oil fate and slick trajectory predictions for oil pollution control combating strategy
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OIL FATE AND SLICK TRAJECTORY PREDICTIONS FOR MARINE OIL POLLUTION
CONTROL STRATEGIES(MMK1180)
NAME : MOHAMMED ALI AL-MUHANDES MATRIC No. : MM091250
SUPERVISORS : MAIN : ASSOC. PROF. DR. ZAMANI BIN AHMAD CO. : DR. JASWAR
DEPARTMENT OF MARINE TECHNOLOGYFACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND
O’conneli (2006) stated that oil pollution affects on :
Fisheries and aquaculture resources ,
Tourism and,
Costal industries
In this research:
It is essential to predict the oil fate and slick trajectory
Combating strategies need to be set
Through simulation
1. INTRODUCTION
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Oil pollution control strategies need to be developed for each oil fate and slick trajectory scenario. Since each scenario is unique and independent, simulation method is preferred.
1.3 OBJECTIVE
To develop a method of choosing oil pollution combating
strategies
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
i. Oil fate; The most important processes are spreading, evaporation, dispersion
viscosity and emulsification (O’connel, 2006c).
ii. Slick trajectory; When an oil slick is predicted to affect on high sensitive area,
this prediction helps the decision maker significantly to choose the combating
strategies.
iii. Types of shorelines; according to geographical shape, types of beaches and
to the environmental and socio-economic activities (IPIECA 2008a).
iv. In-hand equipment and combating strategies; the limitation of spill control
techniques must be taken into consideration in determining the most appropriate
clean up response (Persga, 2009a). All of on-scene commanders are allowed to
take whatever action is appropriate to clean up and/or mitigate the effects of an oil
spill (Ch'ng,1997).
CONT.
72 references have been used in the thesis
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Determine oil fate and slick trajectory
criteria
Determine oil fate and slick trajectory
Determine protection priority and types of
shorelines
Determine equipment and
techniques
Determine strategy
Validation by Case of study
3.1 DETERMINATION OF OIL FATE
Item Using methodSpreading Lehr’s relationships (math. equation) for
major and minor diameters of ellipse Evaporation ADIOS2 (software)Dispersion ADIOS2 (software)Viscosity ADIOS2 (software)Emulsification Mackay’s relationship (math. equation)
3.2 DETERMINATION OIL SLICK TRAJECTORY
The oil slick trajectory was calculated using slick trajectory calculator software based on:
Wind effects 3% of its speed in its direction within specific time
Current affects 100% of its speed in its direction within the same specific time
3.3 PROTECTION PRIORITY AND TYPES OF SHORELINES
Biological resources high priority Mangrove Human use features high priority Water intake and port Shorelines high priority Mangrove
3.4 EQUIPMENT AND USED TECHNIQUES
Techniques Equipment
Containment and protection booming
Booms : Fence; Air inflated; Shoreline . . sealing
Recovery Skimmers: Weir; Oleophilic; Vacuum; . Mechanical Pumps: Archimedean; Reciprocating; . Peristaltic; Diaphragm; Centrifugal
Dispersion spray system mounted onworkboatAirplaneHelicopter
Clean up Sorbents: Inorganic, Natural organic and Synthetic Motorized equipmentManual equipment
3.5 DETERMINE STRATEGY
i. Offshore recovery strategy Skimmers pumps
ii. Offshore dispersion strategy
iii. Shoreline clean up and recovery strategy
iv. Shoreline protection strategy
COMBATING STRATEGY FLOW CHART
CONT.
CONT.
3.5.1 OFFSHORE RECOVERY STRATEGY3.5.1.1 SKIMMERS
3.5.1.2 PUMPS
3.5.2 OFFSHORE DISPERSION
The applying dispersant according to equations covered the following:
Application rate Vdis (litre/hectare)
Application rate Qdis (litre/sec)
Required speed (knot)
3.5.3 SHORELINE CLEAN UP AND RECOVERY STRATEGY
3.5.4 SHORELINE PROTECTION STRATEGY
3.6 CASE OF STUDY
The oil spill incident is simulated at area extended from 10 09’ N to 10 21’ N and from 1030 27’ E to 1030 37’ E which cover the area of international shipping line to shoreline of south west of Johor in Malaysia. The source of spill is considered from a vessel sailing in the international shipping line. The spill is 500 m3 crude oil type Arabian Medium, Amoco at 7 am.
