past tense forms in english

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Past tense forms in English stopped, walked, coughed, kissed,

leashed, reached stabbed, wagged, achieved, buzzed,

soothed, bridged steamed, stunned, pulled played, flowed, studied wanted, located, decided, guided

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The regular past tense form in English is pronounced as [t] when the word ends with a voiceless consonant, [d] when it ends with a voiced sound, and [ d] wheɪn it ends with [t] or [d].

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Plural rule

z / [-voice, +cons]______ (Devoicing) / 咝擦音 _____z (增音 ) z z 剩余位置

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Obligatory Contour Principle (OCP) Obligatory Contour Principle No identical adjacent autosegment

s. (Goldsmith 1976)

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3. Non-linear Phonology These theories began as a method

for representing prosodic features such the stress in complex words, so that their different levels of stress are represented not by linear orders but by a metrical grid:

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Later the method was extended to the representation of earlier linear rules.

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Feature Geometry

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Plural rule (1)

[+cons] [+cons][-son] root [-son] plural

z

Laryngeal Laryngeal

[-voice] [+voice]

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Plural rule (2)

Ø X /X____________X

[-cons] [+cons] [+cons]

[+strid] [+strid]

[COR] [COR]

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Past tense rule (1)[+cons] [+cons][-son] root [-son] past

d

Laryngeal Laryngeal

[-voice] [+voice]

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Ø X /X__________X

[-cons] [+cons] [+cons]

[-cont] [-cont]

[-nas] [-nas]

Past tense rule (2)

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4. OT The ranking of the constraints is

represented by a “tableau”.

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Review of some constraints *VOICEVOICE: consecutive obstruen

ts must be identical in voicing within a syllable.

DEP-IO: insertion of segment is prohibited.

IDENT-IO: input segment and the corresponding output must be identical.

OCP: No identical adjacent autosegments.

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OT tableau for plural forms (1)

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OT tableau for plural forms (2) / / OCP DEP-IO *voice-voice IDENT(F)

a. [ ə ] *!

b. [ ] *!

c. [ ] *

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OT tableau for past forms (1)

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OT tableau for past forms (2) /wkd/ OCP DEP-IO *voice-voice IDENT(F)

a. [wkd] *!

b. [wkd] *!

c. [wkt] *

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Ranking of the constraints

OCP » DEP-IO » *voice-voice » IDENT(F)