parts of speech

T O L E A R N M O R E A B O U T T H E PA RT S O F S P E E C H , C L I C K O N T H E B U T T O N S O N T H E N E X T PA G E .

PARTS OF SPEECH

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by Patricia Galien

INDEX

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Eight Basic Parts of Speech

Click on the buttons to learn more about the parts of speech. This page is

The

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INDEX

VerbsLinking VerbsThe Be VerbAction VerbsNonaction VerbsAction/Nonaction VerbsModals

NounsCount NounsNoncount NounsGerundsInfinitives as Nouns

PronounsSubject PronounsObject PronounsPossessive PronounsInterrogative Pronouns

Demonstrative PronounsIndefinite Pronouns

AdjectivesAdjectives Possessive AdjectivesNoun ModifiersInfinitives as Adjectives

AdverbsAdverbs of Manner

RegularIrregular

Frequency AdverbsInfinitives as Adverbs

Prepositions

ConjunctionsCoordinating ConjunctionsSubordinating ConjunctionsCorrelative Conjunctions

Interjections

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LINKING VERBS

be

become

look

seem

feel

sound

tastesmell

Adjectives can come after linking verbs.

http://www.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/~tkirsten/linus/VeryTired_big.jpg

The baby looks sleepy.

Verbs

LINKING VERBS - THE BE VERBThe BE verb is one of the linking verbs.

Subject Pronouns

The Be Verb

Present Past

Iyou

he/she/itweyouthey

amareisareareare

waswerewaswerewerewere

Verbs

ACTION VERBSAction verbs describe the activity of someone or something.

http://sandiegothetas.com/images/kiteflying.jpghttp://www.davidfoster.tv/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/running.jpg

They are flying a kite.

He is running in the park.He runs in the park every Saturday.

They fly kites every summer.

Verbs

NONACTION VERBS

believe dislike need prefer

belong hear owe seem

cost know own taste

disagree love possess want

With nonaction verbs there is no activity.

Nonaction verbs do not take the continuous tenses.

Verbs

NONACTION VERBSNEEDS AND WANTS

http://www.starling-fitness.com/wp-content/240384vBdA_w.jpg

I need a bigger lunch.

wantneed

prefer

http://cdn.blisstree.com/files/2008/05/dunkin-donuts-ice-coffee.JPG

When it is hot, I prefer iced coffee.

Nonaction Verbs

Verbs

NONACTION VERBSTHE SENSES

http://mos.totalfilm.com/images/8/8-supporting-actors-who-stole-the-movie-00-430-75.jpg

He seems crazy. This tastes spicy.

http://positivepsychologynews.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/spicy-soup.jpg

heartastesmellsoundfeelsee

seem

VerbsNonaction

Verbs

lovehatelike

dislike

NONACTION VERBSEMOTIONS

http://www.exotickingdom.net/images/20090403_tarantula.jpg

I dislike tarantulas.

http://res.images.picsquare.com/images/designs/924.jpg

I love my job.

VerbsNonaction

Verbs

http://protest.bmgbiz.net/WeBelong.jpg

NONACTION VERBSPOSSESSION

“If we have no peace, it is because we have forgotten that we belong to each other.”

Mother Teresahttp://113dianap.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/hamster_eating_a_carrot.jpg?w=197&h=236

Fadhl owns a hamster.

VerbsNonaction

Verbs

haveown

belongpossess

NONACTION VERBSTHOUGHTS

http://www.bennadel.com/resources/uploads/i_know_who_killed_me_scene.jpg

The woman knows there is a thief in the house.http://www.gamingmight.com/media/thumbs/cat-disagree.jpg

The cat disagrees with your theory.

agreedisagree

understandremember

believethinkknow

VerbsNonaction

Verbs

NONACTION VERBSMEASUREMENTS

The lobster and steak dinner costs a lot.

http://i.ehow.co.uk/images/a07/j1/hb/do-owe-taxes-800x800.jpg

You owe $200 in taxes.

http://media.tulsafood.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/steak-lobster.jpg

costowe

VerbsNonaction

Verbs

appear* have taste* sound*

consider look* see* think

feel* love smell* weigh

VERBS THAT ARE SOMETIMES ACTION AND SOMETIMES NONACTION

*These nonaction (sense perception) verbs are also linking verbs. In other words, they can come before adjectives.

Verbs

http://weblogs.dailypress.com/entertainment/music/pop/blog/elton-john.jpg

Elton John is appearing on stage tonight.

http://www.aishamusic.com/Judiciary_Report/images/Selena-Gomez-3-18-11-1.jpg

Selena Gomez appears upset.

VERBS THAT ARE ACTION AND NONACTION - APPEAR

VerbsAction/Nonaction

Verbs

Sarah Palin was considering a run for president.

VERBS THAT ARE ACTION AND NONACTION - CONSIDER

http://sf.streetsblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/05_14/biz_commuter.jpg

I consider biking a good way to get to work.http://

www.heatherrobinson.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/sarah-palin-waving.jpg

VerbsAction/Nonaction

Verbs

VERBS THAT ARE ACTION AND NONACTION - LOOK

The business man is looking out the window.

