penetrators for tssm
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TSSM Meeting - Monrovia, Jun 02 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Penetrators for TSSMPenetrators for TSSM
MSSL/UCL UK
Rob Gowenon behalf of UK Penetrator Consortium
TSSM Meeting - Monrovia, Jun 02 2008
TSSM Meeting - Monrovia, Jun 02 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Micro-PenetratorsMicro-PenetratorsBasics:• Low mass [~5Kg] • Very tough [~ 200-500 m/s, impact ~10-50kgee]• Perform science from below surface [~0.5-few m]
5 kg
2 kg payload
Payload (2kg) Science Capability
Micro seismometers sub-surface ocean, inner body structure(astrobiology, geophysics)
Chemistry package (mass spect.) organics and inorganics (astrobiology)
Soil/environment package (accelerometers, thermometer, dielectric constant, radiation monitor, magnetometer, pH, Redox)
soil mechanical properties, thermal & electrical properties (astrobiology /geophysics)
Mineralogy/astrobiology camera Soil properties/astrobiology
Descent camera Impact site context & PR
TSSM Meeting - Monrovia, Jun 02 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Impact TrialImpact Trial19-21 May 200819-21 May 2008
Full-scale trial 3 Penetrators, ~0.6m long, ~13kg, Aluminum 300m/s impact velocity Normal Incidence Dry sand target
0.56m
TSSM Meeting - Monrovia, Jun 02 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Impact trial - ContributorsImpact trial - Contributors
TSSM Meeting - Monrovia, Jun 02 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Impact trial – PayloadImpact trial – Payload
Radiation sensor
MagnetometersBatteries
Mass spectrometer
Micro-seismometers
Drill assembly
AccelerometersPowerInterconnectionProcessing
Accelerometers, ThermometerBatteries,Data logger
TSSM Meeting - Monrovia, Jun 02 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Impact Trial ObjectivesImpact Trial Objectives
Demonstrate survivability of penetrator shell, Demonstrate survivability of penetrator shell, accelerometers and power system.accelerometers and power system.
Assess impact on penetrator subsystems and instruments.Assess impact on penetrator subsystems and instruments. Determine internal acceleration environmentDetermine internal acceleration environment
at different positions within penetrator. at different positions within penetrator. Extend predictive modelling to new impact and penetrator Extend predictive modelling to new impact and penetrator
materials.materials. Assess alternative packing methods.Assess alternative packing methods. Assess interconnect philosophy.Assess interconnect philosophy.
TSSM Meeting - Monrovia, Jun 02 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Trial Hardware Trial Hardware
Inners Stack
TSSM Meeting - Monrovia, Jun 02 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Impact Trial - ConfigurationImpact Trial - Configuration
Rocket sledRocket sled PenetratorPenetrator
TSSM Meeting - Monrovia, Jun 02 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
TargetTarget
Dry sandDry sand 2m x2m x6m2m x2m x6m Small front entrance aperture (polythene)Small front entrance aperture (polythene)
TSSM Meeting - Monrovia, Jun 02 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
FiringFiring
TSSM Meeting - Monrovia, Jun 02 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
1’st Firing - Results1’st Firing - Results
• Penetrator found in top of target• Glanced off a steel girder which radically changed its orientation.• Penetration: ~3.9m• Much ablation to nose and belly• Rear flare quite distorted. • Penetrator in one piece ✓
Firing parameters:• Impact velocity: 310 m/s (c.f. 300m/s nominal)• Nose-up ~10degs (c.f. 0 degs nominal)
=> worst case
TSSM Meeting - Monrovia, Jun 02 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Post Firing Post Firing
TSSM Meeting - Monrovia, Jun 02 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
First Firing – Opening upFirst Firing – Opening up
ss
TSSM Meeting - Monrovia, Jun 02 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
11stst Firing – internal Results Firing – internal Results
Micro seismometer bay
Connecting to MSSL accelerometerand data processing bay
TSSM Meeting - Monrovia, Jun 02 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
1’srt Firing – QinetiQ 1’srt Firing – QinetiQ accelerometer dataaccelerometer data
Overview: 5 kgee smoothed,~16 kgee peakhigh frequency components ~5khz
Initial impact hi-res: Tail slap peak
TSSM Meeting - Monrovia, Jun 02 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
1’st Firing – MSSL accelerometer data1’st Firing – MSSL accelerometer data
Along axis:Along axis: Cutter: 3kgee Cutter: 3kgee Main: 10kgeeMain: 10kgee Girder: 1kgeeGirder: 1kgee
Along axis
Vertical axis
Horizontal axis
Firing Along axis
Vertical
Horizontal
1’st 10 kgee 15kgee 4kgee
3’rd 11kgee 17kgee 7kgee
Peak gee forces in rear of penetrator11 kgee
15 kgee
4 kgee
GirderMain impactcutter
TSSM Meeting - Monrovia, Jun 02 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Hi-res MSSL accelerometer dataHi-res MSSL accelerometer data
Lots of high frequency structure
TSSM Meeting - Monrovia, Jun 02 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
2nd Firing2nd Firing
“Jaws-3?”
