penyakit viral penting pada domba dan kambing revisi

Sri Murtini

Penyakit viral penting pada domba

dan kambing

SoremouthContagious ecthyma, contagious pustular dermatitis, scabby mouth, orf

Common skin disease of sheep and goats.

Caused by a Parapox virus

Virus spreads through direct contact and contact with contaminated facilities and tools

Lesions most commonly seen on mouth, lips, and nostrils, but may also occur on udder and between toes.

Extremely infectious

Dried scabs harbor virus

Soremouth Animals that develop the disease usually

develop a strong immunity

May be severe in lambs and kids

Numerous strains – incubation period may vary from 1 to 3 weeks

The disease will clear up in one to four weeks

Soremouth

Treatment not effective on a flock basis

Treat lesions with antibiotic spray or cream (e.g. vasoline + iodine, Biozide ®) Effectiveness marginal

Ewes with infected teats/udders need to be watched for mastitis

Lambs/kids may spread the disease to other ewes/does.

Prevention of Soremouth

Maintain a closed flock

Do not show

Vaccinate (only if you have had disease)

In a hairless protected area

Scabs will appear 1 to 3 days after vaccination

6 weeks before show season

Orf Sore mouth is

contagious to humans

(painful).

Need to be careful

when working with

infected animals and

when working with live

vaccine.

Wear gloves

Sheep and Goat Pox

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Family Poxviridae

Genus Capripoxvirus

Sheep pox and goat pox viruses distinct

But hard to differentiate

Recombination can occur

One serotype, multiple strains

Prolonged survival in environment

Economic Impact

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Presence of disease can

limit:

Trade

Export

Import of new breeds

Development of intensive

livestock production

History and

Geographic Distribution

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

1879: Goat pox

Norway

2nd Century AD: Sheep pox

Central and North

Africa

Central Asia

The Middle East

Portions of India

Morbidity/Mortality

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Mortality up to 50% in fully susceptible flock

Mortality up to 100% in young animals

Symptoms severe in

Stressed animals

Animals with concurrent infections

Naïve animals

Morbidity/Mortality

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

European sheep breeds highly

susceptible

Subclinical cases

No chronic carriers

Only sheep and goats affected

Not seen in wild ungulates

Animal Transmission

Close contact

Inhalation of aerosols

Abraded skin

Fomites

Insects (mechanical)

Infectious virus present in all secretions, excretions, and

scabs

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Clinical Signs

Incubation period: 4 to 21 days

Fever

Conjunctivitis

Depression, anorexia

Dyspnea, nasal or ocular discharge

Secondary bacterial

infections are common

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Clinical Signs

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Papules forming into hard scabs

Lesions may cover body or be

restricted to axilla, perineum

and groin, ears, or tail

Death may occur at any stage

Post Mortem Lesions

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Skin macules, papules

Papules may extend into the musculature

Mucous membrane necrotic or ulcerated

Nodules in lungs

Up to 5cm diameter

Swollen lymph nodes

Differential Diagnosis

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Contagious exthyma

Bluetongue

Mycotic dermatitis

Sheep scab

Mange

Photsensitization

Peste des petits

ruminants

Parasitic pneumonia

Caseous

lymphadenitis

Insect bites

Sampling

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Before collecting or sending any samples, the

proper authorities should be contacted

Samples should only be sent under secure

conditions and to authorized laboratories to

prevent the spread of the disease

Diagnosis

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Clinical

Suspect in animals with characteristic skin lesions, fever, and lymphadenitis

Laboratory

Virus isolation, electron microscopy

PCR

Viral antigen detection (AGID, ELISA)

Serology

Characteristic histopathologic lesions

Treatment

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Antibiotics for secondary infection

Good nursing care

Public Health Significance

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

No conclusive evidence of infection in humans

Anecdotal reports of sheep or goat pox lesions in humans in

India and Sweden

Not verified by virus isolation

Prevention

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Non-endemic areas

Infected animals, fomites, and animal products may introduce

disease

Keep free with import restrictions

Control and Eradication

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Endemic areas

Vaccinate

Outbreak in endemic area, small scale Quarantine, slaughter infected and exposed, clean and disinfect

Ring vaccination

Outbreak in endemic area, large scale Massive vaccination

Movement restrictions

Control and Eradication

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Outbreak in non-endemic area

Quarantine, slaughter infected and exposed, clean and disinfect

Ring vaccination

No carrier state

Isolate infected herds and sick animals for at least 45 days

after recovery

Disinfection

Sodium hypochlorite

Phenol 2% for 15 minutes

Detergents

Virus can survive

For 3 months in wool

For 6 months in the environment

For many years in dried scabs

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Vaccination

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Vaccination can provide effective control in endemic areas

Killed vaccines do not provide long lasting immunity

Attenuated virus vaccines give immunity up to 2 years

Bluetongue Virus

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Family Reoviridae

Genus Orbivirus

24 serotypes worldwide

6 serotypes isolated in the U.S.

Non-contagious

Insect-borne viral disease

Ruminants: Primary host is sheep

Others infected: Cattle, goats, deer

History

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

First described in South Africa

Broad distribution worldwide

Mediterranean outbreak, 1997-2002

Economic Impact

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Trade restrictions

Imposed by BTV-free countries

Animals and animal products

Cost to U.S.