The flowers look beautiful.

http://www.visualphotos.com/photo/2x4132310/businessman_looking_out_airplane_window_42-20171208.jpg

http://i.ehow.com/images/a07/lc/q8/flowers-look-good-next-hosta-1.1-800X800.jpg

VerbsAction/Nonaction

Verbs

It is spring, and the trees have leaves.

He is having lunch in the cafeteria.

http://www.wallcoo.net/nature/tree_photography/s/wallcoo.com_photography_FF117s_300x300.jpg

http://blog.timesunion.com/parenting/files/2009/02/pk_cafeteria_lunch_4_6830964.jpg

VERBS THAT ARE ACTION AND NONACTION - HAVE

Action/Nonaction Verbs

Verbs

VERBS THAT ARE ACTION AND NONACTION - WEIGH

The doctor is weighing the baby.

http://i.ehow.com/images/a04/et/t2/much-should-weigh-800x800.jpg

http://hilton-imports.com/pics/medical_%20equipments/Baby%20Weighing%20Scale.jpg

Juan weighs more than he did last year.

Action/Nonaction Verbs

Verbs

4. The apples ______________ one and a half pounds.

PRACTICE

5. Hyacinths ______________ wonderful.

1. Yeva ______________ a cute dog.has

2. I ______________ at ties.am looking

3. Prince ______________ soup for lunch.is having

weigh

smell

Complete the sentences. Remember that nonaction verbs do not take the continuous tenses.

http://images.sodahead.com/polls/001744075/859719304_j0403680_xlarge.jpeg

have

http://us.123rf.com/400wm/400/400/tupungato/tupungato1104/tupungato110400118/9307721-shopping-for-elegant-dressing-accessories-colorful-ties-at-a-shop-in-italy-formal-wear-selection-in-.jpg

look

http://www.bestweekever.tv/bwe/images/2008/11/PRINCE%20EATING%20SOUP.jpg

have

http://www.burrellesluce.com/freshideas/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/iStock_WeighApplesLarge-200x300.jpg

weigh

http://www.flower-arrangement-advisor.com/images/hyacinth.jpg

smell

VerbsAction/Nonaction

Verbs

Modal

Ability

Permission

Requests

Offers

Future

AdviceOpinio

n

Necessity

Possibility

Probability

can P P

could P Pmay P P Pmight

P P P

must P Pwill P Pwould

P P

shall P Pshould

P P P

MODALSModals don’t have -s, -ed, or -ing endings. Modals are always followed by the base forms of verbs.

Verbs

CAN AND COULDFOR ABILITY

Shoji can make pottery. (present)

http://www.kidsbalancebikes.com/boy_on_mini_glider.jpg

Brad could ride a bike when he was four. (past)

Verbshttp://blog.timesjobs.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/pottery3.jpg

Modals

CAN AND COULDFOR PERMISSION / REQUESTS

Could I have another bite of your sandwich?

http://www.utrechtart.com/images/products/brandpages/eraser2_lg.jpg

Can I borrow your eraser?

http://www.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/6158010/2/istockphoto_6158010-sandwich-bite-missing.jpg

VerbsModals

WOULDFOR REQUESTS

Would you help me with this paperwork?

http://cdn.sheknows.com/articles/teacher-with-student.jpg

Would you help me with my report?

http://dorrys.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/too-much-work.jpg VerbsModals

WOULDFOR OFFERS

Would you like some green tea?

http://media.makeadare.com/img/57fac2944/image_1994e83516.jpg

Would you like a taste?

http://img.timeinc.net/time/daily/2008/0807/green_tea_0702.jpg VerbsModals

WILLFOR REQUESTS

Will you take out the trash please?

http://a.236.com/images/photo2/7638/original/original_opt.jpg

Will you open the door for me?

http://www.faqs.org/photo-dict/photofiles/list/1516/3601garbage.jpg

VerbsModals

WILLFOR THE FUTURE

If the groundhog sees its shadow on Groundhog Day, we will have six more weeks of winter.

http://www.reallyfunnystuff.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/imagespuppy-20with-20cellphone.jpg

I am really sleepy right now. I will call you later.

http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/family-vacations-groundhog-day.jpg

VerbsModals

MAYFOR PERMISSION / REQUESTS

May I open it?

http://ihasahotdog.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/129151791906335349.jpg

May I keep this puppy?

http://www.specialk.com/_res/i/promos/offers-promotions-promo.jpg VerbsModals

MAYFOR FUTURE POSSIBILITY

It may be cold tomorrow.

