitive and advanced characters as proposed by Bower. 3. An idea about the outline system of classifications of ferns by Copeland (1947) and Pichi Sermolli (1977). 4. Comparative studies on the vegetative and reproductive organographies, evolutionary tendencies and affinities of the
members belonging to different groups of Rhyniopsida. Zosterophyllopsida, Trimerophytopsida, Psilopsida, Lycopsida (Drepanophycales, Protolepidodendrales, Lycopodiales, Selaginellales, Lepidodendrales and Isoetales) and Sphenopsida (Hyeniales, Sphenophyllales, Calamitales and Equisetales).
5. A comparative study of the members belonging to the following taxonomic groups and also their systematic treatments, evolutionary tendencies and affinities: (a) Coenopteridales, (b) Marattiales, (c) Ophioglossales, (d) Filicales (Schizaeaceae, Gleicheniaceae, Cyatheaceae, Polypodiaceae), (e) Salviniales, (f) Marsileales.
6. Stelar concept, types and evolution 7. Soral evolution in ferns 8. Spores : Types, germination pattern, gametophyte development and types. 9. Mating systems in ferns, control of sexuality in homosporous pteridophytes by Antheridogen activity, Apogamy and
Apospory.
3
Plant Physiology
1. Solute transport and photoassimilates translocation: uptake, transport and translocation of water, ions, solutes and macromolecules, mechanisms of loading and unloading of photoassimilates.
2. Present day concept of phytohormones and plant growth regulators; Phytohormone families and members of each family;
growth promoting and retarding chemicals; general mode of phytohormone action; hormone binding proteins; second messengers; gene activation; examples of target cells for hormone action; a brief idea about modern techniques for hormone assay.
3. Auxins: Chemistry, biosynthesis and degradation/deactivation of IAA; a brief account of the auxin structure and activity
relationship; antiauxins and auxin antagonists; mechanism of auxin action – acid growth theory, auxin mutants and signaling.
4. Gibberellins: Diversity, chemical and structural characteristics of gibberellins; biosynthesis of GAs, antigibberellins and their site of action, role of gibberellins on cereal seed germination, dwarfism and flowering; mode of action of gibberellins, gibberellin mutants and signaling.
5. Cytokinins: Chemical and structural characteristics, biosynthesis and degradation; role of cytokinins in cell division, chloroplast development, senescence, movement of nutrient, organogenesis and embryogenesis; mode of action, cytokinin mutants and signaling.
6. Abscisic acid: Chemical and structural characteristic, biosynthesis and degradation; role of ABA in seed maturation,
germination, gravitropism and stomatal closure; mode of action, ABA mutants and signaling.
7. Ethylene : Hormonal status; chemical characteristics, biosynthesis and metabolism; triple responses, Yang cycle; factors regulating ethylene biosynthesis; quantification of ethylene, mode of ethylene action; its role in higher plants, commercial uses of ethylene, ethylene mutants and signaling.
8. Seed dormancy: Types, control mechanism, chemical and physical manipulative methods of breaking seed dormancy;
biological significance of dormancy.
9. Flowering: Photoperiodic control, hormonal regulation; nature of floral stimulus; experimental evidence to prove the mobile nature of floral stimulus, gene- induced regulation floral development, ABC model, second messenger and flowering.
10. Senescence: Types of senescence, biochemical indices of senescence, physiobiochemical changes occurring during leaf
senescence, senescence regulatory genes.
11. Fruit ripening: Climacteric and nonclimacteric fruits; hormonal regulation of fruit ripening, biochemical changes occurring during fruit ripening.
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants
1. The atom and chemical bonds, stabilizing interactions, reaction orders, pH, buffer, physicochemical properties of water.
2. Carbohydrate metabolism: Glycolysis and its control and significance; TCA Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation; Pentose phosphate pathway and its control and significance; Gluconeogenesis and its control and significance, Glyoxalate cycle.
3. Amino acids and Proteins : Classification and structures, properties, determination of amino acid sequence in a polypeptide; Structural organization of Proteins, Post translational modification of protein, , chaperone and protein folding, protein targeting, Ramachandran plot
4. Enzyme kinetics: Deduction of Michaelis-Menten equation, Lineweaver-Burk plot; enzyme inhibition, isozymes, allosteric enzymes, ribozymes and abzymes.
5. Lipid metabolism: biosynthesis and oxidation of fatty acids
4
6. Photosynthesis and Photorespiration:
Photosynthesis: Z-scheme, PCRC, Different modes of CO2 concentrating mechanisms, energetics and significance. Photorespiration: Compartmentalized reactions, regulation,, energetics and significance; Structural and functional characteristics of Rubisco and its regulation
7. Cell signaling: Signal perception Molecular mechanisms of signal transduction and regulation.
8. DNA & RNA Metabolism: DNA topology, DNA damage and repair transcription, processing, regulation, post-transcriptional control and gene silencing,
9. Gene expression: Principles of gene regulation; Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
10. Plant genes, promoters, intron splicing, vectors, codon optimization, gene mapping and cloning of plant genes
11. Recombinant DNA technology: Principles and methods of recombinant DNA technology- expression of cloned genes in E. coli, cloning in yeast: transformation in yeast, yeast artificial chromosome (YAC), retrovirus like vector (Ty) in yeast/shuttle vector, Molecular improvement of crops.
Taxonomy of Angiosperm & Phytogeography
1. Taxonomy and Systematics - Concept, objective and relevance to conservation
2. Plant Nomenclature – ICN, Principles, Rules, Recommendations and Appendices, Type concept, Valid publication and Rejection of names.
3. Taxonomic hierarchy, delimitation of taxa and attribution of rank. Species concept.
4. Recent Systems of Angiosperm classification including APGII (2009).
5. Taxonomic literature: Types, definition and examples.
6. Objective Taxonomy: Phenetics and Cladistics: Principles, Methods, Merits and Demerits.
7. Biosystematics-methods, categories and relationship with traditional taxonomv.
8. Circumscription and phylogeny: Magnoliales, Hamamelidales, Apiales, Lamiales, Campanulales, Alismatales, Pandanales, Cyperales and Orchidales.
9. Biodiversity: components, levels, values, Hotspots and conservation.
10. Concept of Phytogeography: Endemism, Plant migration, Disjunction, Vicariance, Phytochorionomy (Brief introduction).
11. Major Phytochona of the World and India.
Palynology & Reproductive Biology: 1. Microspore tetrads, polarity of spores and pollen grains. 2. Spore-pollen morphology: Symmetry, shape, size, aperture patterns, NPC System for numerical expression of apertural
details, exine stratification, surface structures and sculptures of sporoderm; LO-analysis and edge-analysis. 3. Chemical nature of sporopollenin, development of pollen wall, Ubisch body, exineless pollen grains. Extraexinous wall
material - perine, viscin-threads. pollen-kitt. 4. Application of palynology: Palynology in taxonornic and phylogenetic deductions; Aeropalynology with reference to allergy;
Melissopalynology; Palaeopalynology; Forensic palynology. 5. Pollen dispersal units; concept of anthesis. 6. Pollination modes; floral constructions with respect to specific pollination modes. 7. Pollination syndromes/floral syndromes, with special reference to melittophilous, miophilous and lepidiphilous flowers. 8. Breeding systems, different levels of structural and functional adaptations for higher degree of outbreeding; self-
incompatibility and compatibility control with reference to pollen-pistil interactions.
5
Evolution:
9. Early ideas leading to the firm establishment of the reality of evolution. 10. Pre Darwinian scenario of the theories on evolution. 11. Darwinian paradigm: Natural Selection as the driving force of evolution. 12. Mendelian and Post-Mendalian developments in understanding the cause of heritable changes among the individuals of a
species.
Gymnosperms:
1. Introduction to gymnospermy; general features of gymnosperms. 2. Origin of seed-habit: Origin and evolution of nucellus and integument; switchover from zooidogamy to siphonogamy -
hydrasperman reproduction, prepollen and evolution of typical gymnospermous pollen grains. 3. Progymnospermopsida: Geologic distribution, characteristic features, range of vegetative morphology and reproductive
structures and classification; the plexus progymnosperms as the progenitor of gymnosperms. 4. Classification of gymnosperms. 5. Geologic and geographic distributions, general features, organography and phylogeny of major clads of gymnosperms. 6. Development of female gametophytes among extant gymnosperms. 7. Embryogeny including polyembryony and karyology of extant gymnosperms. 8. Economic importance of gymnosperms with reference to timber, paper and board, resin, essential oils, drugs and food. Palaeobotany: 9. Definition of fossil. 10. Principals of correlation and stratigraphy; dating of rocks; outline of Standard Geologic Time Scale. 11. Chemical evolution and origin of life; early life forms as known from Precambrians; origin of eukaryotes. 12. Mass extinctions with special references to the floral changes through Permo-Trassic (P-T) and Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T)
transitions. 13. Continental Drift Hypothesis. 14. Introductory idea of the importance of fossil plants in palaeoecological studies.
Plant Anatomy 1. Organization of shoot and root apical meristems. Changes in shoot apex during transition to flowering. 2. Development and differentiation: Polarity, symmetry, pattern formation (brief idea of genetic control of differentiation and organogenesis). 3. Origin, differentiation and phylogeny of xylem and phloem. 4. Leaf morphogenesis (brief idea of genetic control of differentiation and organogenesis). 5. Xylotomy and its importance. 6. Ultra structural features of sieve tube elements and their importance. Pharmacognosy 1. Definition. History and scope of Pharmacognosy including indigenous system of medicine.
2. Drugs: Various systems of classification of drugs of natural origin, Morphological and microscopic examination of drugs. 3. Extraction and purification of natural products; Chromatographic study of drugs; Spectroscopic techniques; Methods of
identification and analysis of results; Applications of phytochemical analysis. 4. Importance of Crude drug; Preparation of drugs for commercial market: a) Collection, Harvesting, Drying, Garbling, Packaging, storage and preservation. b) Drug evalution. Significance of pharmacopoeial standards, Adulteration, contamination and substitution. 5. Pharmacological activities of natural products, its’ importance in pharmaceutical industries. 6.Silviculture: Definition, scope and objective; Farm forestry, social forestry and agro Forestry; Natural and artificial regeneration of forests; Non-timber forest products of economic values.