..struck steel girder and moved it 6 inches
TSSM Meeting - Monrovia, Jun 02 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
22ndnd & 3 & 3rdrd Firings Firings All 3 firings remarkably consistent ~308-310m/s velocity, and All 3 firings remarkably consistent ~308-310m/s velocity, and
~8-10 degs nose up.~8-10 degs nose up. 2/nd firing penetrator hit steel beam square on.2/nd firing penetrator hit steel beam square on. Penetrators survived all 3 firings. Payload still operationalPenetrators survived all 3 firings. Payload still operational..
Steel nose for 3rd firing
TSSM Meeting - Monrovia, Jun 02 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Survival TableSurvival Table
Item Firing 1 Firing 2 Firing 3
Penetrator ✓ ✓ ✓
Q-accel sys ✓ ✓ ✓
Rad sensor ✓ n/a n/a
Batteries ✓ n/a n/a
Drill assembly ✓ (mounting ?) n/a n/a
Magnetometer Not yet analysed n/a n/a
Micro seismometers
n/a ✓ (protected) ✓ (protected)
Mass spectrometer n/a Not yet analysed(some loose screws)
Not yet analysed
MSSL accel sys ✓ ✓ (triggered prematurely)
✓
Triple worst case: exceed 300m/s, >8deg attack angle
No critical failures – currently all minor to unprotected bays or preliminary mountings
TSSM Meeting - Monrovia, Jun 02 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Impact Trial ObjectivesImpact Trial Objectives
Demonstrate survivability of penetrator body, Demonstrate survivability of penetrator body, accelerometers and power system.accelerometers and power system.
Assess impact on penetrator subsystems and instruments.Assess impact on penetrator subsystems and instruments.
Determine internal acceleration environmentDetermine internal acceleration environmentat different positions within penetrator. at different positions within penetrator.
Extend predictive modelling to new penetrator materials,Extend predictive modelling to new penetrator materials,and impact materials.and impact materials.
Assess alternative packing methods.Assess alternative packing methods.
Assess interconnect philosophy.Assess interconnect philosophy.
TSSM Meeting - Monrovia, Jun 02 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Next Steps & Strategy …Next Steps & Strategy …
Next trial – aiming for Jan’09.Next trial – aiming for Jan’09. impact into harder material (ice,icy sand,concrete)impact into harder material (ice,icy sand,concrete) full-up system (all operating)full-up system (all operating) transmit from targettransmit from target Parallel supporting studiesParallel supporting studies
Strategy: in parallel Strategy: in parallel ‾ Major developments for Lunar (MoonLITE) missionMajor developments for Lunar (MoonLITE) mission‾ Delta developments for icy planetsDelta developments for icy planets
TSSM Meeting - Monrovia, Jun 02 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Penetrator website:http://www.mssl.ucl.ac.uk/planetary/missions/Micro_Penetrators.php
email: rag@mssl.ucl.ac.uk
• Acheived major step in demonstrating confidence in technology• Including impact survival into dunes & fluvial material - > next steps
for harder materials and establishing larger engineering margins.• No great history of failure - only 1 planetary delivery to date • Significant TRL with previous space qualified technology• A useful tool in the toolbox of planetary exploration• Capable of addressing fundamental astrobiology signatures and
habitability• Provide ground truth & new information not possible from orbit• Provide useful landing information for future missions.
Penetrators ConclusionsPenetrators Conclusions
TSSM Meeting - Monrovia, Jun 02 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
- End -- End -
TSSM Meeting - Monrovia, Jun 02 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
What are Penetrators ?What are Penetrators ?
– Low mass projectiles Low mass projectiles ~5Kg+PDS for Enceladus~5Kg+PDS for Enceladus
– High impact speed High impact speed ~ 200-500 m/s~ 200-500 m/s
– Very tough Very tough ~10-50kgee~10-50kgee
– Penetrate surface Penetrate surface ~ few metres~ few metres
– Perform science Perform science from below surfacefrom below surface
Penetrator
Point of Separation
Payload Instruments
Detachable Propulsion Stage
PDS (Penetrator
Delivery System)
TSSM Meeting - Monrovia, Jun 02 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Penetrator Payload/Science Penetrator Payload/Science A nominal 2kg payload …A nominal 2kg payload …
AccelerometersAccelerometers – Probe surface/sub-surface material – Probe surface/sub-surface material (hardness/composition) (hardness/composition)
SeismometersSeismometers - Probe interior structure (existence/size of water - Probe interior structure (existence/size of water reservoirs) and seismic activity of bodies reservoirs) and seismic activity of bodies
Chemical sensorsChemical sensors – Probe surface refactory/volatile (organic/ – Probe surface refactory/volatile (organic/ astrobiologic) chemicals, perhaps arising from interior.astrobiologic) chemicals, perhaps arising from interior.