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-OA8u_A2J8x8/TcsfiZmhHEI/AAAAAAAAA9M/Dhz9XirQk2w/s400/Australia+most+dangerous+animals.jpg

Don’t get any closer or you may get hurt.

http://www.thedeutschgirl.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/weather-map-300x205.jpg VerbsModals

SHOULDFOR ADVICE

You should look both ways before you cross the street.

http://img.ezinemark.com/imagemanager2/files/30003693/2011/03/2011-03-07-09-30-27-3-you-should-eat-berries-twice-per-week.jpeg

You should eat berries twice a week.

http://www.blogcdn.com/www.gadling.com/media/2008/08/crossing-the-street-2129467541_85bece83e3.jpg

VerbsModals

SHOULD (HAVE)

The train should have been here ten minutes ago.

http://customerlensconsulting.files.wordpress.com/2010/05/j0431794.jpg

I should have bought a smaller pair of shoes.

http://www.visualphotos.com/photo/2x4070120/business_woman_waiting_at_a_train_station_81a-00000871-001.jpg

VerbsModals

SHALLFOR OFFERS AND FUTURE

Where shall I start tomorrow? (Future)

http://thecia.com.au/reviews/s/images/shall-we-dance-2.jpg

Shall we dance? (Offers)

http://ih3.redbubble.net/work.6511797.1.flat,550x550,075,f.oh-where-shall-i-start-tomorrow.jpg

VerbsModals

MIGHTFOR FUTURE PROBABILITY

If I am lucky, I might win this card game.

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ZVMt3Vp1iQA/TUnTd4wD2zI/AAAAAAAABbg/wzSsINyQfj0/s1600/web01.jpg

I might be a little late for work.

http://appliedmath30.pbworks.com/f/1264862893/chp_ace_cards.jpg

VerbsModals

MIGHTFOR ADVICE

You might want to take some extra water.

http://health.usnews.com/dbimages/master/16674/SS_PR_100513diabetes_facts.jpg

You might try eating less sugar.

http://fc04.deviantart.net/fs44/f/2009/147/1/0/Into_the_Desert_by_cooley.jpg

VerbsModals

MUSTFOR NECESSITY

I must rest for a minute.

http://andreasblom.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/stop-sign.jpg

You must stop at a stop sign.

http://www.wunderground.com/data/wximagenew/c/Cokemah/12.jpg

VerbsModals

MUSTFOR PROBABILITY

Did you cross five time zones? You must be exhausted.

http://images.travelpod.com/users/hillmanfamily/1.1280178056.my-birthday-cake.jpg

Oh! It must be your birthday.

http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Travel/Pix/pictures/2008/12/01/Jetlag24.jpg

VerbsModals

NOUNS

A noun is

a place,

a thing,

or an idea.

a person,

http://lh4.ggpht.com/_vB03mc19_RA/Sy4XtPCR6lI/AAAAAAAAC98/L-I8j9dH97Y/Fotolia_1966632_L.jpg

http://discounthotels.com/travel-blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/chicago.jpg

http://homepage.mac.com/stott/ebay/studio/241/stott-apple-book.jpghttp://theselvedgeyard.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/eames-chair-herman-miller.jpg

http://www.pastryshoescollection.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/idea.jpg Nouns

COUNT AND NONCOUNT NOUNS

There are two kinds of nouns in English.

Count nouns

Noncount nouns

are nouns that you can count.

are nouns that you cannot count.

http://thecuriousclan.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/egg-chair.jpg

http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=chair&view=detail&id=E2C267C891F2E7DEEBF79E328AFBAE4D42D3C726&first=1&FORM=IDFRIR

one chair two chairs

http://newsletter.herrerainc.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/_small_water_drops1.jpg

water money

http://thingsilearnedinmy20s.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/money.jpg

Nouns

COUNT NOUNSHow do you make a singular count noun plural?

For nouns that end with a consonant, add s.one pig two pigs

http://images1.fanpop.com/images/image_uploads/Two-little-Piggies-pigs-1078267_1920_1440.jpg

http://badanimalpuns.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/cute-pig.jpg

Nouns

For most nouns that end with a vowel, add s.one bee two bees

http://www.bee-pollen-supplement-guide.com/bee_pollen_FULL.jpg

http://dianepernet.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/2008/09/18/bees.jpg

(Nouns that end in o are exceptions. See the next two slides.)

COUNT NOUNSHow do you make a singular count noun plural?

Nouns

For most nouns that end in o, add s.

one piano two

http://www.pianosforkids.com/images/homepage_pianos.jpghttp://www.faqs.org/photo-dict/photofiles/list/404/773piano.jpg

(See the next slide for exceptions.)

pianos

COUNT NOUNSHow do you make a singular count noun plural?

Nouns

For some nouns that end in o, add es. If you are not sure, check a dictionary.

one potato a lot of potatoes

http://goutsucks.zoomshare.com/files/potatoes.jpghttp://transitionculture.org/wp-content/uploads/potato.jpg

COUNT NOUNSHow do you make a singular count noun plural?

Nouns

For nouns that end in a consonant and y, the y becomes ies.

one first lady fivefirst ladies

http://www.bravecreatures.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2006/09/5FirstLadies.jpg

http://www.firstladies.org/images/michelle-obama.jpg

COUNT NOUNSHow do you make a singular count noun plural?

Nouns

For nouns that end with a vowel and y, add s.one monkey two monkeys

http://blog.mypets.ws/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/monkey-twins.jpghttp://4.bp.blogspot.com/_CKCnQB5P3ug/SwwEBJXF4yI/AAAAAAAABec/ACIw3-D4920/s1600/baby-monkey.1280.jpg

COUNT NOUNSHow do you make a singular count noun plural?

