parnia, s. et al. 2014, aware-awareness during resuscitation a prospective study
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8/10/2019 Parnia, S. Et Al. 2014, AWARE-AWAREness During REsuscitation a Prospective Study
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Resuscitation 85 (2014) 17991805
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Resuscitation
journal homepage: www.elsevier .com/ locate / resusci tat ion
Clinical Paper
AWAREAWAreness during REsuscitationA prospective study
Sam Parnia a,, Ken Spearpointb, Gabriele de Vos c, Peter Fenwick d, Diana Goldberga,Jie Yang a,Jiawen Zhua, Katie Bakerd, Hayley Killingbacke, Paula McLean f,Melanie Wood f, A. Maziar Zafari g, Neal Dickert g, Roland Beisteinerh, Fritz Sterz h,Michael Bergerh, Celia Warlow i, Siobhan Bullock i, Salli Lovettj,Russell Metcalfe Smith McPara k, Sandra Marti-Navarettel, Pam Cushingm, Paul Wills n,Kayla Harris d,Jenny Sutton o, Anthony Walmsley p, Charles D. Deakind, Paul Little d,Mark Farber q, Bruce Greysonr, Elinor R. Schoenfelda
a Stony BrookMedical Center, State University of NewYork at Stony Brook, NY,USAb Hammersmith Hospital Imperial College, University of London, UKc MontefioreMedical Center, NewYork, USAd University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UKe Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, UKf St Georges Hospital,University of London, UKg Emory University School of Medicine & Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, USAh Medical University of Vienna, Austriai Northampton General Hospital, Northampton, UK
j ListerHospital, Stevenage, UKk Cedar Sinai, USAl Croydon University Hospital, UKmJames Paget Hospital, UKnAshford & St Peters NHS Trust, UKoAddenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, UKp East SussexHospital, East Sussex, UKq Indiana University,Wishard Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, USAr University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 28 June 2014
Received in revised form 2 September2014
Accepted 7 September 2014
Keywords:
Cardiac arrest
Consciousness
Awareness
Near death experiences
Outof body experiences
Post traumatic stress disorder
Implicit memoryExplicit memory
a b s t r a c t
Background: Cardiac arrest (CA) survivors experience cognitive deficits including post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD). Itis unclear whether these are related to cognitive/mental experiences and awareness
during CPR. Despite anecdotal reports the broad range of cognitive/mental experiences and awareness
associated with CPRhas not been systematically studied.
Methods: The incidence and validity of awareness together with the range, characteristics and themes
relating to memories/cognitive processes during CA was investigated through a 4 year multi-center
observational study using a three stage quantitative and qualitative interview system. The feasibility
ofobjectively testing the accuracy ofclaims ofvisual and auditory awareness was examined using spe-
cific tests. The outcome measures were (1) awareness/memories during CA and (2) objective verification
ofclaims ofawareness using specific tests.
Results: Among 2060 CA events, 140 survivors completed stage 1 interviews, while 101 of140 patients
completed stage 2 interviews. 46% had memories with 7 major cognitive themes: fear; animals/plants;bright light; violence/persecution; deja-vu; family; recalling events post-CA and 9% had NDEs, while 2%
described awareness with explicit recall of seeing and hearing actual events related to their resusci-
tation. One had a verifiable period ofconscious awareness during which time cerebral function was not
expected.
A Spanish translated version of thesummary of this article appears as Appendix in thefinal online version at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.09.004. Corresponding author at: Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook Medical Center, T17-040 Health Sciences Center, Stony
Brook, NY 11794-8172,USA.
E-mail address: sam.parnia@stonybrookmedicine.edu(S. Parnia).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.09.004
0300-9572/ 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_8/dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.09.004http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03009572http://www.elsevier.com/locate/resuscitationhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.09.004mailto:sam.parnia@stonybrookmedicine.eduhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_8/dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.09.004http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_8/dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.09.004mailto:sam.parnia@stonybrookmedicine.eduhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.09.004http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.09.004&domain=pdfhttp://www.elsevier.com/locate/resuscitationhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03009572http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_8/dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.09.004 -
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Conclusions:CA survivors commonly experience a broad range ofcognitive themes, with 2% exhibiting full
awareness. This supports other recent studies that have indicated consciousness may be present despite
clinically undetectable consciousness. This together with fearful experiences may contribute to PTSD and
other cognitive deficits post CA.