7. Plants as a source of petroleum substitute.
6
Ecology 1. The Environment: Physical environment; biotic environment; biotic and abiotic interactions. 2. Ecosystem:Structure and function; energy flow and mineral cycling (CNP); primary production and decomposition. 3. Habitat and niche:Concept of habitat and niche; niche width and overlap; fundamental and realized niche; resource partitioning; character displacement. 4. opulation ecology:Characteristics of a population; population growth curves; population regulation; life history strategies (r and K selection); concept of metapopulation – demes and dispersal, interdemic extinctions, age structured populations. 5. Species interactions:Types of interactions, interspecific competition, herbivory, carnivory, pollination, symbiosis. 6. Community ecology:Nature of communities; community structure and attributes; levels of species diversity and its measurement; edges and ecotones. 7. Ecological succession:Types; mechanisms; changes involved in succession; concept of climax. 8. Applied ecology:Environmental pollution; global environmental change. 9.Conservation of Biodiversity–Brief idea about In situ (Afforestation, Social Forestry, Agro forestry, Botanical Gardens, Biosphere Reserves, National Parks, Sanctuaries and Sacred Groves and Ex situ (Cryopreservation, Gene Banks, Seed Banks, Pollen Banks, Sperms Banks, DNA Banks, Tissue Culture and Biotechnological Strategies), ecorestoration, environmental education.
Genetics and Plant breeding
1. Introduction to Plant Genetics: Brief history of classical and molecular genetics; Extension of Mendelism; Allelism; Gene action, Interaction with environment, Penetrance and expressivity; Gene interaction – epistasis, pleiotropy, polygenic inheritance.
2. Linkage, Crossing over and Chromosome Mapping: Physical basis of crossing over; Recombination and gene mapping; Construction of genetic and physical mapping.
3. Genome Organization in Eukaryotes: Genome types; Eukaryote nuclear genome; gene concept; Organization of structural and functional components of chromosome-centromere, telomere, NOR; Sex chromosome in plants; Genome duplication, alteration and their evolutionary role; Genes and gene number, content and C-value paradox.
4. Structural and Numerical Alterations of Chromosomes: Deficiency, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation and their meiotic behavior; Origin and significance of haploids, aneuploids, euploids, autopolyploids and allopolyploids.
5. Genetic Integrity and Diversity: Basis of chromosome separation; Recombination mechanism; Evolutionary significance, genetic control; Structure and function of Transposable elements and their role in evolution; Repair and retrieval system of genes.
6. Genomes, Genomics and Proteomics: Basic concept of geneome sequencing- Arabidopsis, Rice and Human Genome; Genome annotation, Synteny, Gene Search and Comparative Genetic data; Proteomics – Application, Protein expression profiling.
7. Population Genetics and Plant Breeding: Defination, Gene Frequency in population; Genetic Equilibrium; Hardy-Weinberg Law; Speciation Mechanism; Breeding system and genetic consequences in plants; Qualitative and quantitative traits; Marker Assisted Breeding for agronomic importance; QTL mapping.
Cell biology and Bioinformatics 1. Introduction: Cellular organization – its origin and evolution 2. Biomembranes: Structural models, composition and dynamics, biogenesis and assembly, transport of macromolecules and ions. 3. Mitochondria: Biogenesis, origin and evolution, mitochondrial genome. 4. Chloroplast: Biogenesis, origin and evolution, chloroplast genome. 5. Nucleus: Chromatin organization and activation, packaging and its higher order structure, chromosome, basic nucleolar structure
structures and dynamics. 6. Cytoskeletons: Nature, intermediate filaments, microtubules, actin-binding filaments. 7. Cell signaling and interaction: Signal transduction, its basic components and types, intercellular junctions and adhesions. 8. Cell cycle: Phases and control in Yeasts; Cancer – molecular events, proto-oncogenes, tumor-suppressor gene and their inter-play,
therapy. 9. Bioinformatics: Genome and protein information resources, sequence analysis, multiple sequence alignment, homology and
analogy, pattern recognition, analysis package, application and prospects in medicine and agriculture.
7
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Statistics 1. Variable and attribute, primary and secondary data. 2. Sampling and sample designs: Classification and tabulation of data; Frequency distribution; Diagrammatic and graphical
presentation. 3. Central tendency: Arithmetic, geometric and harmonic mean; Median; Mode. 4. Measures of disparsion: Variance; Mean deviation; Standard deviation and error; Moment; Skewness and kurtosis. 5. Correlation and regression analysis: Bivariate and multivariate. 6. Normal, binomial and poisson distribution. 7. Test of hypothesis: t, u and Chi square test. 8. Analysis of variances and covariance: Bivariate and multivariate. 9. Calculations of mean, variance, standard deviation, standard error, coefficient of variance, Use of t-test for comparing two
means. 10. Determination of the relationship between variables using correlation and regression analysis. 11. Analysis of variance: ANOVA, ANCOVA, U-test. 12. Use of Chi-square test for goodness of fit.
Instrumentation 1. Isolation and purification of Protein, RNA, DNA (genomic and plasmid); Analysis of and proteins, RNA and DNA by one and two dimensional gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing gels; 2. Protein sequencing methods, detection of post-translation modification of proteins; Isolation, separation and analysis of carbohydrate and lipid molecules 3. DNA sequencing methods, strategies for genome sequencing; Methods for analysis of gene expression at RNA and protein level, Micro array based techniques; 4. Molecular cloning of DNA or RNA fragments in bacterial; expression of recombinant Proteins using bacterial and plant vectors; Isolation of specific nucleic acid sequences; generation of genomic and cDNA libraries in plasmid BAC and YAC vectors; 5. RFLP, RAPD and AFLP techniques 6. Analysis of biomolecules using UV/visible, fluorescence, NMR; Structure determination using X-ray diffraction 7. Different Radiolabeling techniques, Incorporation of radioisotopes in biological samples, molecular imaging of radioactive material. 8. Fermentation Technology. 9. Demonstration of instruments; Electrophoretic techniques (1D, 2D); Chromatographic Techniques (Paper, Thin Layer, HPLC, GC), Restriction Mapping, RAPD, Transformation, PCR, SEM, Confocal and TEM. 10. Microscopy: Principles of light and electron microscopy; Light, Fluorescence, Confocal, SEM, TEM and AFM.
1
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
THE UNIVERSITY OF BURDWAN
SYLLABUS FOR COMMON ENTRANCE TEST
IN
M.PHIL & Ph.D. PROGRAMME
[W.E.F. 2016]
Prepared by
Department of Environmental Science
The University of Burdwan
Burdwan
713 104
2
PART A: Research Methodology
Full Marks: 50
1. Basic Concept on research methodology
2. Defining Research Problems; Steps of research; Types of research; Research hypothesis
3. Research Design
4. Sampling design; Data Collection; Source of data; Sampling error; NPC and its
application; Level of significance; Type-I and Type-II error; One-tailed and Two tailed
test
5. Statistical analysis and processing of experimental data
6. Interpretation and Report Preparation
3
PART B: Environmental Science
Full Marks: 50
PAPER-I
I Environment and Fundamentals of Earth & Processes: Lithosphere, hydrosphere,
atmosphere and biosphere; physical and biological environments; Origin of Earth; Geological
time scale; origin of life; role of natural selection, genetic drift, evolutionary divergence;
Principles of taxonomy – nomenclature, an outline of classification and identification
II Ecology and Community Ecosystems: Concept of ecosystem; homeostasis of the ecosystem
structure and functional aspects of ecosystem; ecological energetics; Biomes and biome types;
forest, grassland, tundra, desert biomes; Dynamics of population growth, metapopulation; human
demography, promotion and development, demographic transition
III Community Ecology: Community structure, factors influencing the structure of
communities, community dynamics, species diversity in communities, pattern in communities;
ecological succession – causes, trends, of succession, basic types of succession, general process
of succession, climax concept; parasitism and allelopathy
IV Fundamentals of Climatology: Scale of meteorology; elements of climate; Climate of India
Spatial and temporal patterns of climatic parameters in India
V Environmental Chemistry: chemistry of carbohydrate, protein, fat, nucleic acids, pigments,
phenol etc; green chemistry – concept, green catalyst; material life cycle and application of green
chemistry
VI Principles of Analytical Methods: Design of sampling techniques (air, soil, biological
matters), Chromatography, gas chromatography, HPLC, GC-MS, Atomic absorption
spectroscopy, Flame photometry; some microbial methods
VII Forest and Wildlife: Classification and distribution of forests, ecological and economic
value of forest, forest degradation and deforestation, impact of deforestation on the environment;
current strategies of forest management
VIII Microbial Sciences: Microbiology of air, water and soil; general idea about bacterial
morphology; Distinctive properties of virus, types of viral nucleic acids, replication of viral DNA
and RNA; Isolation and characterization, microbial growth analysis; preservation of
microorganisms; Fundamental reactions of pesticide metabolism, B-oxidation, oxidative
dealkalation, thioether oxidation, decarboxylation, epoxidation, aromatic hydroxylation, aromatic
heterocyclic and non-heterocyclic ring cleave; hydrolysis, halogen reactions, nitro reactions,
miscellaneous reactions
4
PAPER-II
I Toxicology: Principles of toxicology; elements and areas of toxicology; dose-response
relationship; statistical concept of LD50 and LC50; routes of entry of toxicants; General toxic
responses of cell, organs, nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney; bioaccumulation
and biomagnifications of toxicants in ecosystem; Toxins in nature, phytotoxins; animal toxins;
microbial toxin and xenobiotic and their impact; food additives; synthetic dyes; PAHs, PAN,
VOC and POP
II Biochemical Aspects of Pollutants: Sources, distribution, mechanism of action, effects and
remedial measures of some heavy metals like arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, aluminium,
chromium; Sources, distribution, mechanism of action, effects and remedial measures of some
specific toxicants like PAN, MIC
III Immunology and Immunotoxicity: Properties of immune response; innate and acquired
immunity; cells and organs of immune system; concepts of antigens; concept of antibodies with
special reference to structure, function, classification; antigen antibody interaction, major
histocompatibility complex; cell mediated and humoral immunity
IV Land Resources & Management: Land resources, land degradation cycle, land-use pattern,
land reform, land use plan, soil surveys in relation to land use planning; methods of site selection
and evaluation
V Water Resources Management and its Environment: World water balance, hydrogeology
and geochemistry of surface and groundwater
VI Mineral Resources and Environment: Mineral resources in relation to plate tectonics and
geology, geology of mineral resources, distribution of mineral resources in India
VII Geological Environment: Earthquakes, Landslides, Cyclones and Floods Indian context;
Climatic change in of recent times; identification and characteristics of bio-climatic and agro-
climatic regions of India; urban climatology; climate and human comfort
VIII Soil Science: Origin, nature and classification of parent material for soil formation, soil
profile, physical properties of soil; Soil erosion and conservation
IX Energy: Conventional and non-conventional energy sources, fossil fuels; nuclear energy-
fission and fusion; energy from biogas and biomass; Principles of generation of solar,
hydropower wind, geothermal and ocean energy; integrated energy management, management of
nuclear energy wastes, some conservation factors, research and development on renewable
energy
X Environmental Statistics: Basic elements and tools of statistical data analysis, testing of
hypothesis: Null and alternative hypothesis, level of significance, degree of freedom, t-test;
probability; derivations and integrations, matrix, number series
XI Pollution of Air, Water, Soil, Noise, Radiation: Natural and anthropogenic sources of
pollution; ozone, SPM, photochemical smog, acid rain; different control measures and air quality
standard
5
PAPER-III
I Environmental Impact Assessment: Concept and evolution, origin of EIA; principle and
characteristics of different EIA processes and their relationship; Environmental Impact Statement
(EIS); Evaluation of methodologies, different methods -- Ad Hoc, Checklist, Overlay, Matrix,
use of Computers & expert system; Environmental modeling methods and future development of
EIA Process
II Emerging Environmental Problems: Green house gases and global warming, carbon trading
and sequestration; ozone depletion and its impact on global climate; nuclear winter- concept and
prediction.