Nouns

For nouns that end in fe, change the fe to v and add s.

one knife three knives

http://cdn.physorg.com/newman/gfx/news/2009/swissarmykni.jpg

http://www.wired.com/images/slideshow/2008/06/gallery_swiss_army_knife/swiss.jpg

COUNT NOUNSHow do you make a singular count noun plural?

Nouns

For nouns that end in sh, ch, x, s, z, add es.

one dress three dresses

http://www.africafreemarket.com/webadmin/admin_images/1257920029_dresses.jpg

http://www.crunchwear.com/images/cats/high-tech-dress.jpg

COUNT NOUNSHow do you make a singular count noun plural?

Nouns

Some plural forms are the same as the singular form.

one sheep two

http://static.guim.co.uk/Guardian/environment/gallery/2008/nov/05/lakedistrict/GD8280534@Herdwick-sheep-in-the-4887.jpg

http://www.freefoto.com/images/01/16/01_16_13---Sheep_web.jpg?&k=Sheep

sheep

COUNT NOUNSHow do you make a singular count noun plural?

Nouns

Some words have no singular form.

scissorsglasses

http://www.killahbeez.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/glasses_h.jpghttp://www.declutteryou.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/scissors_view2.jpg

http://www.highsnobiety.com/uploads/pics/visvim-mess-shorts-2_01.jpg

shorts

To count these nouns, you need to use a pair of, two pairs of, etc.

COUNT NOUNSHow do you make a singular count noun plural?

Nouns

Some nouns have an irregular plural.

mouse tooth

mice

teeth

http://blog.clarkpest.com/Portals/31616/images/trapping-mice0.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Spiny_Mice.jpg

http://www.faqs.org/photo-dict/photofiles/list/7639/10277molar_tooth.jpg

http://stemcellumbilicalcordblood.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/teeth-stem-cells.jpg

http://www.netguruonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Foot.jpg

http://www.faqs.org/photo-dict/photofiles/list/3983/5341foot.jpg.jpg

foot

feet

COUNT NOUNSHow do you make a singular count noun plural?

Nouns

PRACTICE Write the plural noun.

1.

toys babies kangaroos

foxesmen

2. 3.

4.

http://www.recycle.co.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/toys.jpgdict/photofiles/list/3983/5341foot.jpg.jpghttp://afizaazmee.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/babies.jpg

http://www.anthonyswebsite.com/Grade3/two_kangaroos.jpg

5. 6.

http://rohanmanoharlovetobe.files.wordpress.com/2007/11/jeans.jpg

http://www.brockport.edu/career/dress/images/MenOutfits.jpghttp://www.fredmiranda.com/hosting-data/500/6288foxes.jpg

jeans

Nouns

NONCOUNT NOUNSThere are a lot of different kinds of noncount nouns. To see more examples, click on the categories.

Types of Noncount Nouns

Examples

No Distinct Parts milk coffee water

Parts That Are Small rice sugar grass

Categories mail furniture money

Abstractions love advice education

Sports/Recreation soccer chess baseball

Fields of Study grammar music law

Medical Conditions arthritis cancer fluNote – Noncount nouns take singular verbs. Grammar is useful.

Nouns

NONCOUNT NOUNSNoncount Nouns with No Distinct Parts

air beer bread butter

cholesterol coffee glue meat

milk oil paper poultry

pork smoke soup steam

tea water wine yogurt

Nouns Noncount

Nouns

NONCOUNT NOUNSParts That Are Too Small To Count

corn fog grass hair

popcorn rain rice salt

sand snow sugar

Nouns Noncount

Nouns

NONCOUNT NOUNSNouns That Are Categories

candy clothing food fruit

furniture homework mail makeup

money

Nouns Noncount

Nouns

NONCOUNT NOUNSNouns That Are Abstractions

advice happiness knowledge time

art health love truth

beauty help luck work

education information music

fun intelligence patience

Nouns Noncount

Nouns

NONCOUNT NOUNSNouns That Are Sports and Recreational Activities

badminton bowling soccer tennis

baseball chess swimming volleyball

Nouns Noncount

Nouns

NONCOUNT NOUNSFields of Study / Professional Fields

biology engineering history music

Chinese economics law photography

English grammar mathematics

politics

Nouns Noncount

Nouns

NONCOUNT NOUNSMedical Conditions

arthritis cancer flu

Nouns Noncount

Nouns

http://cdn.ubergizmo.com/photos/2010/9/ipod-nano-watch.jpg

http://www.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/196709/2/istockphoto_196709-clock-on-wall-01a.jpg

SOMETIMES A COUNT NOUN AND SOMETIMES A NONCOUNT NOUN

How many times do you look at your watch every day?

Do you have any time today?

Time

Nouns

INFINITIVES AS NOUNSAn infinitive can be the subject of a sentence or the subject of a clause.

http://www.traciehotchner.com/dt/images/25WaysImages/image021.jpg

To err* is human. *to make a mistake

http://xoxodesigns.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/apolo-ohno_90617093.jpg

To skate in the Olympics was his dream.

