peacekeeping and tech - walter dorn
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Peacekeeping Technologies with hands-on demonstration
MIGS Professional Training Program on Prevention of Mass Atrocities
Dr. Walter DornCanadian Forces College &
Royal Military College of Canada
16 June 2015
“Concern for man himself and
his fate [humanity and its fate]
should be the chief interest of
all technical endeavors. Never
forget this in the midst of your
diagrams and equations.”
– Albert
Einstein
Humanity’s concern for humanity
Save lives and prevent suffering
UN: collective eyes and ears, legs and arms
Needed during and post-conflict
UN Peace Operations
Monitoring Mandates– Cease-fires
– Peace agreements
– Protected areas and persons (POC)
– Elections
– Human rights
– Sanctions
– Armed groups and spoilers (early warning)
– Resource exploitation
– Safety & security of UN personnel (dilemma)
“A MONITORING GAP”
Problems of Unaided Monitoring
Limited capabilities ...
– over large areas
– at night
– for underground detection
– in remote/difficult terrain
– information recording, analyzing, sharing
and storage
Monitoring Technology
• Increases range and accuracy of observation
• Permits continuous monitoring
• Increases effectiveness (including cost-effectiveness in some cases)
• Decreases intrusiveness
• Enhances safety of staff in field
• Provides recordings/evidence
Commercial Trends
Amazing!
• Better, cheaper, smaller • Converging (one device / many functions)
– Smartphone: phone, messaging, GIS, internet, touchscreen, innovative apps; Two cameras/video, GPS (satellite)
– Sensors: accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer (compass), multiple radios, barometer
• Versatile– Adaptable (time, space)
• Commercialized– Military to widespread civilian (COTS)– Even toys!
Demo TechnologiesAerial Observation• Aerostat
– Lecture demo– Altitude
• UAV• Elevated camera mount
– Mast/Monopod
Ground Sensor (attended/hands on)• Land Rover (remote controlled)• Laser Rangefinder
Ground Sensor (unattended)• Live Internet Webcams
– Conflict Zones (handout)
• Shatterproof Camera Dome• Motion-detector Illuminator
– Solar power
• IR Game Camera• Acoustic Monitors
Other• Action Camera• Gyroscope (stabilization)• Motion Tracking
– Facetrack
• Tracking – Smartphone (apps)
To Order• Radio multifunction• Solar chargerExtra• Webcam Software (Yawcam)• IR Breakbeam (no demo)• IP Camera (no computer needed)• Internet backup generator (Brick, wifi via
cell phone network, with battery and sensors)
• Easy to fly
• iPad/iPhone/Android phone
control
• HD 720p at 30fps camera
• GPS and gyroscopic stabilization
• Up to 30 min flight time
~$300
Mini-UAV
Parrot Drone
• Weather balloon with nylon
cord (up to 400 ft)
• Helium provides battery-free
lift
• Simple design, easy to use
• High-altitude frame provides protection
• Analog or digital feed
• Time-lapse HD images
available$600
Aerostat
Action camera
• Sports, light (75 g), rugged
• Full HD, 1080p at 60fps
• 10 MP photos
• Photo every 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 30, 60 s
• F2.8 aperture
• Ultra-wide angle lens
• Software can remove fish-eye
$ 400GoPro Hero 3
• Holding (GoPro) cameras higher
• 0.502 m to 1.524 m (1.65 ft to 5 ft) in height
• Rubberized foot
• 350 g
$50
Mast / Monopod
• iPad controlled
• With touch screen
• With accelerometers
• Illuminators
• Orientable live camera
• Uses standard AA
batteries
• Records video
Price range: $100
Land Rover
Rover 2.0
• 5 to 550 m range
• 1 m accuracy
• 6x optical magnification
• Eye-safe IR beam
• Laser pointer possibility$300
Laser rangefinder
Nikon Aculon AL11
• Low-friction spinning disk
• No electricity
• 63 mm diameter
• 80 g, spinning up to 8000
rpm
• Provided as toy or scientific
• Housed in solid compartment$200
Image stabilizer: gyroscope
• 3.0 MP resolution
• Motion activated
• Wildlife, trespassers
• Day/night
• 35 night LED illuminators
• 10 m nighttime range
• 0.3 s image after motion detected (1.5 s in sleepmode)
~$100
Infrared camera
TruthCam 35
• Two audio channels
• Handle and clip for
portability
• 49 MHz signal
• 600 ft. range
• Vibration and visual sound
levels
• Low battery signalPrice range: $60
Acoustic (baby) monitors
Graco audio monitors
• Closed-circuit colour TV
• Shatter-resistant
• One-way dark or reflective
• Pan and tilt capabilities
• Small
• Deterant to vandals and
trespassersPrice range: $15–600
Dome camera
• LED Light
• 25 m motion-detection
• 1 or 5 min triggering
• Runs 2 hours on full charge
• Common for household security
~$50
Motion-activated solar light
• Hundreds of free feeds
• Cheap to setup, free to view
• Some remotely controlled by
viewer
• Sound and maps available
Price: Internet connection + Webcam ($100)