III Environmental Health and Health Hazards: Concept of health and disease; principles of
epidemiology; epidemiology of communicable and non-communicable diseases
IV Principle of Genetic Engineering: Concept, cell cycles, gene cloning; genetics responses of
microorganisms with reference to pollutants; GMO and its merits and demerits; conservation of
gene resources; recombinant DNA technology; intellectual property rights and intellectual
property protection
V Environmental Mutagenic and Genetic Disorders; Mutagenesis mechanism: UV-induced
(cyclobutane type pyrimidine dimmers), single strand DNA breaks, chemical induced DNA
alkylation, abduct formation, intra- and inter-strand cross-linking; enzyme mediated photorepair
and excision repair
VI Concept of Map, Coordinate and Projection: Classification of map; map scale; spatial
referencing system; map projections; commonly used map projections; grid systems
VII Basic Principles of Remote Sensing-: Electromagnetic remote sensing process; physics of
radiant energy; energy source sources and radiation principles; an ideal remote sensing system;
different types of satellite with special emphasis on Indian remote sensing satellites
VIII Environmental Application of Remote sensing and GIS: Fundamentals of GPS and GIS
and Integration of Remote Sensing and GIS; Land use/land cover mapping; agricultural, water
resource, disaster management and forestry application
6
PAPER-IV
I Biodiversity: α β, ¥ biodiversity; genetic species and ecosystem diversity; Biological diversity
and biogeography; biological productivity – succession and restoration; ‘Hotspots’ of
biodiversity; strategies for biodiversity conservation and Agenda-21; ex-situ and in-situ
conservation; Biodiversity acts of India; National biodiversity authority; Indian board on
Wildlife; convention on biodiversity; value of biodiversity
II Bioremediation: Concept; Practices and applications; microbial process of
bioremediation; phytoremediation; ex-situ bioremediation of contaminated soil
III Impacts of Industrial Effluents: Industrial development and environmental degradation
General impacts of some effluents discharged from paper and pulp industry, sugar, distillery,
tannery, mining, sponge-iron on ecosystem with special reference to occurrence, environmental
sources, biochemical effects, and remedial measures
IV Biosensor in Environmental Analysis: Enzyme electrode, immobilized cell biosensor,
optical biosensor, ISFET based devices, H2O2 biosensor, microbial biosensor, gas phase
biosensor, nanobiosensor, amphoteric biosensor, environmental application of biosensor
V Agricultural Biotechnology: Biofertilizer -- Types and application in agriculture;
biopesticides; biocomposting; integrated pest management-concept, technology involved in
agriculture and forestry
VI Environmental Economics: Concept of ecological economics; environmental economics
and principles; cost-benefits analysis; the economics of environmental quality; Polluter pays
Principles; trade and environment; externalities, green policies, common resource management
systems
VII Resource Conservation and Management: Concept of resources; resource taxonomy;
exhaustive resources and renewable and recyclable resources; resource management and
conservation principle and ways; conservation strategies
VIII Environmental Management System: Environmental system principles, different
Environmental management systems; ISO Systems & certification procedure
IX Natural Disaster Management: IDNDR viewpoint; disaster studies – Indian scenario; role
of information science and technology for natural disaster reduction; natural disaster mitigation
vis-à-vis risk and vulnerability
X Waste management: Types, sources and generation of wastes, their characterization,
chemical composition; methods of disposal and management of wastes (Municipal, Bio-medical,
hospital wastes management and Hazardous e-waste); recycling of waste materials
SYLLABUS
For
PhD and MPhil COMMON ENTRANCE TEST
In
GEOGRAPHY
2016
PAPER-I
PHILOSOPHY AND THRUST AREAS IN GEOGRAPHY
[50 Marks]
Unit-I: Philosophy of Geography
1. Approaches to Geography: Idiographic and Nomothetic; Holistic and Reductionist
2. Dualism in Geography: Physical and Human Geography; Determinism and
Possibilism; Critics of Dualism
3. Concept of Space, Physical and Social Dimensions of Space; Time-Space Integration.
4. Positivism in Social Sciences; Positivism as Concept and Method
5. Development of Critical Geography: Humanistic, Welfare and Gender Geography
6. Modernity to Post-Modernity; Essential characteristics of Post-Modern Geography
Unit-II: Physical Geography
Geomorphology : Fundamental concepts ;Geosynclines, mountain building, continental drift and
plate tectonics; Concept of Geomorphic Cycle; Landforms associated with fluvial, glacial, arid,
coastal and karst cycles, Slope forms and processes; Environmental and Applied Geomorphology.
Climatology: Monsoon: Recent Theories of its Origin; Folhn and Koteshwaram, Jet Stream; Recent
Trends of Monsoon in Indian Subcontinent; Extreme Climatic Events: ENSO, Cloudburst and
Tornado; Weather Forecasting: Short, Medium and Long Range; Global Impact of Climate
Change: Physical, Economic and Social; Adaptation and Mitigation Measures of Climate Change
Soil Geography: Edaphology and Pedology: Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil; Soil
Nutrients, Base Exchange, Colloidal Complex and Soil Minerals; Bio-function of Soil: Soil
Organic Matter, Soil Organisms, Micro-Organisms and their Relation with Soil Fertility; Soil
Pollution: Impact on Food Chain; Importance of Biofertilizers and Biopesticides; Classification of
Soils: Environmental and USDA
Bio-Geography: Physical factors influencing world distribution of plants and animals; Forms
and functions of ecosystem: Forest, grassland, marine and mountain ecosystem; Bio-diversity and
its depletion through natural and man induced causes. Conservation and management of
ecosystems; Environmental hazards
Unit-III: Human Geography
Social and Cultural Geography: Elements of Social Geography—ethnicity, tribe, dialect, language, caste
and religion; Social Systems and Social Processes, Social Structure and Behavior; Concept of Social
well –being. Concepts of Social Ecology, Social Pathology and Social Exclusion
Development of Cultural Geography; Concept of Cultural Landscape; Role of Technology in the
Evolution of Culture, Cultural Take off, Cultural Diffusion and Socio-Cultural Transformation;
Cultural Innovation, Acculturation and Regeneration with Emphasis on Folk Culture
Urban Geography : Approaches to Urban Geography: Environmentalism, Positivism,
Structuralism and Post Modernism; Ecological processes of urban growth; Urban fringe; City –
region; Settlement systems; Primate city; Rank-Size rule; Settlement hierarchy; Christaller’s Central
Place theory; August Losch’s theory of market centres. Urban Development and Planning in India:
Master Plan, IDSMT, National Urban Renewal Mission and Smart City
Political Geography: Geopolitics; Global strategic views (Heartland and Rimland theories );-Concept of
nation, state and Nation-State; Boundaries and frontiers; Politics of world resources; Geography and
Federalism
Environmental Geography: Approaches to Environmental Studies: Environmentalist, Organismic,
Reductionist and Holistic; Environmental Pollution and Degradation: Pollution of Air, Water and
Land; Degradation of Forest and Biosphere Environmental Politics of Resource and Development;
Production Technology and Environmental Change, Technological Fix
PAPER II
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
[50 Marks]
1. Concepts and Significance of Research in Geography; Objectives and Types of Research in
Geography
2. Philosophy of Research in Geography: Empiricist, Positivist and Post-Positivist
3. Approaches to Research in Geography:
Methods : Inductive and Deductive
Analysis : descriptive and Analytical
4. Identification of a Research problem, Research Questions and Hypothesis Building
5. Research Design: Need for Research Design, Types of Research Design
6. Research Methods and Methodology; Qualitative and Quantitative Methods
7. Data Management: Collection of Data – Questionnaires and Schedules, Scaling Techniques
and Sample Design; Reliability, Authenticity and Treatment of Data anomaly; Processing and
Analysis of Data
8. Report Writing, Abstract, Synopsys, Research Article and Dissertation
Syllabus for Common Entrance Test for M.Phil & Ph. D.
Programme
Research Methodology:
Number Systems:
Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal numbers and their conversions, Arithmetic operations of
numbers.
Number theory:
Divisibility test, congruences, Fundamental theorem of arithmetic, Fermat’s theorem,
Wilson’s theorem, Euler’s Ø- function, Chinese Remainder theorem, primitive roots.
Programming in C (upto array).
Linear Algebra:
Vector spaces, subspaces, linear dependence, basis, dimension, algebra of linear transformations. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors, Cayley-Hamilton theorem.
Matrix representation of linear transformations. Change of basis, canonical forms, diagonal forms, triangular forms, Jordan forms. Inner product spaces, orthonormal basis. Abstract algebra: Groups, subgroups, normal subgroups, quotient groups, homomorphisms, cyclic groups, permutation groups, Cayley’s theorem, class equations, Sylow’s theorems.
Rings, ideals, prime and maximal ideals, quotient rings, unique factorization domain, principal ideal domain, Euclidean domain, Polynomial rings and irreducibility criteria. Fields, finite fields.
Integral Transforms:
Laplace & Fourier transforms and their properties.
Numerical Analysis:
Errors (relative, absolute & percentage), interpolation ( Lagrange, Newton forward &
backword, Spline), solutions of non- linear equations, Solutions of Differential equation,
Numerical integrations
Maxima & Minima for functions of single and several variables
Subject: Mathematics
Analysis:
Continuity, uniform continuity, uniform convergence, Functions of several variables, Riemann
integral, Improper Integrals, Metric spaces, compactness, connectedness. Normed linear Spaces.
Spaces of continuous functions as examples.