Nouns Infinitives As

Nouns

INFINITIVES AS NOUNSAn infinitive can be a direct object.

http://www.pizzahazel.com/img/tomato_pizza.jpg

She hopes to graduate in two years.

http://www.futurestudentusa.com/Images/istock_muslim%20student.jpg

We want to order pizza tonight.

Nouns Infinitives As

Nouns

INFINITIVES AS NOUNSAn infinitive can come after an object.

http://www.maxxnailsandspa.com/resources/j0406790.jpg

The facial massage helped her to relax.

http://alliedow.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/valentines-day-chocolates.jpg

I expected them to give me chocolates.

Nouns Infinitives As

Nouns

http://www.sheddaquarium.org/images/articles/Shedd-Aquarium-Beluga-Whale.jpg

I enjoyed learning about the beluga whales at the aquarium.

http://turningdownthesuck.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/monkey_smoking_1a.jpg

Smoking is not smart.

Nouns

GERUNDSA gerund is a noun that is the base form of a verb plus – ing.

SUBJECT PRONOUNS

Singular Plural

1st Person I we

2nd Person you you

3rd Person he /she / it they

Note -- the subject pronoun “I” is always capitalized.

A subject pronoun can take the place of a noun.My sister lives in Chicago. She likes big cities.subje

ct subject pronoun

Pronouns

OBJECT PRONOUNS

Subject Pronouns

Object Pronouns

I

you

he

she

it

we

they

me

you

him

her

it

us

themPronouns

3. It’s best to cut the pieces small.

2. Serve the curry with some rice.

1. Fry the onions.

PRACTICE

Fry them.

object

Identify the objects in the sentences and replace them with pronouns.

objectpronoun

object

Serve it with some rice. object

pronoun

object

It’s best to cutthem small.object

pronoun

Pronouns

Subject Pronouns

Possessive Pronouns

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

I

you

he

she

it

we

they

mine

yours

his

hers

X

ours

theirsPronouns

PRACTICE Complete the sentences with the correct possessive pronoun.

1. My family lives in Chicago. Where does _________ live? 2. I have brown hair. My sister’s hair is blonde. My

eyes are brown. __________ are blue.

3. Our boss has a lot of free time. His workload is small. _______ is huge.

yours

Hers

4. That car belongs to Ahmad and Sana. It’s __________.

Ours

5.Where does your mother work? ________ works at the hospital.

Mine

theirs

(your family)

(my sister’s eyes)

(our workload)

(their car)

(my mother)

Pronouns

Interrogative pronouns are pronouns used to ask a question.

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS

what which who whom whose

Pronouns

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

Pronouns

A demonstrative pronoun points to and specifies a noun or a pronoun.

this thatthese those

Singular Plural Both

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

Pronouns

another anyoneanything each eithereveryoneeverythinglittlenothing oneothersomeonesomething

bothfewmanyothersseveral

allanymoremostnonesome

Adjectives describe (modify) nouns.

http://www.greenfrogadventures.com/images/Fauna/Green-Tree-Frog.jpg

He is holding a small frog.

http://www.cute-wallpaper.com/backgrounds/baby/asian_baby.jpg

She is a cute baby.

Use adjectives before nouns.

Adjectives

ADJECTIVES

ADJECTIVESAdjectives come after linking verbs.

http://www.mota.ru/upload/wallpapers/source/food_042.jpg

http://orangedragonflyblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Red_White_Tulips.jpg

be

become

look

sound

taste

smell

seem

feel

The tulips are beautiful.

The cake tastes delicious.http://musicpsychology.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/music-listening.jpg

The music sounds lovely.

Adjectives

ADJECTIVES

http://www.gemmacocker.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/I-am-one-very-bored-baby.jpg

The baby is bored.

interesting

forgivingboring

Some adjectives end in –ing, -ly, or –ed.

friendlylovely

marriedfinishedlocated

Adjectives

-ing -ly

-edexcitedcrowdedworriedtired

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

Subject Pronouns

Adjective Pronouns

I

you

he

she

it

we

they

my

your

his

her

its

our

theirAdjectives

PRACTICE Complete the sentences with the correct possessive adjective.

1. Ahmad and Saori’s children go to Roosevelt High School because _________ house is in Palos Hills.

2. Ewa’s essay was very interesting . __________ conclusion was very hopeful.

3. We have a group project in speech class. _______ topic is sleep deprivation.

their

Her

4. That dog is so cute! __________ ears are huge.

Our

5.________ hometown is Chicago.My

Its

Adjectives

NOUN MODIFIERSA noun is sometimes used to describe another noun.

They are at the movie theater.

shopcoffeebookdonut

nounmodifier

http://www.ftape.com/media/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/media-pic.jpghttp://www.thelittleitalianshop.co.uk/wmslib/angie/coffee.jpg

Tetyana will have a birthday party on Friday.

Adjectives

NOUN MODIFIERSNoun modifiers are never plural.

The White House has a roses garden.

http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2009/10/09/obamanobel460x276.jpg

The White House has a rose garden.