Greater impact on cattle industry

Reservoir for virus

$125 million per year

Lost trade and animal testing

Morbidity/Mortality: Sheep

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Sheep

Severity of disease varies

Breed

Strain of virus

Environmental stress

Morbidity: as high as 100%

Mortality: usually 0 to 30%

Morbidity/Mortality:

Other Species

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Cattle, goats

Morbidity: up to 5%

Death is rare

Deer, antelope

Severe infection

Morbidity: up to 100%

Mortality: 80 to 90%

Lasting effects

Animal Transmission

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Biting midges

Genus Culicoides

Principal vector (U.S.)

C. variipennis var. sonorensis

Ticks, sheep keds

In utero

Mechanical

Venereal?

Clinical Signs: Sheep

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Incubation period: 5 to 10 days

Most asymptomatic

Oral erosions and ulcerations

Tongue

Swollen, protruding

Cyanotic

= “blue-tongue”

Reproductive failure

Clinical Signs: Sheep

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Coronitis

Inflammation of

coronary band

Lameness

Painful hooves

Clinical Signs

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Cattle and goats

Usually subclinical

Erosions, crusts around nose and teats

Coronitis

Reproductive failure

Antelope and deer

Hemorrhage, death

Post Mortem Lesions

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Sheep

Face and ears edematous

Dry, crusty exudate on nostrils

Coronary bands hyperemic

Internal hemorrhaging

Hydranencephaly, cerebellar dysplasia

Cattle

Skin: edematous, ulcerated, dry, thick folds

Mouth: vesicles, ulcers, necrosis

Differential Diagnosis

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Foot-and-mouth disease

Vesicular stomatitis

Peste de petits ruminants

Malignant catarrhal fever

Bovine virus diarrhea

Contagious pustular dermatitis

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

Parainfluenza-3 infection

Sheep pox

Foot rot

Actinobacillosis

Oestrus ovis infestation

Plant photosensitization

Sampling

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Before collecting or sending any samples, the

proper authorities should be contacted

Samples should only be sent under secure

conditions and to authorized laboratories to

prevent the spread of the disease

Diagnosis

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Clinical signs

History

Insect activity

Wasting or foot rot

Laboratory

Virus isolation

ELISA, IFA, VN

PCR

Serology, complement fixation

Examination of proteins

www.usda.gov

Treatment

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

No specific treatment

Supportive therapy

Protection from the elements

Fluids and electrolytes

Antibiotics

Control of vectors by insecticide

Reduce transmission

Protect susceptible animals

Bluetongue in Humans

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Not a significant threat to humans

One human infection documented

Reasonable precautions should be taken

Disease in humans is not fatal

Treatment is supportive care

Quarantine

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Quarantine and movement controls

Prevent spread of virus

Confine animals indoors (i.e., barn)

When vectors are active

Disinfection

Does not stop virus transmission

Cleaning the premises

Sodium hypochlorite (bleach)

3% Sodium hydroxide (lye)

Insect control

Pyrethroids

Organophosphates

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Vaccination

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State

University, 2011

Available

Serotype specific

Adverse effects

Fetal malformations

Recombination

New strains of virus

Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State

University - 2004

Scrapie

Sheep and goat disease

Recognized 250 years ago

Great Britain and W. Europe

1947 diagnosed in the U.S.

More than 1,000 flocks; mostly Suffolk

Scrapie: Ovine Slaughter Surveillance Study (SOSS)

Overall national prevalence 0.2%

Higher in black-faced sheep

Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State

University - 2004

Incubation Period

Scrapie: Sheep 2-5 years

BSE: Cattle 2-8 years

CWD: Deer and elk 18 months

TME: Mink 7+ months

FSE: Feline unknown, most 4-9 years of age

Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State

University - 2004

Clinical Signs: BSE, Scrapie, CWD

Initial clinical signs subtle, mainly behavioral

Increased excitability, nervousness, aggressiveness, and

increased sensitivity to noise

Pruritus and rubbing

Sheep

Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State

University - 2004

Clinical Signs: BSE, Scrapie, CWD

Terminal state

Hypokinesis, hypermetria, falling and general paresis

Tremors and muscle fasciculations

Neck and face

Wasting despite good appetite

PU/PD in deer and elk

Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State

University - 2004

Diagnosis

Post mortem: detection of prion

Microscopic examination of brain tissue at necropsy

Live animal tests:

Tonsillar biopsy in deer

Time consuming and expensive

3rd eyelid test in sheep

Blood tests

Prevention and Control

Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State

University - 2004

1989: Import restrictions

Live ruminants and ruminant products

From countries known to have BSE

1997

Import restrictions expanded

to include all European countries

FDA “animal feed rule”

Banned most mammalian proteins as food

source for ruminants

Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State

University - 2004

Prevention and Control

Scrapie Flock Certification Program

Voluntary

Producers-industry-states-APHIS

Certify origin in scrapie-free flock

National Accelerated Scrapie Eradication Program

Live animal testing and active slaughter

Animal tracing/animal identification

Clean-up strategies including genotyping