organic compounds found in all living organisms: review: what does it mean to be organic? -contains...

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FOUND IN ALL LIVING ORGANISMS:

REVIEW:

What does it mean to be organic?

-Contains Carbon-Can decompose

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Organic Compounds found in living organisms: 1. Carbohydrates (C,H,O)

-provide quick energy 2. Proteins (C,H,O,N,S)

-build, maintain and repair our bodies. 3. Lipids (C,H,O)

-stored energy 4. Nucleic Acid (C,H,O,N,P)

- stores and transmits our genetic code.

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98% of the body is made up of:

Sulfur Phosphorus Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon Hydrogen

CHNOPS

1%1%63%5%19%9%

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Remaining 2% are “Trace Elements”:

-occur in very small amounts which vary person to person based on the food they eat.

Calcium…CaIron….FeChlorine…ClPotassium…KMagnesium…MgSodium……Na

YOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT…….

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Carbohydrates:

Protein:

Lipids:

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Carbohydrates/sugars:Roles: 1. Provide quick energy

2. Play a structural role in plants, bacteria and some animals.

3. Makes up parts of our cell membranes.

Carbohydrates are made up of:

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Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen

In a 1:2:1 ratio

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Three types of Carbohydrates:-each is based on # of molecules bonded together

Let’s review:mono =

onedi =

twopoly=

manysaccharide=

sugar

S

S S

S SS S

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1. Monosaccharides: -mono means………

-1-one single sugar molecule

Chemical formula (1:2:1 ratio):

C6H12O6

S

Monosaccharides:

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- instant energy (0 to 20 min)-simplest form of a sugar-does not need to be digested

-just needs to be absorbed into our blood

and taken to our …...

CELLS

Monosaccharides provides us with:

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Every cell in the human body, all 50

trillion of them, is less than 1mm away from a blood vessel/capillary.

-Cells can easily exchange food

molecules , oxygen and cell waste with our

blood.

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3 Types of Monosaccharides:

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-have the same chemical formulas of C6H12O6 but they have a slightly different shapes. Known as ISOMERS.

ISO =equal (same chemical formulas)

1. Glucose

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-made by plants during photosynthesis

-found in all green plant products.

-C6H12O6 SS

2. Fructose

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-Found in all fruits.-C6H12O6

S

3. Galactose

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-Found in dairy products-C6H12O6

S

Quick Review

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Carbs provide us with quick energy.

Monosaccharides are made up of one single sugar molecule.

Monosaccharides are in their simplest form….does not need to be digested.

S

2nd type of carbohydrate:

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Disaccharides:Di means…..

2Two monosaccharides bonded

together.

S S

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Chemical Formula:

S

S+

C6H12O6

C6H12O6

S S C12H24O12

H2O

C12H22O11

Remove water is to

dehydrate

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Disaccharides provide us with:-energy within approximately 2 hours after

eating them.-this is because they must be digested down into their simplest form

……monosaccharides.-Where are they digested?

-mouth or small intestines

S S

H2O

SS

Energy is released when the bond is

broken.

3 Types of Disaccharides:

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1. Sucrose

-2 monos from plants bonded together-Commonly known as table sugar-Comes from sugar cane (a green plant)

Fructose Glucose

C12H22O11

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2. Maltose

-2 monos from plants bonded together- Malt grain….used to make beer and other alcohols.

Glucose Glucose C12H22O11

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3. Lactose

-2 monos bonded together-found in dairy products

Did you know?????-Lactose needs to be digested

with the enzyme lactase. Some people do not have this enzyme so they are “lactose intolerant”.

Glucose Galactose C12H22O11

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Dehydration Synthesis:-dehydrate…remove

water-synthesis….to make

-to make by removing water

-this is what occurs when two monos bond together to create a disaccharide by removing one water molecule.

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GlucoseGlucose Galactose

H2O

Glucose Galactose

Dehydration Synthesis

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Hydrolysis:-hydro…..water-lysis…… to break open

Hydrolysis occurs when we add water to a disaccharide when we need to break it down or digest it.

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Glucose Galactose

H2O

Glucose Galactose

Hydrolysis

3rd type of Carb

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Polysaccharides:-poly means…..

many- many (more than 3 and up to 4000 ) monosaccharides bonded together.

S S S S S S

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Must be digested.

Takes up to 24 hours to be totally digested. Each bond between the monos must be broken.

Made up of 3 to 4000 monos so there is not one common chemical formula.

S S S S S S

3 Types of Polysaccharides:

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1. Starch -how plants store excess glucose -made up of 4000+ glucose

molecules bonded together in a long chain.

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2. GlycogenHow animals store excess glucose.

When we eat excess carbs our liver converts them into glycogen to be stored. If we still do not use it then the glycogen is converted into fat for storage.

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3. Cellulose-used by plants for structure

and support.-humans can not digest cellulose-cellulose passes out as the “bulk” of our feces.