A noun modifier is never plural.

Adjectives

NOUN MODIFIERSDon’t confuse noun modifiers and ‘s possessives.The restaurant’s owner was very busy.

The sun reflected in the car’s window.

http://www.newsgroper.com/files/post_images/Car%20Window.JPG

The restaurant owner was very busy.

The sun reflected in the car window.

http://www.bryansrestaurantservice.com/images/restaurant-owner-equipment.jpg

Noun Modifiers

The owner of the restaurant was very busy.

noun modifier This is also correct.

noun modifier

The sun reflected in the window of the car.

This is also correct.

INFINITIVES AS ADJECTIVES

Adjectiveshttp://cdn.thefrisky.com/images/uploads/junk_food_c.jpg

He lacks the will power to resist.

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iq2vQY1Jeaw/TQe50kKvteI/AAAAAAAAW-s/SvbmR2RHcXM/s1600/neil_armstrong.jpg

Neal Armstrong was the first person to walk on the moon.

http://us.123rf.com/400wm/400/400/anatols/anatols0806/anatols080600023/3217401-suitcase-full-with-summer-clothes-ready-for-the-summer-holidays.jpg

There must be a way to fit everything in my suitcase.http://img2.timeinc.net/toh/i/step-by-

step/09/07-build-buy/00-picnic-bench-x.jpg

The best time to start the picnic is 1:00.

Adjectives

INFINITIVES AS ADJECTIVES

ADVERBS OF MANNER

An adverb (of manner) describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb.

http://dev.wavemaker.com/forums/files/fast.gif

http://www.dogsilencerpro.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Stop-Barking-Dog.jpg

http://i125.photobucket.com/albums/p79/jbuk1975/sign.jpg

http://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/Sports/images-2/car-accident.jpg

http://telecommerce.nl/uploadedImages/Telecommerce/Nieuwslog/Telecommerce_-_Nieuwslog/dance.jpg

The dog is barking loudly.

He runs fast every morning.

Please drive slowly.

The car is badly damaged.

They dance beautifully.

AdverbsAdverbs of

Manner

Adjectives Adverbs

loudslowhopelesscarelesscarefulquick

loudlyslowlyhopelesslycarelesslycarefully (2 l’s)quickly

An adverbs is usually formed by adding –ly to an adjective.

ADVERBSREGULAR ADVERBS

AdverbsAdverbs of

Manner

ADVERBSIRREGULAR ADVERBS

Adjectives Adverbs

hard (solid)

fastgoodlateearly

hard (with effort)hardly (not enough)fastwelllateearly

AdverbsAdverbs of

Manner

PRACTICE Use adverbs to fill in the blanks.

1. I couldn’t hear him because he spoke too _________.

2. Nael studied very __________ for the test.

3. Julia got a speeding ticket because she drove too _______.

quietlysoftly

hard

4. My brother is a good cook. He cooks very __________.

fast

5.I have to start work at 7:00 am, so I get up ________ every morning.

early

well

Adverbs

FREQUENCY ADVERBS

always 100%

Adverbs

almost always

frequently

usually / often

rarely / seldomsometimes

never 0%

occasionallyfrom time to time

almost never

Note – Put the frequency adverb after the Be verb and before other verbs.

Freq. Adverbs

I will talk to you again.

I will love you.never always

http://1x.com/photos/humour/15214/

FREQUENCY ADVERBSYou can put a frequency adverb between will and the main verb.

http://www.newzonfire.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/14.jpg Adverbs

Freq. Adverbs

http://www.accesshollywood.com/content/images/134/originals/134540_donald-trump-i-am-considering-running-for-president-in-2012.jpg

Donald Trump declined to run for president.

http://www.csmonitor.com/var/ezflow_site/storage/images/media/images/0319-fargo-sand-bags-flood.jpg/7600035-1-eng-US/0319-fargo-sand-bags-flood.jpg_full_600.jpg

The people put up sand bags to stop the flood water.

Adverbs

INFINITIVES AS ADVERBSAn infinitive can act as an adverb.

PREPOSITIONS

Prepositions of Direction

against round

along to

down through

into toward

off towards

on up

onto upon

out versus

out of via

over

Prepositions

Prepositions of Orientation

aboard at far from on top of

above behind following

opposite

across below in outside

across from

beneath

in front of

past

against beside in back of

under

among between

inside underneath

amid by near with

anti beyond on within

around close to on top without

PREPOSITIONS

Others

about excepting

plus

as excluding

regarding

besides for save

but from than

concerning

like unlike

considering

minus

despite of

except per

Prepositions of Time

after in

ago since

at to

before under

by until

during within

following

for

from…to/until

Prepositions

and so for

but yet

or nor

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Conjunctions

An easy way to remember the coordinating conjunctions is to use the acronym FANBOYS.

Do not use comma(s) when there are• two single words• two phrases

Use commas between• independent clauses• lists of three or more words or phrases

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSAND

The lion is strong and gentle.

http://i371.photobucket.com/albums/oo160/mushroom_lover_101/lion-and-the-lamb.jpg

The lion is smart, strong, and gentle.

