organic or biochemistry all living things are composed of the following basic elements carbon...

Organic or BIOCHEMISTRY• ALL LIVING THINGS ARE COMPOSED

OF THE FOLLOWING BASIC ELEMENTS

•CARBON

•HYDROGEN

•OXYGEN

•NITROGEN

• A MOLECULE CONTAINING CARBON ISCALLED AN ORGANIC MOLECULE (except CO, CO2)

•PHOSPHORUS•SULFUR

aka “CHNOPS”

Unique Properties of Carbon

• Forms 4 covalent bonds• Long Carbon chains are formed.

THERE ARE 4 Major CARBON CARBON COMPOUNDSCOMPOUNDS IN ALL LIVING THINGS:

1. 1. CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES

2. LIPIDSLIPIDS

4. 4. NUCLEICNUCLEIC ACIDSACIDS

3. 3. PROTEINSPROTEINS

CARBOHYDRATES

• Chemical Structure

Saccharide(monomer/subunit)One saccharide or Monosaccharide

Common Monosaccharides• Glucose• Galactose• Fructose

gl

ga

Common Disaccharides

• Glucose + Galactose = Lactose

• Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose

• Glucose + Glucose = Maltose

gl ga

fr

+ =

gl fr+ =

gl gl+ =

gl ga

gl fr

gl gl

“ose” = sugar

Common Polysaccharides

gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl glStarch

gl

gl

gl

gl

gl

gl

gl

gl

gl

gl

gl

gl

…..

…..Cellulose

Starch = SugarCellulose is undigestible sugar (cotton, paper, wood, stems)

Glycogen = quick sugar because of branching

gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl gl …..Glycogen gl

glgl

glgl

gl

glgl

gl

CARBOHYDRATES•INCLUDE SUGARS, STARCHES, & CELLULOSE

• PROVIDES ENERGY FOR ORGANISMS

•Glucose: C6H12O6.– Main product of photosynthesis– Starting material for Cellular

Respiration– “fuel” in living things

•transported by body fluids to all cells, where is it METABOLIZED to release energy.

Polysaccharides: complex carbs•Formed by linking many monosaccharides•Starches: hundreds of glucose units linked

together– Storage for carbohydrates in PLANTS

•Glycogen: stored in human liver– Thousands of glucose units

•Cellulose: structural carbohydrate (for SUPPORT)

– Glucose units, but cannot be released from one another except for a few species of organisms

»Wood»Cell walls of plants ***Humans CANNOT digest cellulose!***

Lipids• Chemical Structure

Fatty Acid(monomer/subunit)

Lipids

Lipids

LIPIDSINCLUDE FATS, OILS,, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, STEROIDS,.

•CARBOHYDRATES MAY BE CONVERTED INTO LIPIDSFOR LONG-TERM ENERGY STORAGE = FAT

•PHOSPHOLIPIDS – MAIN COMPONENT OF CELL MEMBRANE

Nonpolar & Polar portions

Cell Membrane – LipidsPhospholipid bilayer

Lipids

Saturated: C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C

UnsaturatedC-C-C=C-C-C-C-C

PROTEIN• Chemical Structure

Amino Acid(monomer/subunit)

PROTEIN

PROTEINS

•Most complex organic molecules

•COMPOSED OF SMALLER MOLECULES/SUBUNITS CALLED AMINO ACIDS

•There are 20 Amino Acids (or AAs)

Protein Functions

• enzymes, muscles, skin, hair

NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA/RNA)

Nucleotide(monomer/subunit)

• Nitrogen Base• Sugar• Phosphate

NUCLEIC ACIDS

NUCLEIC ACIDS•LARGE COMPLEX MOLECULES CONTAINING HEREDITY MATERIALMade of Nucleotides (sugar, phosphate group, & nitrogen base)1. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID -D N A

(deoxyribose sugar)2. RIBONUCLEIC ACID- R N A (ribose sugar)

•D N A CARRIES INSTRUCTIONS THAT REGULATE CELL ACTIVITIES

Carbon Cycle