Complex Analysis:
Analytic functions, Cauchy-Riemann equations,Contour integral, Cauchy’s theorem, Cauchy’s
integral formula, Liouville’s theorem, Maximum modulus principle, Schwarz lemma, Open
mapping theorem, Taylor series, Laurent series, calculus of residues.
Topology:
Basis, dense sets, subspace and product topology, separation axioms, connectedness and compactness.
Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs):
Series Solution, Bessel function and Legendre polynomial and their properties, Sturm-Liouville
boundary value problem, Green’s function.
Partial Differential Equations (PDEs):
Lagrange and Charpit methods for solving first order PDEs, Classification of second order PDEs,
General solution of higher order PDEs with constant coefficients.
Classical Mechanics:
Generalized coordinates, Lagrange’s equations, Hamilton’s canonical equations, Hamilton’s
principle and principle of least action, Two-dimensional motion of rigid bodies, Euler’s dynamical
equations for the motion of a rigid body about an axis.
Calculus of Variations:
Variation of a functional, Euler-Lagrange equation, Necessary condition for extrema, Euler Lagrange
equation for n-variables, Functionals dependent on higher order derivatives, Functionals dependent
on function of several variable. Applications of calculus of variation to various problem.
Linear Integral Equations:
Linear integral equation of the first and second kind of Fredholm and Volterra type, Solutions with
separable kernels. Characteristic numbers and eigenfunctions, resolvent kernel.
Operations Research:
Queuing theory: Steady-state solutions of Markovian queuing models: M/M/1, M/M/1 with limited
waiting space, M/M/C, M/M/C with limited waiting space, Deterministic inventory models, Revised
simplex method.
Syllabus for Common Entrance Test for Ph.D Microbiology under Burdwan University
Research Methodology:
1. Methods for Cellular & Bimolecular separation and analytical techniques:
A. Chromatographic techniques: Basic concepts, Gel filtration chromatography, Ion-
exchange chromatography, Affinity chromatography, Gas chromatography, High
Performance Liquid Chromatography. Bioautography
B. Electrophoresis: Basic concepts, Gel Electrophoresis –Agarose, Acrylamide
(native, denaturing and gradient), 2D electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis.
C. Centrifugation: Basic concepts, Ultra centrifugation, Density gradient
centrifugation, differential centrifugation, Isopycnic centrifugation
D. Spectroscopy: Basic concepts, Circular Dichroism (CD) and Optical Rotatory
Dispersion (ORD), Fluorescence spectroscopy, Infrared spectroscopy, FTIR,
NMR spectroscopy. Mass spectroscopy- MALDI-TOF, Nano-SIMS
E. Radiography: Basic concept, Autoradiography, FISH-MAR, Pulse chase
experiment, Čerenkov radiation, Liquid scintillation counting, Phosphor imaging,
IRMA.
F. X-ray crystallography: Isolation and purification of proteins, crystallization of
proteins, instrumentation, acquisition of the diffraction pattern, basic principles of
x-ray diffraction, Phase determination
G. Microscopy: Basic principles and application of Phase Contrast and Confocal
Laser microscopes, Fluorescence and Electron microscope (SEM & TEM), Radio
Microscopy.
2. Basic methods for Biostatistics and Bioinformatics
A. Measures of central tendency and dispersion; Set Theory, Probability distributions
(Binomial, Poisson and normal); Sampling distribution; Difference between
parametric and non-parametric tests; Confidence Interval; Errors; Levels of
significance; Regression and Correlation; t-test, Z-test, F test; Analysis of
variance; 2 test; Determinants and Matrices.
B. Methods for sequence analysis Multiple sequence alignment, phylogenetic
analysis and tree building methods(UPGMA, Neighbor joining, Maximum
parsimony and Maximum likelihood), motif searches, epitope prediction, data
mining tools and applications, promoter and gene prediction, comparative
analysis.
C. Structure based approaches- Protein secondary structure prediction, threading
approaches, homology based methods for protein tertiary structure prediction,
visualization tools, structure evaluation and validation, antigen-antibody
interactions.
3. Methods for Recombinant DNA Technology
A. PCR, Hybridization techniques (Southern, Northern & Western)
B. Bio-molecular calculations
C. Molecular cloning & Expression of Recombinant Proteins; genomics DNA &
cDNA library.
D. DNA & Protein sequencing methods.
Microbiology Core:
1. General Microbiology (Prokaryotic, eukaryotic microorganisms, Viruses & Prions):
Diversity, taxonomy, Cell structure (morphology & ultra structure), cell cycle,
growth, cultivation techniques, maintenance and control.
2. Biochemistry: Concept of different chemical interactions; Water; Carbohydrate
Chemistry; Protein chemistry; Nucleic acid Chemistry; Lipid chemistry; Vitamins;
Enzymes.
3. Microbial metabolism: Aerobic & Anaerobic respiration; Transport of nutrients;
bacterial photosynthesis; Biochemistry of Nitrogen fixation; Biosynthesis of amino
acids & protein turn over; Biosynthesis of purines & pyramidins: biosynthesis and
oxidation of fatty acids.
4. Microbial genetics: Genomes; DNA replication, recombination and repair;
Transcription, Translation and regulation of gene expression. Post transcriptional and
post translational modifications. Plasmids; Methods of gene transfer in bacteria,
Mutation.
5. Medical Microbiology: Bacterial pathogenicity, Infection, Bacterial resistance to host
systems and drugs. Drug discovery and development of antimicrobial agents.
6. Immunology: Fundamental concepts and anatomy of immune system; immune
response generated by lymphocytes; clinical immunology; antigen-antibody
interactions.
7. Cell Biology: Interaction of host & Parasite. Cell signaling. Cellular communication
& Cancer Biology. Basic idea of plant tissue culture & animal cell culture.
Transgenic animals and plants. Animal cloning
Syllabus for Course work for Microbiology under Burdwan University
Paper 1: Research Methodology: 4 credits
1. Research:
a) Types, Research process and steps in it, Hypothesis, Research proposals and aspects.
b) Research Design: Need, Problem Definition, variables, research design concepts, Literature
survey and review, Research design process, Errors in research.
c) Research Modeling: Types of Models, Model building and stages, Data consideration and
testing, Heuristic and Simulation modeling.
d) Report Writing: Pre writing considerations, Thesis writing, Formats of report writing, Formats
of publications in Research journals.
e) Research institutes, research schemes (minor and major), preparation of research scheme
proposals, formats, funding agencies, scientific writing: research article, dissertation, review,
abstract, synopsis, technical report.
2. Design of Experiments:
a) Objectives, strategies, Factorial experimental design, Designing engineering experiments,
basic principles‐ replication, randomization, blocking, Guidelines for design of experiments.
b) Single Factor Experiment: Hypothesis testing, Analysis of Variance components (ANOVA)
for fixed effect model; Total, treatment and error of squares, Degrees of freedom, Confidence
interval; ANOVA for random effects model, Estimation of variance components, Model
adequacy checking.
c) Two factor Factorial Design, Basic definitions and principles, main effect and interaction,
response surface and contour plots, General arrangement for a two factor factorial design;
Models Effects, means and regression, Hypothesis testing.
3. Computer Applications:
a. Spreadsheet Tool: Introduction to spreadsheet application, features and functions, Using
formulas and functions, Data storing, Features for Statistical data analysis, Generating charts/
graph and other features. Tools used may be Microsoft Excel, Open office or similar tool.
b. Presentation Tool: Introduction to presentation tool, features and functions, Creating
presentation, Customizing presentation, showing presentation. Tools used may be Microsoft
Power Point, Open Office or similar tool.
c. Web Search: Introduction to Internet, Use of Internet and WWW, Using search engine like
Google, Yahoo etc, Using advanced search techniques.
Paper 2: Advance Microbiology & Techniques: 4 Credits
1. Advance Microbiology: Microbial diversity & taxonomy, Microbiology of
Extremophiles, Environmental microbiology, Xenobiotic degradation.
2. Bioinstrumentation: Basic laboratory Instruments, Chromatographic techniques,
Electrophoretic techniques, Spectroscopy, Radioisotopic techniques, Immunological
techniques.
3. Genomics, proteomics and metabolomics
4. Chromatin structure and modification: Structure of nucleosome and DNA; States of
chromosomes during cell cycle; Euchromatin and heterochromatin; The major epigenetic
mechanisms: classifications of HDAC, HAT, DNA methyl transferases and scaffold
attached regions
5. Bioinformatics: Databases, softwares (online as well as offline) and other tools for as
research aids in microbiology Research.
Paper 3: Term Paper: 4 credits
The candidate has to undertake term paper towards partial fulfillment of course work,
under a faculty. Its documentation must be made as follows:
Origin of the problem, review of literature (International & national status), possible
methodology/proposed methodology to execute the work (must include experiments that
candidate is planning with proper hints of possible outcome), time frame for work, Expected
outcome, list of references.
Syllabus for RET, 2016
Subject (Physics)
I. Mathematical Methods of Physics
Dimensional analysis. Vector algebra and vector calculus. Linear algebra, matrices, Cayley-
Hamilton Theorem. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Linear ordinary differential equations of first
& second order, Special functions (Hermite, Bessel, Laguerre and Legendre functions). Fourier
series, Fourier and Laplace transforms. Elements of complex analysis, analytic functions; Taylor
& Laurent series; poles, residues and evaluation of integrals. Elementary probability theory,
random variables, binomial, Poisson and normal distributions. Central limit theorem.
Green’s function. Partial differential equations (Laplace, wave and heat equations in two and
three dimensions). Elements of computational techniques: root of functions, interpolation,
extrapolation, integration by trapezoid and Simpson’s rule, Solution of first order differential
equation using Runge-Kutta method. Finite difference methods. Tensors. Introductory group
theory: SU(2), O(3).
II. Classical Mechanics
Mechanics of particles: Newton’s laws of motion; Two body Collisions - scattering in laboratory
and Centre of mass frames; Rigid body dynamics: moment of inertia tensor. Non-inertial frames
and pseudoforces. Constraints, Configuration space, Generalized coordinates, Lagrangian
formulation, Lagrange equations of motion. Conservation laws and cyclic coordinates;
Variational principle and Lagrange’s equation. Symmetry, invariance and Noether’s theorem.
Two-body central force problems. Periodic motion: small oscillations, normal modes. Phase-
space, Hamiltonian formalism, Hamilton’s equation of motion, Poisson brackets and canonical
transformations. Hamilton-Jacobi theory; Special theory of relativity: Lorentz transformations,
relativistic kinematics and mass–energy equivalence; Dynamical systems, Phase space dynamics,
stability analysis.