The lion is strong, and the lamb is sweet.

ConjunctionsCoord. Conj.

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSBUT

The climber is tired, but he is happy.

http://img3.ranker.com/list_img/2940/284042/full/mountain-climbing-accidents-deaths-on-k3-person.jpg?version=1274985765000

The climber is tired but happy.

ConjunctionsCoord. Conj.

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSOR

When I feel stressed, I like reading or taking a bath.

http://www.thedogtrainingsecret.com/walking-the-dog.jpg

On Saturday afternoon I like walking my dog, meeting a friend for coffee, or going to a movie.

ConjunctionsCoord. Conj.

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSSO

I had a headache, so I took some aspirin.

http://www.worldbulletin.net/resim/250x190/2011/05/26/aspirin1-7048.jpg

Note – Sometimes so is not a coordinating conjunction. I am so tired. (very) So, do you want to go to a movie? (well)

ConjunctionsCoord. Conj.

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSYET

http://showlowgolf.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/lightningGolf.jpg

Note - Sometimes yet is an adverb. (He is not sleeping yet.) Sometimes yet is a little stronger than but. It is also more formal. You can use the phrase and yet, but you cannot use the phrase and but.

The golfers were frightened by the lightening, yet they continued to play.

ConjunctionsCoord. Conj.

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSNOR

Carrie Nation was not a gambler nor a drinker.

http://www.kshs.org/portraits/graphics/nation_carry.jpg ConjunctionsCoord. Conj.

Carrie Nation was not a gambler, nor was she a drinker.

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSFOR

http://blog.su-spectator.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/217521011_f92b51517f.jpg ConjunctionsCoord. Conj.

I went to the supermarket, for I needed milk.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Time Cause and Effect

Condition Contrast

when because if although

before since only if though

after now that even if even though

once so that in case whereas

until in order that unless while

while

whenever

Conjunctions

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSWHEN

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_Happy_Stella.jpg

dependent clauseindependent

clause

independent clause

dependent clause

When my dog is happy, she smiles.

comma

comma

My dog smiles when she is happy.

no comma

no comma

Subord. Conj. Conjunctions

I checked my oil before I drove my car to Michigan.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSBEFORE

http://www.motorward.com/wp-content/images/2009/10/Check-Car-Oil-Level.jpg

dependent clauseindependent

clause

independent clause dependent clause

Before I drove my car to Michigan, I checked my oil.

comma

comma

no comma

no comma

Subord. Conj. Conjunctions

Yoshiko is going to look for a job after she graduates.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSAFTER

http://images.businessweek.com/ss/09/12/1230_numbers/image/intro.jpg

dependent clauseindependent

clause

independent clause dependent clause

After Yoshiko graduates, she is going to look for a job.

comma

comma

no comma

no comma

Subord. Conj. Conjunctions

My writing improved once I learned how to punctuate sentences with coordinating conjunctions.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSONCE

Once I learned how to punctuate sentences with coordinating conjunctions, my writing improved.

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_keujpdJjG88/TEmdoibL9_I/AAAAAAAAAC4/9O5Pmly_b3g/s1600/fanboyscoordinatingconjunctions.jpg

Subord. Conj. Conjunctions

I studied until my mother came home.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSUNTIL

http://tulane.edu/cps/Upward_Bound/images/Troy-Studying-Geometry_3_1.jpg

preposition

independent clause

dependent clause

I studied until 11:00.

Subord. Conj. Conjunctions

Note – Sometimes unless is a preposition.

Rosa always watches T.V. while she eats breakfast.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSWHILE (FOR TIME)

http://weightlosswars.com/uploads/blog_post/image/201/eating_while_watching_tv.jpg

dependent clauseindependent

clause

independent clause dependent clause

While Rosa eats breakfast, she always watches T.V.

comma

comma

no comma

no comma

Subord. Conj. Conjunctions

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSWHENEVER

Alicia sneezes whenever she smells flowers.http://

www.allergydruginfo.com/images/allergy-medication.jpg

Subord. Conj. Conjunctions

I am tired today because I didn’t sleep well last night.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSBECAUSE

Because I didn’t sleep well last night, I am tired today.

http://www.ineedmotivation.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/tired.jpg

dependent clause

independent clause

no comma

no comma

comma

comma

independent clausedependent

clause

Subord. Conj. Conjunctions

Roberto became a nurse since he enjoys helping other people.

dependent clause

independent clause

Since Roberto enjoys helping other people, he became a nurse.

dependent clause

commacomma

http://www.craigcalman.com/images/MaleNurseRiversring.jpg

independent clause

no comma

no comma

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSSINCE

Subord. Conj. Conjunctions

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSNOW THAT

Now that you are wearing your hat and scarf, you will not be cold.

You will not be cold now that you are wearing your hat and scarf.

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Well-clothed_baby.jpg

Subord. Conj. Conjunctions

Sometimes so that is used for cause and effect, and other times it is used for explanation. In this case, so that is not a subordinating conjunction.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSSO THAT

I took a keyboarding class so that I could write my papers for college more quickly.