2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
The observation that successful cardiac arrest (CA) resuscita-
tion is associated with a number of psychological and cognitive
outcomes including post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and
memory loss as well as specific mental processes that may share
some similarities with awareness during anaesthesia,1,2 has raised
the possibility that awareness may also occur during resuscitation
from CA.3 In addition to auditory perceptions, which are charac-
teristic of awareness during anesthesia, CA survivors have also
reported experiencing vivid visual perceptions, characterized by
the perceived ability to observe and recall actual events occurring
around them.4 Although awareness during anesthesia is associated
with dream like states, the specific mental experience described in
association with CA is unknown. CA patients have reported visual
perceptions together with cognitive and mental activity includ-ing thought processes, reasoning and memory formation.3 Patients
have also been reported to recall specific details relating to events
that were occurring during resuscitation.4
Although there have been many anecdotal reports of this phe-
nomenon, only a handful of studies have used rigorous research
methodology to examine the mental state that is associated with
CA resuscitation.47 These studies have examined the scientifically
imprecise yet commonly used term of near-death experiences
(NDE).3 While NDE have been reported by 10% of CA survivors,3
the overall broader cognitive/mental experiences associated with
CA, as well as awareness, and the association between actual CA
events and auditory/visualrecollection of eventshas not been stud-
ied. The primary aim of this study was to examine the incidence
of awareness and the broad range of mental experiences duringresuscitation. The secondary aim was to investigate the feasibility
of establishing a novel methodology to test the accuracy of reports
of visual and auditory perception and awareness during CA.
2. Methods
In this multicenter observational study, methods were ini-
tially pilot tested at 5 hospitals prior to study start-up
(01/200706/2008) at which point the study team recruited 15 US,
UK and Austrian hospitals (out of an original selected group of 25)
to participate in data collection. Between 07/2008 and 12/2012 the
first group of CA patients were enrolled in the AWARE study. These
patients were identified using a local paging system that alerted
staff to CA events. CA patients were eligible for study participationif they met the following inclusion criteria:
CA as defined by cessation of heartbeat and respiration (in-
hospital or out-of-hospital with on-going cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR)on arrival at the emergencydepartment (ED)). Age > 18 years. Surviving patients deemed fit for interview by their physicians
and caregivers. Surviving patients providing informed consent to participation.
When possible, interviews were completed by a research nurse
or physician while the CA survivor was still an inpatient. The
interviewers all underwent dedicated training regarding the
interview methodology by the study chief/principle investigator.Informed consent was obtained when patients were deemed med-
ically fit to complete an in-person interview prior to discharge. For
patients who could not be interviewed during their hospital stay, a
telephone interview protocol was establishedto consent and inter-
view these patients by telephone to minimize losses to follow up.
Given the severity of the condition, the study provided for a large
proportion of patients being unable to participate due to ill health
in the sample size calculations.
The study received ethical approval at each participating site
prior to the start of data collection. Following advice from the
ethics committee, a protocol was implemented to avoid contac-
ting individuals not interviewedduringtheir hospital staywho died
after hospital discharge. Death registries andletters to the patients
doctors requestingpermission to contact theirpatients wereimple-mented to identify patients who either died or should not be
contacted. If no objections or concerns were raised and patients
were still alive after discharge, a member of the original clinical
teamsent an introductory letter together witha stamped addressed
envelope requesting permission to contact patients for the study
who were missed while in hospital. For these patients who agreed
to be contacted, a memberof theresearch team, obtained informed
consent, and completed datacollectionvia the telephone. However
due to the severity of the medical condition (and in particular the
differing levels of physical impairment) combined withthe require-
ments set forth by the ethics committee for contacting patients
(outlined above), the time to telephone interviews following hos-
pital discharge was between 3 months and 1 year. All in-hospital
interviews were carried out prior to discharge. These took placebetween 3 days and 4 weeks after cardiac arrest depending on the
severity of the patients critical illness.
To assess the accuracy of claims of visual awareness (VA) dur-
ing CA, each hospital installed between 50 and 100shelves in areas
where CA resuscitation wasdeemed likelyto occur (e.g. emergency
department, acute medical wards). Each shelf contained one image
only visible from above theshelf (thesewere differentand included
a combination of nationalistic and religious symbols, people, ani-
mals,and major newspaper headlines).These images wereinstalled
to permit evaluation of VA claims described in prior accounts.4
These include the perception of being able to observe their own
CA resuscitation from a vantage point above. It was postulated that
should a large proportion of patients describe VA combined with
the perception of being able to observe events from a vantage point
above, the shelves could be used to potentially test the validity
of such claims (as the images were only visible if looking down
from the ceiling).1 Considering these perceptions may be occur-
ring after brain function has returned following resuscitation, we
1 Some researchers have proposed such recollections and perceptions are likely
illusory. This method was proposed as a tool to test this particular hypothesis. We
considered thisto be importantas despite widespreadinterest no studieshad objec-
tively tested this claim. It was considered that should a large group of patients
with VA and the ability to observe events from above consistently fail to identify
the images, this could support the hypothesis that the experiences had occurred
through a differentmechanism (such as illusions) to that perceivedby thepatients
themselves.