III. Electromagnetic Theory
Electrostatics: Gauss’s law and its applications, Laplace and Poisson equations, boundary value
problems. Magnetostatics: Biot-Savart law, Ampere's theorem. Electromagnetic induction.
Maxwell's equations in free space and linear isotropic media; boundary conditions on the fields
at interfaces. Scalar and vector potentials, gauge invariance. Electromagnetic waves in free
space. Dielectrics and conductors. Reflection and refraction, polarization, Fresnel’s law,
interference, coherence, and diffraction. Dynamics of charged particles in static and uniform
electromagnetic fields.
Dispersion relations in plasma. Lorentz invariance of Maxwell’s equation. Transmission lines
and wave guides. Radiation- from moving charges and dipoles and retarded potentials.
Relativistic Electrodynaics , Electromagnetic field tensors.
IV. Quantum Mechanics
Schrödinger equation (time-dependent and time-independent). Eigenvalue problems (particle in a
box, harmonic oscillator, etc.). Tunneling through a barrier. Wave-function in coordinate and
momentum representations. Commutators and Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Dirac notation
for state vectors. Bra-Ket algebra, Problems with Bra-Ket algebra , Harmonic Oscillator
problems with Bra-Ket algebra, Equations of motions (Schrödinger picture, Heisenberg
picture and interaction picture), Motion in a central potential: orbital angular momentum,
angular momentum algebra, spin, addition of angular momenta; Hydrogen atom. Stern-Gerlach
experiment. Time-independent perturbation theory and applications. Variational method. Time
dependent perturbation theory and Fermi's golden rule, selection rules. Identical particles, Pauli
exclusion principle, spin-statistics connection.
Spin-orbit coupling, fine structure. WKB approximation. Elementary theory of scattering: phase
shifts, partial waves, Born approximation. Relativistic quantum mechanics: Klein-Gordon and
Dirac equations. Semi-classical theory of radiation.
V. Statistical Physics
Maxwell relations, chemical potential, phase equilibria. Phase space, micro- and macro-states.
Micro-canonical, canonical and grand-canonical ensembles and partition functions. Free energy
and its connection with thermodynamic quantities. Classical and quantum statistics. Ideal Bose
and Fermi gases. Principle of detailed balance. Blackbody radiation and Planck's distribution
law.
First- and second-order phase transitions. Diamagnetism, paramagnetism, and ferromagnetism.
Ising model. Bose-Einstein condensation. Diffusion equation. Random walk and Brownian
motion. Introduction to nonequilibrium processes.
VI. Electronics and Experimental Methods
Opto-electronic devices (solar cells, photo-detectors, LEDs). Operational amplifiers and their
applications. Digital techniques and applications (registers, counters, comparators and similar
circuits). A/D and D/A converters. Microprocessor and microcontroller basics.
Data interpretation and analysis. Precision and accuracy. Error analysis, propagation of errors.
Least squares fitting,
Linear and nonlinear curve fitting, chi-square test. Transducers (temperature, pressure/vacuum,
magnetic fields, vibration, optical, and particle detectors). Measurement and control. Signal
conditioning and recovery. Impedance matching, amplification (Op-amp based, instrumentation
amp, feedback), filtering and noise reduction, shielding and grounding. Fourier transforms, lock-
in amplifier, box-car integrator, modulation techniques.
High frequency solid-state and Vacuum tube devices (including generators and detectors).
VII. Atomic & Molecular Physics
Quantum states of an electron in an atom. Electron spin. Spectrum of helium and alkali atom.
Relativistic corrections for energy levels of hydrogen atom, hyperfine structure and isotopic
shift, width of spectrum lines, LS & JJ couplings. Zeeman, Paschen-Bach & Stark effects.
Electron spin resonance. Nuclear magnetic resonance, chemical shift. Frank-Condon principle.
Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Electronic, rotational, vibrational and Raman spectra of
diatomic molecules, selection rules. Lasers: spontaneous and stimulated emission, Einstein A &
B coefficients. Optical pumping, population inversion, rate equation. Resonators, Modes of
resonators, Gaussian beam propagation, X-ray Spectra, Broadening of spectral lines (Doppler
broadening and natural broadening). Molecular rotational spectroscopy for linear and symmetric
top molecules, Molecular vibrational (harmonic and anharmonic) spectroscopy, Molecular
dissociation energy, Molecular Electronic spectroscopy, Fortrat diagram, Band head.
VIII. Condensed Matter Physics
Bravais lattices. Reciprocal lattice. Diffraction and the structure factor. Bonding of solids. Elastic
properties, phonons, lattice specific heat. Free electron theory and electronic specific heat.
Response and relaxation phenomena. Drude model of electrical and thermal conductivity. Hall
effect and thermoelectric power. Electron motion in a periodic potential, band theory of solids:
metals, insulators and semiconductors. Superconductivity: type-I and type-II superconductors.
Josephson junctions. Superfluidity. Defects and dislocations. Ordered phases of matter:
translational and orientational order, kinds of liquid crystalline order. Quasi crystals.
IX. Nuclear and Particle Physics
Basic nuclear properties: size, shape and charge distribution, spin and parity. Binding energy,
semi-empirical mass formula, liquid drop model. Nature of the nuclear force, form of nucleon-
nucleon potential, charge-independence and charge-symmetry of nuclear forces. Deuteron
problem. Evidence of shell structure, single-particle shell model, its validity and limitations.
Rotational spectra. Elementary ideas of alpha, beta and gamma decays and their selection rules.
Fission and fusion. Nuclear reactions, reaction mechanism, compound nuclei and direct
reactions.
Classification of fundamental forces. Elementary particles and their quantum numbers (charge,
spin, parity, isospin, strangeness, etc.). Gellmann-Nishijima formula. Quark model, baryons and
mesons. C, P, and T invariance. Application of symmetry arguments to particle reactions. Parity
non-conservation in weak interaction. Relativistic kinematics.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (Physics)
UNIT – I: Research methods – Identification of the Problem – Research design - Literature
survey – Mode of approach of actual investigation – Abstraction of a research paper – Drawing
inferences from data - Qualitative and Quantitative analysis.
UNIT – II: Basic statistical concepts –Basic concepts on error - Best estimate of true value of
data – Various types of data and their error – Propagation of errors –Measure of dispersion ––
Chi square test for goodness of fit – Criteria for goodness of fit. Measurement in Research,
Measurement scales, Tests of sound measurement, Important scaling techniques.
UNIT III: General Computer Awareness - History of Mechanical computing; The Binary
Number system, Basic ideas on modern computer hardware, software and peripherals;
Interfacing, Computer languages, symbolic computation, Free software, Open Courseware, Ideas
on Malware; Uses of computer for Literature Survey.
UNIT IV: Emperical laws and curve fitting - Linear law and laws reducible to linear law -
Graphical Representation - Method of group averages - Principle of least squares - Fitting of
straight line and parabola -Analysis and Interpretation using MS-XL and Origin.
UNIT – V: Internet and its applications – e-journals- Assessing the status of the problem –
Results and Conclusions – Presenting a Scientific seminar.
Suggested Reading for Research Methodology part:
1. “Research Methodology, Methods and Techniques”, C. R. Kothari (New Age International
Publishers).
2. “Writing and Presenting Scientific papers”, B. malmfors, P. Garnsworthy and M. Grossman,
2nd
Edition (Publisher: Viva Books).
3. “Measurement and their Uncertainties: A practical guide to Modern Error Analysis”, I. G.
Hughes and Thomas P. A. Hase, (Oxford Publication).
21.12.16
for (P K Chakrabarti
Head of the Department, Physics)
1
The University of Burdwan
Department of Physiology Hooghly Mohsin College
Syllabus for Common Entrance Test for Ph.D
Programme
FM 100
A. RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES. MARKS 50
1. Computer Applications and Biostatistics:
Basic Architecture of Computer
Software and Programming Language: Machine Language;
Assembly Language; High Level Language; (FORTRAN, COBOL,
C++, UNIX, BASIC), Statistical packages.
Simulation & Modeling of Physiological Problems.
Some utility software for life sciences research
Application of Computer for Solving Physiological
Problems
Testing of Hypothesis; Probability Distributions; Nonparametric Statistics;
Correlations; Regressions; Analysis of Variances
Applications of Statistical principles in physiological problems.
2. METHODS IN BIOLOGY
A. Molecular Biology and Recombinant DNA methods: Isolation and purification of RNA ,
DNA (genomic and plasmid) and proteins, different separation methods. Analysis of RNA, DNA
and proteins by one and two dimensional gel electrophoresis, Isoelectric focusing gels.
Molecular cloning of DNA or RNA fragments in bacterial and eukaryotic systems. Expression of
recombinant proteins using bacterial, animal and plant vectors. Isolation of specific nucleic acid
sequences Generation of genomic and cDNA libraries in plasmid, phage, cosmid, BAC and YAC
vectors. In vitro mutagenesis and deletion techniques, gene knock out in bacterial and eukaryotic
organisms. Protein sequencing methods, detection of post translation modification of proteins.
DNA sequencing methods, strategies for genome sequencing. Methods for analysis of gene
expression at RNA and protein level, large scale expression, such as micro array based
techniques Isolation, separation and analysis of carbohydrate and lipid molecules RFLP, RAPD
and AFLP techniques
B. Histochemical and Immunotechniques Antibody generation, Detection of molecules
using ELISA, RIA, western blot, immunoprecipitation, fluocytometry and immunofluorescence
microscopy, detection of molecules in living cells, in situ localization by techniques such as
FISH and GISH.
C Biophysical Method: Molecular analysis using UV/visible, fluorescence, circular dichroism,
2
NMR and ESR spectroscopy Molecular structure determination using X-ray diffraction and
NMR, Molecular analysis using light scattering, different types of mass spectrometry and surface
plasma resonance methods.
D Statisitcal Treatment in Research : Measures of central tendency and dispersal; probability
distributions (Binomial, Poisson and normal); Sampling distribution; Difference between
parametric and non-parametric statistics; Confidence Interval; Errors; Levels of significance;
Regression and Correlation; t-test; Analysis of variance; X2 test;; Basic introduction to
Muetrovariate statistics, etc.
E. Radio labeling techniques: Detection and measurement of different types of radioisotopes
normally used in biology, incorporation of radioisotopes in biological tissues and cells,
molecular imaging of radioactive material, safety guidelines.
F. Microscopic techniques: Visulization of cells and subcellular components by light
microscopy, resolving powers of different microscopes, microscopy of living cells, scanning and
transmission microscopes, different fixation and staining techniques for EM, freeze-etch and
freezefracture methods for EM, image processing methods in microscopy.