Webcams
Technology
Conclusions
1. No technological fix … but technology can be of immense value in monitoring, preventing and mitigating conflict.
2. Technical monitoring can increase the safety and security of peacekeepers as well as the effectiveness of the mission.
3. UN lacks the equipment, resources, preparation/training needed for
effective and efficient use of modernmonitoring technology
• some monitoring technologies in some missions but ad hoc and unsystematic– radars– NVE (Gen 2+)
• no thermal imagers, seismic or acoustic ground sensors
• platforms: recce vehicles and aircraft• absence of policies, doctrine, SOPs and
training materials• need to re-engage capable contributors
4. UN is capable of incorporating advanced technologies
• Communications and information technology
• Carlog• GIS progress
– Commercial satellite imagery
• Aerial recce in DRC
• Convergence– Technologies– Toys
• Miniaturization• Innovation• Robustness• Cheaper
5. COTS is advancing fast … to the rescue
• Many peacekeeping applications
• Panel on Technology and Innovation in UN Peacekeeping
• USG assistance• Need for technology contributing
countries
6. UN is making progress
AM
FM
HFVHFUHF
ShortwaveCell
phone
Visible0.4 μm 0.7 μm
IRUVX-Ray Microwave Radio
Hard
So
ft
Wi-Fi
Wavelength (m)
Frequency (Hz)
1021 1020 1019 1018 1017 1016 1015 1014 1013 1012 1011 1010 109 108 107 106
10-13 10-12 10-11 10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103
RadarNearIR
ThermalIR
-Rayɣ
HF
© W.Dorn
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
Applications and Issues
• Protection of civilians• Peace monitoring• Counter-IED
• Big Brother?– Privacy and control
Smart Phone (Samsung Galaxy S5)
• Camera – Still: 16 MP (5312x988 pixels, 1.2 μm/pixel), autofocus– Video: HD (2160p@30fps) – Front/read viewing, flash
• Sensors– Accelerometer– Barometer– Biometric: fingerprint reader; heart rate– Compass– Gesture– GPS– Gyro– Proximity– Light (auto screen brightness, RGB)
• Phone, Messaging, Email, Internet, Music• Touchscreen, voice commands• Wifi, Mobile Hotspot, Bluetooth, Tethering, S Beam, USB,
etc,• Apps
• Heart Rate Sensor - Red LED shoots the light to the user’s skin. Then the pulse sensor measures the movement of the red blood cells of the capillaries, which is underneath the finger, according to the pulsation, to measure the heart rate by calculating the frequency of the wave per minute.
• http://global.samsungtomorrow.com/?p=36031
• The Finger Scanner
Smart Phone (Samsung S4)• Camera
– Still: 8 MP (3264x2448 pixels)– Video: HD (1080p@30fps) – Front/read viewing, flash
• Sensors– Accelerometer– Barometer– Biometric: fingerprint reader, heart – Compass– GPS– Gyro– Proximity– Light (auto screen brightness, RGB)
• Phone, Messaging, Email, Internet, Music• Touchscreen, voice commands• Wifi, Mobile Hotspot, Bluetooth, Tethering, S
Beam, USB, etc,• Apps
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