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also installed a different image (triangle) on the underside of each
shelf totest theaccuracyof VAbasedon thepossibilitythatpatients
couldhave lookedupwards after CArecoveryor hadtheir eyes open
during CA.
Using a three stage interview process, patients were asked
general and focused questions about their remembrances during
cardiac arrest. Stage 1 of the interviews included demographic
questions as well as general questions on the perception of aware-
ness and memories during CA. Stage 2 interviews probed further
into the nature of the experiences using scripted open ended ques-
tions and the 16itemGreyson NDE scale.8 This validatedNDE scale
was used to define NDEs in this study. For each of the 16 items
in the NDE scale, responses were scored 0 (not present), 1 (weakly
present) or2 (stronglypresent). Outof a possible maximum score of
32, a NDE was considered present with a score of7, while expe-
riences
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Fig. 1. Summary of study enrollment and outcomes.
and without recall of CA events (median NDE score= 2) (IQR= 3)
(category 3). The remaining 9 of 101 patients (9%) had experiencescompatible with NDEs. Seven (7%) had no auditory or visual recall
of CA events (median NDE scale score =10 (IQR= 4), highest NDE
score 22) (category 4). The detailed NDE account from one patient
in this group is summarized in Table 2. The other two patients (2%)
experienced specific auditory/visual awareness (category 5). Both
patients had suffered ventricular fibrillation (VF) in non-acute
areas where shelves had not been placed. Their descriptions are
summarized in Table 2. Both were contacted for further in-depth
interviews to verify their experiences against documented CA
events. One was unable to follow up due to ill health. The other, a
57yearold man described the perception of observing events from
the top corner of the room and continued to experience a sensa-
tion of looking down from above. He accurately described people,
sounds, and activities from his resuscitation (Table 2 providesquotes from this interview). His medical records corroborated his
accounts and specifically supported his descriptions and the use of
an automated external defibrillator (AED). Based on current AED
algorithms, this likely corresponded with up to 3 min of conscious
awareness during CA and CPR.2 As both CA events had occurred in
non-acute areas without shelves further analysis of the accuracy of
VA based on the ability to visualize the images above or below the
shelf was not possible. Despite the installation of approximately
2 After the recognition of a first shockable rhythm, the built in AED algorithms
require at least 2 min of CPR before a further rhythm check is followed by a sec-
ond defibrillation attempt if advised. Addingin time foranalysisof therhythm and
defibrillation it is likely the period ofCA would havebeenat least 3min.
1000 shelves across the participating hospitals only 22% of CA
events actually took place in the critical and acute medical wardswhere the shelves had been installed and consequently over 78%
of CA events took place in rooms without a shelf.
While NDEs provided a quantifiable measure of a patients
cognitive recollections in relation to CA, using our CA survivor
interview transcripts as part of stage 2 interviews, we evaluated
the narratives of patients memorys without NDEs (NDE scale < 7).
Although prior studies had by enlarge focused on the occurrence
of NDEs in CA only, however our observation that other cognitive
themes aside from NDEs also exist in CA led to an evaluation of the
narratives for other specific themes. Narratives were categorized
into 7 themes: (1)fear; (2) animals andplants; (3) a brightlight; (4)
violence or a feeling of being persecuted; (5) deja vu experiences;
(6) seeing family; (7) recalling events that likely occurred after
recovery from CA. Narratives are presented in Table 3 by theme.
4. Discussion
Ourdatasuggest that CA patientsmay experience a range of cog-
nitive processes that relate both to the CA and post-resuscitation
periods. Although, the relatively high proportion of patients who
perceived having memories and awareness was unexpected and
should be confirmed through future research, the fact that the
observed frequency of NDE (9%) in our study was consistent with
reports from prior studies (approximately 10%),47 may provide
some measure of internal validity for this observation.