G. Electrophysiological methods: Single neuron recording, patch-clamp recording, ECG,
Brain activity recording, lesion and stimulation of brain, pharmacological testing, PET, MRI,
fMRI, CAT . H. Methods in field biology: Methods of estimating population density of animals
and plants, ranging patterns through direct, indirect and remote observations, sampling methods
in the study of behavior, habitat characterization: ground and remote sensing methods
B. Physiology & allied subjects MARKS- 50
1. Cellular & Molecular Physiology
a. Cellular organization, cell to cell communication and signalling
Membrane structure and function; Structural organization and function of
intracellular organelles; Cell division & cell cycle; Cell signaling; Cellular
communication; Cancer.
b. Biomacromolecules and their principles of interactions
Bonds in biochemical reactions; Molecular thermodynamics; Principles of
colloidal chemistry; pH of body fluids; Conformation of proteins and polypeptides
– Amino acid sequences; Secondary, tertiary, quarternary and domain
structure of proteins; Reverse turns and Ramachandran plot; Helix-coil transition;
Protein folding and its problems: Role of chaperons; Structure and
stability of tRNA, rRNA and mRNA; Structural
polymorphism of DNA and RNA; Characteristics of viral, prokaryotic and
eukaryotic DNA, circular DNA, superhelix and relaxed circles,
pallindromes; Structural characteristics of polysaccharides, glycolipids,
glycoproteins and peptidoglycans.
c. Enzymology
3
Structural basis of enzyme function: Active sites, Coenzymes, Activators,
Inhibitors, Isoenzymes, Kinetics of enzyme action; Mechanism of enzyme action,
Regulation of enzymatic activity, Rate limiting enzymes; Allosteric enzymes and
their modulators; Mechanism of enzyme induction and repression; Technical
approach to the study of enzyme activities; Purification and
characterization of enzymes; Clinical enzymology, Diagnostic and therapeutic
uses of enzymes.
d. Bioenergetics
Concepts of free energy and strategies of energy metabolism; High- energy
biomolecules and coupling phenomenon, energy-rich bonds, weak interactions,
group transfer, Biological energy transducers and
bioenergetics; Oxidative phosphoryltion and mitochondrial function; Uncouplers
and inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation; Extramitochondrial electron transport
chains; Oxygen toxicity and superoxide dismutase.
e. Metabolism
Carbohydrate metabolism; Lipid Metabolism; Amino Acid Metabolism; Amphibolic
intermediates Nucleotide Metabolism; Membrane Metabolism;
f. Molecular biology
DNA as the molecule of information: DNA as the genetic material and its
organisation, the law of DNA constancy and C-value paradox.
Perpetuation of DNA: DNA replication and its regulation; DNA-repair, DNA
damage and repair, chromosome aberration: Transposons; somatic cell
egentics; genome organization (in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes), the law of
DNA constancy and C-value paradox.
DNA to Protein: Transcription, RNA-polymerases, Operon, m-RNA,
Genetic-code, Protein biosynthesis & regulatory factors, Mechanism of action
of inhibitors.
Molecular Organisation of eukaryotic genome: Packaging of eukaryotic DNA
into chromosomes, nucleosomes, exons, introns, cis-acting and trans-acting
regulatory elements, regulatory DNA sequences.
Regulation of gene expression, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic:
Regulation of transcription, transcription factors, motifs, RNA splicing and post-
transcriptional modification, catalytic RNA, Rearrangement of DNA, Antisense
RNA.
Genomics and Proteomics: Definition of genome and proteome. Importance in modern biology.
g. Biotechnology
Concepts of Biotechnology: General & historical, aims,
achievements and prospects. Microbial technology : Fermentation
technology, production of ethanol, penicillin and other antibiotics,
microbial-insecticides, enzymes, amino acids etc. and application in
4
industry. Use of microorganisms in pollution control. Enzyme
biotechnology: Immobilized enzymes and its application in industry.
Principles of protein engineering. Biotechnology as applied to Immunology.
h. Human genetics
Organisation of human chromosomes; Inheritance; Genes in the Kinderds and in
the individuals: Genetic variations, genetic factors in diseases, Pedigree
analysis; Immunogenetics; Genes in Development and
Differentiation; Population Genetics; Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium,
mutation, selection, drift, gene flow, inbreeding, genetic diversity, races;
Genetics disorders: Sickle cell anemia, hemophilia, thalassemia, cystic
fibrosis, Huntington disease, Colour blindness, Phenylketonuria;
Cancer Genetics; Molecular diagnosis of genetic disorders: Use of RE, RFLP,
Oligonucleotide probes, DNA-probes, DNA blotting, etc. DNA fingerprinting and
SNP analysis, Genetic screening and genetic counseling; The
Human genome project (HGP): Implications and future prospects.
i. Physiology of excitable cells
Nerve : Axoplasmic flow and transport mechanism in the axons; Problem of
nerve conduction with reference to single nerve fibre study; Nature of nerve
fibre excitation and interpretation of action potential; voltage gated channels
and gating currents. Voltage clamp of nerve fiber membrane and membrane
currents. Patch clamp and unitary activity of membrane channels.
Neuro-Muscular Junction (NMJ) : Neuro-muscular transmission –
Electrical and Biochemical events; Acetylcholine receptor – Protein and
antigenic structure and its relevance to myasthenia gravis, structure-
function relationship; Acetylcholine – Structure-function relationship, Metabolism
and Regulation; Drugs acting at NMJ; Motor unit, MUAP, motor unit
recruitment patterns.
Muscle: Protein components and contraction mechanism in different types
of muscles. Excitation – contraction coupling, Role of fast and slow channels,
Ca++
-binding protein including calmodulin, Muscle fibre types
2. Systems Physiology
a. Blood and Hemodynamics
Hematopoiesis; Erythrocytes; Hemoglobin, Iron-ferritin-transferin system,
Leukocytes; Leukemia, Eosinophilia, Immuno deficiency diseases;
Hemostasis & Thrombosis: Blood antigen, Blood transfusion technology,
Applications of hematological techniques, other fluid systems of body;
Haemodynamics: Fundamental concepts.
b. Cardiovascular Physiology
Evolution of Heart on a comparative basis. Anatomy and General
Function: Electrical activity of Heart and Cardiac Efficiency : Autonomic
5
Nervous System: Chemical and reflex action by receptor system;
Cardiovascular homeostasis; Cardiovascular reflexes; Cardiac
Metabolism and the role of neurohormones; Regional circulation; Applied
Aspects Related to Cardiovascular System; Myocardial necrosis and Myocarditis:
Molecular basis of Cardiac Hypertrophy, Heart failure and Ischaemic Heart
Disease. Coronary bypass, coronary angioplasty; Cardiotoxins; Heart
transplantation.
c. Respiratory Physiology
Basic Principles: Evolution of the atmosphere; Biological consequence of an
oxidizing environment; Turnover rates of atmospheric gases; Evolution and
adaptation; Morphology of lung: Elastic forces, lung volumes, Pressure/volume
relationship of the lung and thoracic cage; measurement of compliance and
lung volumes; elastic recoil of the lungs and thoracic cage; Principle of Lung
function tests. Respiratory system resistance : Physical principles of gas flow
and resistance; Respiratory system resistance; Factors affecting respiratory
resistance; Muscular control of airway diameter; Work of breathing;
Respiratory gas equation and alveolar air equation; Alveolar ventilation
and perfusion ratio. Non- respiratory functions of the lung: the endocrine
lung; Physiology of pulmonary diseases; Artificial Ventilation: Non-invasive
ventilation; Lung transplantation; Respiratory system & Immune function.
Respiratory functions in altered conditions: Respiratory function in pregnancy;
The lungs before birth, Events at birth; Neonatal lung function; Respiratory
distress syndrome; Sudden infant death; Respiratory function during
exercise and sleep; Respiration in closed environments and space; Respiration in
high altitude, Hypoxia, Hyperoxia and Oxygen toxicity.
d. Neurophysiology
Central Nervous system: Modern techniques for studying nervous mechanism
including neuroimaging. Neuro- & gliogenesis, neuronal
migration. Myelination and dysmyelinating conditions. Structure and
functions of neuroglia. Neural Plasticity. Higher order functions of
Cerebral Cortex, Dominant Cortex, Laterality. Cognition, Learning and
Memory- cellular and Molecular basis. Structure activity relationship
(neural circuitry) of cerebellum, Vestibular apparatus and its functions,
Regulatory function of cerebellum with special reference to autonomic function.
Neurophysiological basis of decerebrate rigidity and role of higher
centres in the regulation of muscle tone. Importance of basal ganglia in
the regulation of automatic movements. Modern concept of hypothalamic
functions. Neurological disorders of brain- general cellular events;
Mechanism of development of degenerative diseases -
Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s Disease, ALS etc. Thalamo cortical projections and
its influence on evoked cortical activity, Brain Waves, Sleep, wakefulness.
e. Sensory physiology
6
Sensory modalities, Sensory receptors, Sensory circuits, and Sensory perception.
Chemical senses: Taste system – Receptor organs – distribution,
ultramicroscopic structures, innervation, replacement of cells and
formation of taste buds; Taste qualities and substances evoking primary taste
sensations - membrane mechanisms of transduction; Sensory
processing; Taste pathways; Taste behaviour. Olfactory system –
Olfactory epithelium and receptors, turnover and regeneration of olfactory
receptor cells; Olfactory bulb; Odour responses, coding of olfactory informations,
spatial patterns, plasticity, neurotransmiters; odour
transduction; Central olfactory connections; Psychophysics – Anosmia and
directional smelling; Olfaction and behaviour.
Visual Sense: Structures of retina and sensory transduction; Visual
pathway, Visual cortex and cortical processing; Colour vision – retinal and neural
mechanisms, binocular and stereoscopic perception;
Psychophysical measurements of visual performance; Higher functions in vision
– Neural encoding, recognition of objects, space perception and selective
processes in perception.