Oh, so that’s how you learned to type so quickly.

http://i.ehow.com/images/GlobalPhoto/Articles/4784277/Step4_Full.jpg

Subord. Conj. Conjunctions

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSIN ORDER THAT

He got a passport in order that he could leave the country.

In order that he could leave the country, he got a passport.

http://www.a1shipping.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/passport.jpg

Subord. Conj. Conjunctions

If Takeshi studies hard, he will do well in school.

Takeshi will do well in school if he studies hard.

no comma

no comma

comma

comma

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kyrgyz_student.jpg

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSIF

Subord. Conj. Conjunctions

You will get a bicycle only if you pass your math test.

http://topdesign72.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/best-collections-of-stunning-bicycle-pictures.jpg

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSONLY IF

Subord. Conj. Conjunctions

Only if you pass your math test, will you get a new bicycle.

I love you even if you don’t love me.

http://beautifulcoolwallpapers.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/8848-heart-love-wallpapers.jpg

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSEVEN IF

Subord. Conj. Conjunctions

Even if you don’t love me, I love you.

Take your umbrella in case it rains.

http://www.supplierlist.com/photo_images/139040/folding__umbrella__children_umbrella__golf__umbr.jpg

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSIN CASE

Subord. Conj. Conjunctions

In case it rains, take your umbrella.

Unless you remember your umbrella, you will get wet.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSUNLESS

http://nerdnirvana.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/forgot-umbrella.jpg ConjunctionsSubord. Conj.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSALTHOUGH

Although the window is small, it lets in a lot of light.

http://www.worldarchitectnews.com/wp-content/uploads/Window-Although-Not-Too-Large-Can-Absorb-Sunlight-into-the-Interior-Bathroom.jpg

Subord. Conj. Conjunctions

Note – Although and though have similar meanings, but there are two differences. First , although should be in the first clause; though can appear in either clause. Second, although is found in clauses ; though can be used with clauses or items.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSTHOUGH

Though I hate cooking, I love to eat.

http://www.withamymac.com/news/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/bad-cook.jpg

Subord. Conj. Conjunctions

Note – Although and though have similar meanings, but there are two differences. First , although should be in the first clause; though can appear in either clause. Second, although is found in clauses ; though can be used with clauses or items.

Even though the weather in Chicago is sometimes harsh, it is still a great place to live.

http://assets.kickrunners.com/f/f8/f8776b67_CHICAGO-popup.jpg

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSEVEN THOUGH

Subord. Conj. Conjunctions

Whereas a Hummer is large, a Smart Car is small.

http://www.smartcarofamerica.com/forums/f7/ten-worst-gm-cars-23156/index3.html

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSWHEREAS

Subord. Conj. Conjunctions

Slow food tends to be healthy while fast food is usually unhealthy.

http://winerose.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/slow_food-soup.jpg

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSWHILE (FOR CONTRAST)

Subord. Conj. Conjunctions

While fast food is usually unhealthy, slow food tends to be healthy.

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

both __ and neither __ nor

not only __ but also

whether __ or

either __ or as __ as

Conjunctions

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONSEITHER __ OR

I can only take one science class this semester, so I will take either chemistry or biology.

http://hongscience.pbworks.com/f/Beakers__Cover.jpg

Corl. Conj. Conjunctions

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONSBOTH __ AND

I live in Chicago, but both my sister and my brother live in New York.

http://www.foreclosurelistings.com/images/resources/chicago-il/history-chicago.jpg

Corl. Conj. Conjunctions

http://www.freefoto.com/images/1210/14/1210_14_11---Manhattan-Skyline-New-York-City_web.jpg

Neither the cat nor her kittens are eating.

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONSNEITHER __ NOR

http://www.turquoiseanimalhospital.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/catandkittens.jpg

Corl. Conj. Conjunctions

Neither the kittens nor the cat is eating.

Note -- The verb has to agree with the closest noun.

Plural Verb

Plural Verb

Singular Verb

Singular Verb

The kiwi is not only fat-free but also contains fiber.

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONSNOT ONLY __ BUT ALSO

http://img.ezinemark.com/imagemanager2/files/30003693/2011/03/2011-03-17-08-27-36-3-eating-kiwifruit-not-only-helps-maintain-the-clear.jpeg

Corl. Conj. Conjunctions

I don’t know whether I should take a jacket or leave it at home.

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONSWHETHER __ OR

http://www.joshuasacks.com/albums/Washington,-DC/Noah_leaving_Ben_s_House.jpg

Corl. Conj. Conjunctions

Danny De Vito is not as tall as Arnold Schwarzenegger.

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONSAS __ AS

http://cdn.fd.uproxx.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/twins-Schwarzenegger-DeVito.jpg

Corl. Conj. Conjunctions

INTERJECTIONS

Interjectionshttp://theleafsnation.com/uploads/Image/yikes.jpg

Yikes.

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hfvrjHMjuDg/TVaE2VtdrbI/AAAAAAAACOw/y_r8B3RnkyA/s1600/Yipee.jpg

Yippee!

Interjections show emotions and are not grammatically connected to anything.