on-street parking management: confront the key choices
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ON-STREET PARKING
MANAGEMENT Confront the Key Choices
Paul Barter
www.reinventingparking.org
@ReinventParking
Keynote Presentation for PIE 2017
On-street parking should be boring
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
By Yoshimasa Niwa from Tokyo, Japan (IMG_0061.JPG) [CC BY 2.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
On-street parking should be boring
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Public domain image by Kici via Wikimedia Commons
Sadly, it is often far from boring
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Jakarta, Indonesia Dhaka., Bangladesh
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Image by Derek Harper from http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2592439
licensed for reuse under this Creative Commons Licence
Image from SFGate's City Insider blog
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Smart (digital) single-space meter in San Francisco
(Photo by Carlos Gomez on Flickr)
How much of your
traffic is really just
cruising for
parking?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Seoul, South Korea
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Shortage or
management
problem?
Obstructive on-street parking in Amman, Jordan; Kiev, Ukraine; and Beijing, China
(Photos by Andrea Broaddus, Manfred Breithaupt and Paul Barter)
… or maybe not
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Shenzhen (2013)
Parking chaos in the streets Half-empty off-street parking nearby
Photos: Paul Barter
Weak on-street parking
management
Obstruction, double parking, cruising
On-street parking panic
Excessive parking supply
Undermining urban success
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Enough yet?
Is this urban
success?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Photo: Paul Barter
Near the center of Houston, USA
(via Google Maps)
Enough yet? Urban success?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Photo: Paul Barter
Noarlunga, South Australia (via Google Maps)
THE RIGHT GOALS? Which on-street parking management goals
are best for building urban success?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Parking where
you want it, the
way you want it
Toulouse, France
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Photo by Andrea Broaddus, GIZ-SUTP on Flickr
How about demand
management (TDM)?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Source for map: Presentation by Sang Bum Kim (Assistant Mayor for City Transportation),
“Policy Directions of Seoul for a Clean and Green City” to CUD Global Conference Seoul 2009
Seoul strictly limits the
parking supply in 5
large business districts
So simple goals?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Not in anyone’s
way
Never full
Revenue nice but
never primary
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Carrera 15, Bogotá, Colombia: before and after Mayor Peñalosa’s 1999-2000 parking reforms
Photos via Carlos Felipe Pardo http://www.reinventingparking.org/2010/10/parking-revolution-in-bogota-golden-era.html
Via design and
clear markings/
signage if
possible
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
CG Road, Ahmedabad, India
Basics that
should go
without saying
Vehicle owner
responsibility not
driver
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Tokyo, Japan
Basics that
should go without
saying
Robust registry of
vehicles
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Kathmandu, Nepal
Basics that
should go without
saying
In most countries,
local wardens are
best. Don’t just
rely on traffic
police.
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Taipei, Taiwan
Basics that
should go without
saying
Keep it an
administrative
matter (civil) and
out of the law
courts as much
as possible
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Photo ‘Traffic warden Campden’ by SalimFadhley under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=86724
Campden, London
Basics that should go without saying:
Lax enforcement is not the answer to a backlash
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Beijing,
China
Oppportunity:
LPR
Capture plates
Digital enforce-
ment
Pay by plate
License Plate
Recognition
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Toughest nut = late at night in old, dense residential
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Beijing, China
Japan’s approach
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
This makes the night parking ban reasonable
and easier to enforce
Night on-street parking ban
So there is no point cheating on proof of
parking
Proof of parking
See http://www.reinventingparking.org/2014/06/japans-proof-of-parking-rule-has.html
Permits
Can you limit the
number?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Image by DeFacto [CC BY-SA 2.5 via Wikimedia Commons
Daytime/non-residential is easier
One option: time limits
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Melbourne, Australia Stockholm, Sweden Image by Ellgaard via Wikimedia Commons
On-street pricing really does work
No meters Meters Prices quadrupled
(free parking) (price a little too low) (now too high)
Grosvenor square, London
Source: TRL via ITDP (2011): Europe‘s Parking U-Turn
but based on a figure in Donald Shoup‘s High Cost of Free Parking
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
On-street pricing
works
Saudi Arabia
Used with permission: Andrew Perrier,
Mawqif, Presentation to the 2nd Annual
Parking Management Conference,
Singapore, Feb. 2017.
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Basics that should go without saying:
don’t ban on-street parking fees under national law!