Auditory Senses : Organ of corti-ultramicroscopic structure, cochlear mechanics,
sensory transduction and processing; Functions of auditory system –
Frequency analysis and its discrimination; pitch; Intensity processing – factors
determining loudness, discrimination of loudness, loudness adaptation, masking,
auditory fatigue; Processing of speech; Perception of sounds in space.
f. Gastrointestinal Physiology
Histomorphology; Digestive juice and regulation of its secretion; Role of
hepatobilliary systems in GI functions; Gastrointestinal hormones and their
interplay; Immune function of GI Tract; Central control of gastrointestinal
functions; Diseased conditions and their management (Ulcer, Malabsorption
and Diarrhoea); Cancer of the GI Tract.
g. Renal Physiology
Anatomy and histomorphology of kidney; renal blood flow; Methods of study
of renal tubular function. Tubular transport mechanisms and trans- tubular
potential. Counter current multiplier and exchanger systems; renal regulation of
sodium-ion-exchange, body fluid volume. Neural and Endocrine control of
renal functions; Non-excretory functions: renin- angiotensin system,
erythropoietin system, biosynthesis of dihydroxychole-
calciferols, guanidoacetate and prostaglandins;
Pathophysiological aspects and renal failures.
h. Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology
Functions of hormones, interaction of hormones. Chemistry of Hormones:
Chemical nature, synthesis, storage, release, transport and degradation
of steroids, amines and peptide hormones. Cytokines and growth
7
factors. Hormonal regulation of metabolism: Carbohydrate, protein, lipid,
water, minerals/electrolyte. Disorders of endocrine fumctions.
Embryology of the gonads and the genital ducts. Function of mammalian
testis: Spermatogenesis; Sertoli cells – germ cells – Leydig cells
interaction; functions of sertoli cells and Leydig cells. Structure of Sperm:
Histology, Biochemistry and capacitation of spermatozoa. Functions of
mammalian ovary: Folliculogenesis, Ovogenesis, Ovulation,
Luteinization and Luteolysis. Biological action of gonadotropins
on gonads. Feed-back control of gametogenesis and
endocrine functions of gonads. Pineal glands and Photoperiods –
gonadal functions. Fertilization: Molecular mechanism of
fertilization; acrosomal reaction; chemical, mechanical and
immunological method of controlling fertility; in vitro fertilization,
preservation of gamates and embryotransfer.
Implantation: Decidualization, function of placenta and foeto-
placental unit, placental hormone (synthesis, control, role in foetal life
and bioassay of HCG). Parturition and Lactation: Regulation of parturition
and lactation. Onset of Puberty: Reproductive cycles and its hormonal
regulation. Principle and Techniques of fertility regulation in male and
female.
i. Ergonomics, Exercise & Work Physiology
Ergonomics and its contemporary application in industrial sectors. Ergonomics and
Cognition.
Assessment of Physiological and mental stress; Evaluation of
physiological fatigue during over-load job in extreme environment.
System Design; Work Study and Method Study; Ergonomics in Safety;
Anthropometry: Definition of Anthropometry; Static & Dynamic
Anthropometry; Application of Anthropometry in design development.
Design Ergonomics, Human error and its relation with psychological
condition during operation; Decision making and cognitive ability; Cost-
effective study and improvement of individual productivity
Classification of physical exercise, sports, workloads etc. Hematological
changes during graded muscular exercise. Heart rate, blood pressure, pulmonary
ventilation, ventilation equivalent, VE Max, VO2Max; Alveolar ventilation at
different state of breathing. Lactic acid concentration and O2 debt. Nutrition in
sports and exercise. Cardiorespiratory changes in sedentary and trained
persons during exercise. Concept of Physical fitness. Physiological effects
of doping / drug abuse.
Physician’s Interest in the Physiology of Exercise; Dynamic Physical Examination;
Principles of safety in Physical Activity and sports; Management of
Illness and Injury sustained in Exercise Activities; Rehabilitation procedures.
;
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j. Immunobiology
Antigenicity and immunogenicity, Cellular and molecular interaction during
induction of immune responses, basic structure of antibody,
immunodiagnostics, immunity to infectious diseases, vaccine
development, immune response to inflammatory reaction and role of interleukins
k. Microbial Physiology
General Microbiology: Different types of microbes, classifications;
morphology, structure, classification, reproduction and physiology of
bacteria. Microbial fermentation; antibiotics; organic acids and vitamins;
microbes in decomposition and recycling processes; symbiotic and
asymbiotic N2-fixation; microbiology of water, air, soil and sewage:
microbes as pathological agents in man; general design and
applications of biofermenter and biofertilizer. Man- microbe interactions:
Commensals, beneficials, parasites and pathogenic microbes. Microbial
Pathogenecity: Germ theory of
disease, Infectious diseases and its control. Microbial Flora:
Normal microbial flora of humans on the skin, in the Gastro-
intestinal tract, Respiratory tract, Urino-genital tract etc. and their role
in health and disease.
l. Molecular Neurophysiology, Applied Neurophysiology & Advanced
Electrophysiology
Molecular basis of neural induction, differentiation of neurons and glia, and
generation of neuronal diversity. Molecular basis of growth cone motility and
axon guidance. Neurotrophin signaling. Molecular basis of neurodegenerative
and demyelinating diseases.
Self stimulation behavior and pleasure stimulus; Neurophysiology of
learning, attention and memory; Epilepsy and its management, kindling and
inhibition; Postural and vestibular reflexes (human studies); Biofeedback,
galvanic skin resistance (GRS) and autonomic reflexes; startle reflexes,
analgesia and analgesics and emotional behavior; Neuroimmunology.
Microelectrodes, brain stem auditory evoked potential, power spectrum analysis
of EEG, cognitive negative variation.
m. Stress Physiology
Oxidants, oxidative stress, oxidative damage, antioxidants. Enzymatic and non-
enzymatic antioxidants. Mechanisms of actions. Fenton-reaction, Haber-
Weiss reaction. Stress-induced disorders and role of antioxidants in
ameliorating these disease situations.
n. Molecular Endocrinology And Neuro-Endocrinology
Mechanism of hormone actions: Membrane bound and intercellular receptors;
9
steroid hormone-receptor interactions; membrane bound hormone-receptor
interactions; second messenger in hormone
action/signal transduction; recycling of receptors. Hormones in immune
responses: Autoimmune endocrine disorders. Non-Conventional
Endocrine Molecules in Health & Disease
Neuroendocrinology: Hypothalamus as neuroendocrine organ, process of
neurosecretions and neurosecretory materials, synthesis, transport,
release, functions and control of neurosecretory materials.
Chronobiology: Zeitgebers, Cellular mechanisms of clock, Human
Circadian Rhythm and its mechanism of control- cellular and molecular
mechanisms; The SCN, photic and non-photic entrainment pathways, Jet Lag,
shift-work.
o. Nutritional Biochemistry and Dietetics
Nutritional survey, assessment, counselling. National & International
bodies – their role in community nutrition- ICDS, Mid day meal,
Immunization programme. Food guide pyramid, food groups, exchange
list. Meal planning, serving portion, mode of feeding. Nutrition in
paediatrics & geriatrics. Nutrition in under-nutrition (PCM) & over nutrition
(obesity). Nutrition in metabolic (Diabetes mellitus & Gout) & Systemic
(Cardiovascular, Renal) disease. Nutrition in stress, cancer, space.
p. Principles Of Environmental Physiology
The Environment: Physical environment; biotic environment; biotic and abiotic
interactions; Habitat and niche; Species interactions; Community ecology;
Ecological succession; Ecosystems; Biogeography; Applied ecology;
Environmental pollution; global environmental change;
biodiversity-status; Conservation biology;
Environmental Pollution and its control: Air, Water, Radiation and
Thermal, Noise Pollution.
q. Biomedical Instrumentation
Basic Idea on Electronic Instruments : Transducers: Temperature, Force and
Pressure Transducer, Pulse Sensor, Optical Transducer, Optical Fibre
Sensors, Electrochemical Sensors, Position Transducer. Cathode Ray
Oscilloscope, Chart Recorder, Ultraviolet Recorder, Fibre Optic Recorder,
Magnetic Tape Recorder, Computer Data Logging.
Structural and Analytical Instruments: Electrophoresis - Agarose,
Polyacrylamide; Chromatography – Ion Exchange, Affinity, HPLC, GLC; X-ray
crystallography, NMR spectroscopy.
Bio-medical Instrumentation: CT scan, ultrasonography, MRI, pulmonary
function analyzer, biomedical telemetry.
Syllabus for Admission Test of the course work for PhD in
Statistics
PPAAPPEERR CCOODDEE PPAAPPEERR NNAAMMEE MMAARRKKSS
SSTTAATT--0011 Research Methodology 5500
SSTTAATT--0022 Statistics 5500
Detailed Syllabus
STAT 01 – Research Methodology 50
Marks
Statistical Methods
Scale of measurement, compilation and presentation of data, charts and diagrams, exploratory data analysis
Bivariate data, simple correlation, regression, correlation index, correlation ratio, intra-class correlation, rank correlation
Analysis of categorical data, odds ratio
Multivariate data, multiple regression, multiple and partial correlation
Sample Survey
Probability sampling from a finite population-- – notions of sampling design, sampling scheme, inclusion probabilities Basic sampling schemes—Simple random sampling with and without replacement, Unequal probability sampling with and without replacement, Systematic sampling. Related estimators of population total/mean, their variances and variance estimators – Mean per distinct unit in simple random with replacement sampling, Des Raj and Murthy’s estimator (for sample of size two) in unequal probability sampling without replacement. Stratified sampling – Allocation problem and construction of strata (optimal, proportional and equal allocation) Ratio, Product, Difference and Regression estimators, Unbiased Ratio estimators – Probability proportional to aggregate size sampling Sampling and sub-sampling of clusters, Two-stage sampling with equal/unequal number of second stage units and simple random sampling without replacement / unequal probability sampling with replacement at first stage, Ratio estimation in two-stage sampling.
