oral - multivariable - marie bourguignon
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Optimal agricultural practices for
growing kenaf in IowaNovember 17th, 2015
Marie Bourguignon1, Ken Moore1, Sotirios Archontoulis1, Roger Hintz1, Brian Baldwin2.
1 Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University2 Plant & Soil Sciences Department, Mississippi University
What we know about kenaf…
CoreShort and
porous fibers
BastLong and valuable
fibers
FIBER
FUEL ?
What we do NOT know about kenaf…
?
What is its potential
for fuel ?
Experiment 2004 - 2005 - 2006
Treatment Unit 2004 - 2005 - 2006
Cultivar Tainung 2
Seed Density seed ha-1 185,000 278,000 370,000
Row Spacing cm 20 38 76
N Fertilizer kg ha-1 0 168
Planting Date early, late May, early June
Data Collected
MorphologicalYield, population, height & diameter,
core:bast ratio
Chemical Fiber analysis (NDF, ADF, ADL, Ash)
Yield 2004 - 2005 - 20062004
20cm 38cm 76cm 20cm 38cm 76cm 20cm 38cm 76cm
Yie
ld (
Mg
ha
-1)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
185,000 s ha-1 278,000 s ha-1 370,000 s ha-1
2005
20cm 38cm 76cm 20cm 38cm 76cm 20cm 38cm 76cm
Yie
ld (
Mg
ha
-1)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
185,000 s ha-1 278,000 s ha-1 370,000 s ha-1
2006
20cm 38cm 76cm 20cm 38cm 76cm 20cm 38cm 76cm
Yie
ld (
Mg
ha
-1)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
185,000 s ha-1 278,000 s ha-1 370,000 s ha-1
Stem height & diameter:
Smaller stem when too crowded
Larger stem in low densities and when planted in May
Core:bast ratio:
More core when planted in May and not crowded
More bast when planted later and at 8”
Adding N reduced the ratio in 2004
Morphology 2004 - 2005
Fiber composition 2004 - 2005
BAST CORE
Cellulose 60 %• Date * row * density
• N slightly better52 %
• Higher in 2005
• N beneficial but only in
2004
Hemicellulose 16 %
• Very low in 2005
• Row * density
• N not always
beneficial
21 %
• Row * density
• N beneficial but only in
2004
Lignin 5%
• Row * density
• N not always
beneficial9 %
• Higher in 2005
• Better when planted end
of May
• N beneficial but only in
2005
Not enough information about N
No information on the growth over time
Experiment 2014 - 2015
Treatment Unit 2004 - 2005 - 2006 2014 - 2015
Cultivar Tainung 2 Tainung 2, Whitten
Seed Density seed ha-1 185,000 278,000 370,000 247,000 370,000
Row Spacing cm 20 38 76 38 76
N Fertilizer kg ha-1 0 116850 0 56 112 168 224
Planting Date Early, late May, early June Only one
Data
Collected
MorphologicalYield, population, height & diameter, core:bast ratio
Yield, population, height & diameter (biweekly)LAI (monthly), core:bast ratio
ChemicalFiber analysis (NDF, ADF, ADL, Ash)
Fiber analysis (NDF, ADF, ADL, Ash), %C, %N
Yield 2014
2014 yield was only influenced by seed density
(247,000 > 370,000)
Population varied among variety and field practices
Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
LA
I
0
1
2
30 kg ha
-1
56 kg ha-1
112 kg ha-1
168 kg ha-1
224 kg ha-1
Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov
He
igh
t (c
m)
0
50
100
150
200
250247,000 seed ha
-1
370,000 seed ha-1
Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov
Dia
me
ter
(mm
)
0
5
10
15
20
25 0 kg ha-1
56 kg ha-1
112 kg ha-1
168 kg ha-1
224 kg ha-1
Growth 2014
T2 was thicker than
Whitten except for 76 cm
and 370,000 seed ha-1
Fiber quantity and quality
BAST CORE
Cellulose 55 %• Low N often beneficial
but variety dependent52 %
• Variety * management
practices
Hemicellulose 13 %
• Variety * management
practices
• High N often beneficial
20 % • Unaffected at all
Lignin 6 % • Unaffected at all 10 % • Higher in Tainung 2
Total Ash 9 %
• Higher for Whitten or in
wide rows
• High in low N
4 %• Higher for Tainung 2
• High in low N
C 42 % • Row * density * N 46 % • Unaffected at all
N 1.0 % • Higher with N 0.7 % • Higher with N
Fiber quantity: Whitten (1.6) had higher core:bast
ratio than Tainung 2 (1.5)
All factors had an effect, in variable ways
Trade-off between yield and quantity of fibers
Planting date: May seems better
Nitrogen:
No effect on yield when planted after soybean
But high effect on fiber composition
Relatively easy to grow in Iowa
Could bring diversity to agriculture and industry
Conclusions
http://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/climodat/index.phtml?network=IACLIMATE&station=IA0200&report=17
Environmental conditions of the studies
Month
Janu
ary
Febru
ary
Mar
chApr
ilM
ay
June
July
Aug
ust
Sep
tem
ber
Octob
er
Nov
embe
r
Dec
embe
r
Month
ly M
ean T
em
pera
ture
(o
C)
-20
-10
0
10
20
Month
ly P
recip
itation (
mm
)
0
100
200
300
400
5002004
2005
2006
2007
2014
30 years long-term
Temperature
Precipitation
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