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Image: Parking meter in Moscow https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Parking_meter_in_Moscow_02.jpg
by Stolbovsky - under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license
Moscow,
Russia
Image: Kozitsky (Staropimenovsky incorrect file name) Lane, Moscow, 2007
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Moscow,_Kozitsky_Lane.jpg by NVO - under a CC BY 3.0 license
Basics that
should go
without saying:
fees must be
duration-based
to “work”
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Dhaka,
Bangladesh
Digital pricing
mechanisms
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Ann Arbor digital pay-by-space
multi-space parking meter.
Image by Dwight Burdette (Own work) [CC BY 3.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)],
via Wikimedia Commons)
Digital paid parking with no meters
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Image via Google Street View https://www.google.com.sg/maps/@32.0813772,34.7762914,3a,75y,101.49h,87.47t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1s1T3RHO7LBKGBsf7qZ0qtdA!2e0!7i13312!8i6656?hl=en
Tel Aviv, Isreal
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Digital paid parking with no meters: Singapore from 2020
Image copyright: Channel News Asia, 25 Feb 2017 Image: Singapore Land Transport Authority, Feb 2017
The right price?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Political judgement
Serve traffic reduction goals
Turnover (short durations)
Public transport fares as
benchmark
Intensity of development or
land values
On-street prices higher than off-
street
Non-systematic occupancy targeting
Occupancy targeting with simple zones
Precise occupancy
targeting with tiny zones
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Image source: Donald Shoup, ‘Cruising for Parking’, Access Magazine, Spring 2007. http://www.accessmagazine.org/articles/spring-2007/cruising-parking/
Occupancy targeting behind the scenes is not new.
Why make it explicit?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/parking/paidparking.htm
Seattle
Occupancy
targeting with a
mix of cars and
motorcycles?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Kathmandu, Nepal
People hate
feeling tricked
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Washington, DC
(Photo by ‘Dada1960’ in Wikimedia Commons)
Make it easy to add time or register start/stop time
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Image by RichardBH - Pay by phone at
University of Guelph under CC BY 2.0
license
“Parking
ambassadors”
Image by Gerald England and licensed for
reuse under this Creative Commons Licence
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Tameside, UK
Address privacy
concerns
?
Image by opensource.com (Facebook: The privacy saga continues) [CC
BY-SA 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)], via
Wikimedia Commons
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
TheThe
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Bearman of Bearman Cartoons Aug 8 2010
under this Creative Commons License
Make parking management primary
not revenue
and be willing to prove it
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Performance pricing
(occupancy targets)
Lowest price that hits target
Allays retailer fears
Walk a bit for lower
prices
Visit off-peak for
lower prices
Debate principle not each
adjustment
Who can (and will) veto parking management if unpersuaded?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Po
we
r High
Context
setters (keep
satisfied)
Players (engage
closely and influence
actively)
Low Crowd (monitor,
minimal effort)
Subjects
(keep informed)
Low High
Interest
Some Donald Shoup
suggestions
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Enforcement
Target scofflaws
Warnings only for first-time
violations
Pricing
Discount for locals
Parking benefit districts
Surplus to charity
Parking Benefit
Districts:
Can it take off?
Can we aim
higher?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
By Kamyar Adl (Flickr) [CC BY 2.0] via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AGiant_snowball_Oxford.jpg
Permits
But not for
residents of new
buildings
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Nightingale 2 apartment project in Fairfield (an inner north suburb
of Melbourne) recently approved with zero car parking.
Image source: The Fifth Estate http://www.thefifthestate.com.au/innovation/residential-2/nightingale-2-no-parking-ok-with-vcat/88373
Will off-street parking
“transitions” ease
resistance to on-street
management?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Can we aim so
high that ...
No shortage perceived
No pressure for more supply
Parking-related fears eased
“Management first, before supply” is
plausible
No fuss. It just works
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
0.25 € / per 15 min
0.50 € / per 15 min
0.75 € / per 15 min (Image source: Dr Friedemann Kunst)
Potsdamer Platz, Berlin. Image by Michael J. Zirbes
(public domain image) https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=715371
Berlin – urban success
without parking excess?
Strong On-street Parking
Management
Less perception of shortage
Motorists more willing to use and pay for off-street parking
Market gets right signals on parking investments
Less fear of developments that add to parking demand
Courage to abolish parking minimums
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Strong On-street Parking
Management
Less perception of shortage
Motorists more willing to use and pay for off-street parking
Market gets right signals on parking investments
Less fear of developments that add to parking demand
Courage to abolish parking minimums
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Future proof?
Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org
Photo by Grendelkhan CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikipedia
PARKING
MANAGEMENT Opens Wider Opportunities
Paul Barter
www.reinventingparking.org
@ReinventParking
WEDNESDAY
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