Double sampling for stratification, Double sampling ratio and regression estimators, Sampling on successive occasions
Statistical Computing with C and R
Computer Programming C
Computer Programming: 1. Input-output statements 2. Operator-relational and logical, conditional operator 3. Library functions 4. Data type 5. Decision making and branching-If, If-else, Nesting of if statement, goto statement 6. Arrays 7. Use of Functions 8. File structure R Programming 1. Overview of R, R data types and objects, reading and writing data
2. Control structures, functions, scoping rules, dates and times
3. Loop functions, debugging tools
4. Simulation
STAT 02 – Statistics 50 Marks
Probability Theory Axiomatic definition of probability, Conditional probability, Bayes’ theorem and subjective probability, Concept of independence Random variables, distribution function, expectation, moments, cumulants, moment inequalities and probability inequalities, generating functions – m.g.f. and p.g.f Basic univariate distributions, Standard discrete and continuous distributions like uniform, normal, Cauchy, exponential, gamma, beta, Weibull, log-normal, Binomial, Poisson, negative binomial, hyper geometric, Mixture, compound and truncated distributions Bivariate distributions, Joint, marginal and conditional p.m.f.s and p.d.f.s, Conditional expectation, correlation and regression. Bivariate normal distribution and its properties Multinomial distribution Characteristic functions, inversion theorem, uniqueness theorem (statement only) Sequence of random variables, almost sure convergence, convergence in pth mean, convergence in probability, convergence in distribution, continuity theorem of characteristic function (statement and use). Borel-Cantelli lemma, Weak law and strong law of large numbers for i.i.d. sequences, CLT for i.i.d. case and CLT for independent case (statement and use)
Sampling Distributions Functions of random variables and their distributions using Jacobean of the transformation and other tools Sampling distribution and standard error, Sampling distributions arising from univariate distributions (central and non central cases) Order Statistics-their distributions and properties, joint and marginal distributions of order statistics, Distributions of functions of order statistics Inference
Properties of estimator, mean square error and minimum MSE estimator, unbiasedness and minimum variance unbiased estimator, Rao-Cramer lower bound of variance, statement of Bhattacharya’s bound Data reduction, sufficiency, factorization theorem and its illustration, concept of minimal sufficiency, Exponential family Completeness, bounded completeness, Rao-Blackwell and Lehmann-Scheffe theorems Methods of estimation: method of moments, method of maximum likelihood Introduction to testing of hypothesis, Null and alternative hypotheses, Simple and composite hypotheses, Two kinds of error, Concepts of level of significance and power of a test, p-value of a test Neymann Pearson Lemma, Heuristic approach of derivation of tests from Binomial, Poisson, Univariate and Bivariate normal distributions Randomized and non randomized tests, Neyman- Pearsonian theory of testing of hypothesis, Neyman- Pearson fundamental lemma, Generalised NP lemma MP, UMP, and LMP tests, unbiasedness, UMPU test Families of distributions with monotone likelihood ratio property, exponential family of distributions Test for composite hypothesis, similar test and test with Neyman structure, case involving nuisance parameter Ancillary statistics, Basu’s theorem and its applications Likelihood ratio test for standard univariate continuous distributions. Large sample tests using variance stabilizing transformations, Pearsonian chi-square Standard nonparametric tests for one and two sample problem and for independence Theory of interval estimation, UMA, UMAU confidence intervals, shortest expected length confidence interval Sequential procedures, Wald’s SPRT and its properties, fundamental identity, OC and ASN functions, optimality of SPRT
Regression Analysis Gauss- Markov regression model and related results Test of fitness of a model, residuals and their plots, detection of outliers, influential observations, leverage, measures of influences, Cook’s distance, Welsch and Kuh measure, Hadis’s influence measure Departure from Gauss-Markov set up: heteroscadasticity, multicollinearity, autocorrelation; non normality: detection and remedies Multivariate Techniques Multivariate normal distribution and its properties, MLEs of parameters Distribution of sample mean vector, Wishart matrix-its distribution (without derivation) and properties, Null distribution of Hotelling T2 statistic and its application (including simultaneous confidence interval), Mahonalobis D2 statistic, Union-intersection principle (application only)
MANOVA (one way and two way): statement and use, Wilk’s criteria Distribution of QF under normality, Cochran’s theorem. Classification and discrimination procedures for discrimination between two multivariate normal populations- sample discriminant function, tests associated with discriminant functions, probabilities of misclassification and their estimation Principal components, Canonical variables and canonical correlation Factor analysis, estimation of factor loading, factor rotation Cluster analysis
1
Syllabus
Common Entrance Test for M.Phil. & Ph.D programme (2017 Onwards)
Department of Zoology
The University of Burdwan
Burdwan
2
Part –I
(Basic Subject)
UNIT-I : Biochemistry and Toxicology
Biochemistry: High-energy phosphate bonds and its role in energy capture and
transfer, Protein Structure and properties, Mechanisms of enzyme action and
Regulation of enzyme activity. Carbohydrates of physiologic significance, Lipids
of physiologic significance, membrane lipids, cholesterol, Lipid transport and
storage, Integration of metabolic pathways, Pumps and membrane channels,
Oxidative stress and antioxidants
Toxicology: Toxicity of metals and metalloids - Lead, Cadmium, Mercury,
Arsenic. Toxicity of pesticides. Natural toxins, Drugs. Toxicokinetics, Phase I &
Phase II Detoxification; Mechanism of toxicity: Toxicodynamics Biochemical
and physiological effects
UNIT-II : Cell Biology and Genetics
Cell membrane structure, Cell Cycle, Chromosome structure, Homologous
recombination, Cell Transformation, Cancer, Extracellular matrix, Cell junctions,
Apoptosis
Extensions of Mendelian principles : Codominance, incomplete dominance, gene
interactions, pleiotropy, Mitochondrial genetics, Genomic Imprinting DNA
methylation, Padder-willi and Angelman syndrome, human genetics – sex
determination of human
UNIT-III : Developmental Biology
Gastrulation, Determination, Commitment, Pattern formation, Gap genes, Model
organism-Dictyostelium, C. elegans and Drosophila
UNIT-IV :Immunology
Innate and adaptive immune system, Cells and organs of the immune system, T
cell maturation, activation and differentiation; TCR; antigens, antigen and hapten,
Structure of antibody molecules. Generation of antibody diversity, MHC
molecules, the complement system, hypersensitivity reaction
UNIT-V : Molecular Biology
DNA replication, repair and recombination, RNA synthesis and processing
transcription factors and machinery, formation of initiation complex, transcription
activator and repressor, RNA polymerases, capping, elongation, and termination,
RNA processing, RNA editing, splicing, and polyadenylation, Protein synthesis
and processing - Ribosome, formation of initiation complex, initiation factors and
their regulation, elongation factors
3
UNIT-VI : Ecology & Ethology
Ecosystem, Concepts of Productivity, Concept of habitat & niche, Resource
partitioning, Character displacement, Population regulation (r and k
selection), Metapopulation, Ecological succession, Megadiversity and
Hotspots, Concept of Biosphere Reserve, National Park, Wildlife Sanctaury
Altruism, Kin selection, Reciprocal altruism, Parental care, Migration, Habitat
selection and optimality foraging model, Mating system, Biological clock,
Social behavior.
UNIT-VII : Endocrinology & Physiology
Endocrine glands, basic mechanism of hormone action; reproductive processes,
hormones and their functions secreted from the pituitary, reproductive organs,
Thyroids, Adrenal
Blood cells: Ultrastructure, pigments, and formation, Hemostasis: platelet
activation cascades, regulation. Respiration (human): Lung mechanics,
Respiratory muscles, lung volumes, elastic properties, compliance, surface
tension, pulmonary surfactants. Regulation: Respiratory centers, receptors,
integration. Thermoregulatory organs, thermoreceptors, regulation of
thermogenesis, Fever, sweating
UNIT-VIII : Entomology
Cuticle: Structure and composition; moulting and its hormonal regulation; Insect
vision; mechanism of flight; Alimentary canal: structure; Tracheal system:
components, mechanism of gaseous exchange; Excretory system: organs,
mechanisms of urine formation, regulation; Hormonal regulation of
metamorphosis; atypical reproductive strategies in insects; Chemical
Communication in insects; Bioluminescence; Integrated Pest Management,
Biotechnological control of pests; Eusociality in honey bees
UNIT-IX : Aquaculture & Fisheries
Major fish orders: Cypriniformes, Clupeiformes, Ophiocephaliformes,
Perciformes, Mastacembeliformes; Acoustico-lateralis system; Digestive systems,
olfactory organ and chemoreception; Endocrine glands (Pituitary and Thyroid);
Breeding and Parental care; Fish migration
Aquaculture systems (extensive, intensive, semi-intensive, fresh water, brackish
water, coastal, hill stream, cage, pen, race way); Pond management for carp
culture, induced breeding of prawn and air breathing fishes; pearl fishery;
transgenic fish
4
UNIT-X : Biosystematics & Evolutionary Biology
Biosystematics: Taxonomic characters; Species Concepts; Cladistics;
Phylogenetic tree, Zoological nomenclature
Evolutionary Biology: Origin of cells and unicellular evolution; Geological time
scale; Molecular aspects of Evolution; Origin of man
UNIT-XI : Microbiology and Parasitology
Modes of disease transmission, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation and
prevention of the following diseases: Malaria, Filariasis, Leishmaniasis. Microbial
virulence, mode of transmission, pathogenicity and prevention of microbial
diseases: Tuberculosis, Cholera, Dengue, Japanese encephalitis (JE) Role of
antibiotics: penicillin, kanamycin, tetracycline, ampicillin, rifampicin
Part –II
(Research Methodology)
Microtomy, Tissue processing & Histochemistry
Fixation and Tissue preparation for histology; Microtomy; Biological dyes and
stains; Histochemical techniques & immunohistochemistry
Cell Culture Techniques
Composition of culture media, Growth of adherent and suspension cultures,
subculturing techniques, maintenance and cryopreservation of cells
Microbial techniques
Methods of Sterilization- Physical and chemical methods. Simple staining of
bacteria and study of cell types; differential staining: Gram staining, endospore
staining and acid-fast staining. Microbiological examination of water and milk
(MPN Test and Methylene blue reductase test), Biochemical tests: Catalase,
Nitrate reduction, Indole production, Methyl red and Voges–Proskauer test.
Principle and procedure of plasmid DNA isolation of Bacteria. Bacteria culture,
Culture media, Parasitological Techniques: Isolation, fixation and staining of
Helminths and Protozoan parasites
Bio-Statistics
Measures of central tendency and dispersal; probability distributions (Binomial,
Poisson and normal); Sampling distribution; Difference between parametric and
non-parametric statistics; Levels of significance; Regression and Correlation; t-
test; Analysis of variance; X2 test
Bio-informatics
Databases- nucleic acid and protein – PIR, PDB, Sequence alignments - Local
alignment and Global alignment
Biophysical Techniques
Spectroscopy, Chromatography – gel filtration, affinity, ion exchange, HPLC,
Centrifugation,
5
Immunological Techniques
Western blotting, ELISA, Coomb test, monoclonal antibody production
Methods in Molecular Biology
DNA and proteins separation methods - agarose and polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis, DNA sequencing methods, PCR, RT-PCR, Micro-array, cloning
of DNA, vectors- pUC, PGEM, YAC. BAC, blue white screening, Generation of
genomic and cDNA libraries
Microscopy
Light microscopy: resolving power; numerical aperture; Dark field microscopy:
phase contrast; DIC, scanning and transmission microscopes, fluorescence and
confocal microscope; Photography & Image processing
Ecological Techniques
Species diversity measures (Rarefaction, Jack-knife, Shannon, Simpson), Species
evenness, life table, Population dispersion, interspecific association
Animal Nutrition
Analysis of proximate composition of feed; Evaluation of growth performance
and activities of digestive enzymes (protease, amylase and lipase); Feed types,
formulation, preparation and evaluation; Digestibility
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