Thermal sensorsThermal sensors - Determine subsurface temperatures and possibly - Determine subsurface temperatures and possibly probe deep interior processes.probe deep interior processes.
Mineralogy/astrobiology cameraMineralogy/astrobiology camera – Probe surface mineralogy and – Probe surface mineralogy and possible astrobiological material.possible astrobiological material.
+ other instruments – to probe surface magnetic field, radiation, + other instruments – to probe surface magnetic field, radiation, beeping transmitter, etc…beeping transmitter, etc…
descent cameradescent camera (surface morphology, landing site location, etc) (surface morphology, landing site location, etc)
TSSM Meeting - Monrovia, Jun 02 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Enceladus - Science/Technology Enceladus - Science/Technology RequirementsRequirements
TargetTarget– E.g. region of upwelled interior material.E.g. region of upwelled interior material.– 2 penetrators would allow additional target, improved seismic results and 2 penetrators would allow additional target, improved seismic results and
natural redundancy but require 2xmass.natural redundancy but require 2xmass. LifetimeLifetime
– Only minutes/hours required for camera, accelerometer, chemistry, thermal Only minutes/hours required for camera, accelerometer, chemistry, thermal & mineralogy/astrobiologic measurements.& mineralogy/astrobiologic measurements.
– An orbital period (~few days) for seismic measurements. An orbital period (~few days) for seismic measurements. (requires RHU)(requires RHU)
Spacecraft supportSpacecraft support– ~7-9 years cruise phase, health reporting~7-9 years cruise phase, health reporting
DeliveryDelivery– Targetting precision.Targetting precision.– Ejection, descent motors & orientation, pre-impact separation, Ejection, descent motors & orientation, pre-impact separation,
communications, impact.communications, impact. OperationOperation
– Power/thermal (battery/RHU), data handling, communications.Power/thermal (battery/RHU), data handling, communications.
TSSM Meeting - Monrovia, Jun 02 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Preliminary Mass EstimatesPreliminary Mass Estimates
ItemItem EnceladusEnceladus TitanTitan
OrbitOrbit
DeploymentDeployment
TitanTitan
BalloonBalloon
DeploymentDeployment
Penetrator Penetrator
(inc. 2 kg payload)(inc. 2 kg payload) ~4.5Kg~4.5Kg ~4.5Kg~4.5Kg ~4.5Kg~4.5Kg
Delivery system(*)Delivery system(*) ~32Kg~32Kg ~3.5-23Kg~3.5-23Kg ~2.5Kg~2.5Kg
Spacecraft supportSpacecraft support ~2.5Kg~2.5Kg ~1.5-2.5Kg~1.5-2.5Kg ~1.5Kg~1.5Kg
Total massTotal mass ~39Kg~39Kg ~12-30kg~12-30kg ~8.5Kg~8.5Kg
(*) heavy penalty for Enceladus delivery: estimate ~8x(penetrator mass) with deployment from Titan with ∆V~3.7Km/sec
TSSM Meeting - Monrovia, Jun 02 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
HeritageHeritage Lunar-A and DS2 space qualified.Lunar-A and DS2 space qualified. Military have been successfully firing Military have been successfully firing
instrumented projectiles for many instrumented projectiles for many years to comparable levels of gee years to comparable levels of gee forces into concrete and steel.forces into concrete and steel.
40,000gee qualified electronics exist 40,000gee qualified electronics exist (and re-used).(and re-used).
Currently developing similar Currently developing similar penetrators for MoonLITE.penetrators for MoonLITE.
Payload heritage:Payload heritage:– Accelerometers, thermometers, Accelerometers, thermometers,
sample drill – fully space qualified.sample drill – fully space qualified.
– Seismometers (ExoMars) & chemical Seismometers (ExoMars) & chemical sensors (Rosetta) heritage but require sensors (Rosetta) heritage but require impact ruggedizing.impact ruggedizing.
– Mineralogy camera – new but simple.Mineralogy camera – new but simple.
When asked to describe the When asked to describe the condition of a probe that had condition of a probe that had
impacted 2m of concrete at 300 m/s impacted 2m of concrete at 300 m/s a UK expert described the device as a UK expert described the device as
‘a bit scratched’!‘a bit scratched’!
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