The finding that conscious awareness may be present during
CA is intriguing and supports other recent studies that have indi-
cated consciousness may be present in patients despite clinically
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perception during CA are dissimilar to autoscopysince patients did
not describe seeing their own double.47 Furthermore as halluci-
nations refer to experiences that do not correspond with objective
reality, our fi ndings do not suggest that VA in CA is likely to be
hallucinatory or illusory since the recollections corresponded with
actual verified events. Ourresults alsohighlightlimitationswith the
categorization of experiences in relation to CA as hallucinatory,33
particularly as the reality of human experience is not determined
neurologically.34,35 Although alterations in specific neuro modu-
lators involved with every day real experiences can also lead to
illusionsor hallucinations,however this does notprove or disprove
the reality of any specific experience whether it be love, NDEs or
otherwise.34,35 In fact therealityof anyexperienceand themeaning
associated with it is determined socially (rather than neurolog-
ically) through a social process whereby humans determine and
ascribe meaning to phenomenon and experience within any given
culture or society (including scientific groups and societies).3435
Our results provide further understanding of the broad mental
experience that likely accompanies death after circulatory stand-
still. As most patients experiences were incompatible with a NDE,
theterm NDEwhile commonlyused may be insufficient to describe
the experience that is associated with the biological processes of
death after circulatory standstill. Future research should focus on
the mental state of CA and its impact on the lives of survivors as
well as its relationship with cognitive deficits including PTSD. Our
data also suggest, the experience of CA may be distinguished from
the term NDE, which has many scientific limitations including a
lack of a universallyaccepted physiological definition of beingnear
death.3436 This imprecision may contribute to ongoing conflicting
views within the scientific community regarding the subject.3639
Ourstudyhad a numberof limitations including thefact that we
were unable to ascertain whether patients response to the ques-
tion of having memories during CA (in category 1) truly reflected a
perception of having memories or possibly difficulties with under-
standing the question. An additional limitation was the limited
number of patients with explicit recall of CA events whose mem-
ories could have been further analyzed. Furthermore owing to the
acuity and severity of the critical illness associated with CA, thetime to interview for patients was invariably not exactly the same
for every patient, which may have introduced biases (such as recall
bias and confabulation) in the recollections. While pre-placement
of visual targets in resuscitation areas aimed at testing VA was fea-
sible from a practical viewpoint (there were no reported adverse
incidents), theobservationthat 78% of CA eventstook place in areas
without shelves illustrates the challenge in objectively testing the
claimsof VA in CA using ourproposed methodology.It also suggests
that a different and more refined methodology may be needed to
provide an objective visual target to examine the mechanism of VA
and the perceived ability to observe events during CA. Although
in this study the potential role of cofounders such as age, gender
and time to interview were evaluated, our results indicated a wide
variation in these variables. Consequently a larger study wouldbe warranted to further explore the relationship between these
variables with VA. Such a study should also explore the impact of
variables that may impact the quality of cerebral blood flow and
cerebral recovery such as the duration of CA, quality of CPR during
CA, location of CA (in-hospital versus out-of hospital), underlying
rhythm, use of hypothermia during CA and after ROSC.
5. Conclusions
CA survivors experience a broad range of memories following
CPRincludingfearful andpersecutory experiencesas wellas aware-
ness. While explicit recall of VA is rare, it is unclear whether these
experiences contribute to later PTSD. Studies are also needed to
delineate the role of explicit and implicit memory following CA
and the impact of this phenomenon on the occurrence of PTSD and
other life adjustments among CA survivors.
Conflict of interest statement
None of the authors have any conflicts of interest to declare.
Financial support
Resuscitation Council (UK), Nour Foundation, Bial Foundation.
Researchers worked independent of the funding bodies and the
study sponsor. Furthermore, the study sponsor did not participate
in study design, analysis andinterpretationof results or thewriting
of the manuscript.
Ethical approval
This study obtained ethics approvals from each participating
center prior to the start of recruitment and data collection. Each
surviving patient gave informed consent prior to their being inter-
viewed.
Data sharing
All authors either had access to all the data or the opportunity
to review all data.
Transparency declaration
I SamParnia as lead authoraffirmthat themanuscript is an hon-
est, accurate, and transparent account of the study being reported
and that no important aspects of the study have been omitted
and that any discrepancies from the study as planned have been
explained.
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the Biostatistical Consultation and support
from the Biostatistical Consulting Core at the School of Medicine,
Stony Brook University as well as thehelp of Drs Ramkrishna Ram-
nauth, Vikas Kaura, Markand Patel, Jasper Bondad, Markand Patel,
Georgina Spencer, Jade Tomlin, Rav Kaur Shah, Rebecca Garrett,
Laura Wilson, Ismaa Khan, and Jade Tomlin with the study.
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