4. RESULTS
.
Evaporation
Spreading
Shoreline recovery & clean up strategy
Shoreline protection strategy
Offshore dispersion strategy
Offshore recovery strategy
Oil fate predictio
n
Booms
In hand equipment & techniques
Demonstrating
combating strategies
Skimmers
Tanjunj Bin Power Plant
Tanjunj Pelepas Port
Shoreline analysis and protection
priority
Oil slick trajecto
ry
Emulsification
Viscosity
Dispersion
Pumps
Vessels, Barges , motorized &
manual equipment
Mangrove
Dispersion system
Sorbent materials
4.1 RESULTS OF OIL FATE PREDICTION
i. Spreading
ii. Evaporation
iii. Dispersion
iv. Viscosity
v. Emulsification
4.1.1 SPREADING
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 170
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Wind speed (nm)
Major diameter (km *0.5)
Minor diameter (km *0.5 )
Prediction of changing of oil slick area from 7 a.m. to 4 pm
4.1.2 EVAPORATION
Predicted quantity of evaporated oil
4.1.3 DISPERSION
Predicted quantity of naturally dispersed oil
4.1.4 VISCOSITY
Predicted change of viscosity of spilled oil
4.1.4 EMULSIFICATION
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 90
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Quantity of oil (m3)Quantity of emulsion and oil (m3)
Hours
Predicted quantity of oil and oil with emulsion within 9 hours
4.2 RESULTS OF OIL SLICK TRAJECTORY PREDICTION
CONT.
4 pm
2 pm
11 am
7am
Predicted trajectory line pointed on each hour
CONT.
2 pm
4 pm
11 am
7 am
Predicted trajectory line by using Google earth
4.3 RESULTS OF SHORELINE ANALYSIS AND PROTECTION PRIORITY
High sensitive areas south west of Johor (Google earth)
Tanjung Pelepas Port
Tanjung Bin power plant
Mangrove forest (9 km)
4.4 RESULTS OF USED EQUIPMENT
Item Types
Booms Fence, air inflated and shore sealing
Skimmers Offshore weir, shallow water weir, oleophilic disk, vacuuum and toothed disc mechanical skimmers
Pumps Peristaltic, diaphragm and centrifugal pump
Chemical dispersant
Two arms on board extended towards port and starboard
Additional in hand equipments
Two oil pollution control vessels 20 knots, Three support vessels, Storage tanks 320 cubic meters, Sorbents material, manual and motorized equipment
4.5 RESULTS OF DEMONSTRATING COMBATING STRATEGIES
4.5.1 Offshore recovery strategy
4.5.1.1 STAGE ONE
4.5.1.2 STAGE TWO
4.5.2 OFFSHORE DISPERSION STRATEGY
4.5.2.1 STAGE ONE
4.5.2.2 STAGE TWO
4.5.3 SHORELINE PROTECTION STRATEGY
1
2
4
3
Protection technique for zone 1
Boom No.
Length of booms
No. of anchors & weight
1 500 m 32 x 35 kg
2 500 m 32 x 35 kg
3 300 m 20 x 35 kg
4 400 m 26 x 35 kg
Technique type: staggered shervon . configuration
CONT.
Boom No.
Length of boom
No. of anchors & weight
1 200 m 0
2 200 m 0
3 70 m 5 x 35 kg
4 20 m 1 x 35 kg
5 1300 m 0
Protection technique for Zone two
Technique type: staggered shervon and
exclusive configuration
4.5.4 SHORELINE RECOVERY AND CLEAN-UP
The remained 300 m3 of oil and emulsion reached next to tidal zone and might be scattered along the shoreline and went into part of Johor strait.
The recovery of collected oil in the deployed protection booms areas depend upon instant findings and ought to be done by using oleophilic skimmer, Shore and harbour weir skimmer , diaphragm pump, Vacuum systems and Sorbent materials . In addition to manual and motorized equipment.
4.5.5 RESULT OF COMBATING BASED ON PREDICTION
General budget after offshore combating
CONT.
Operation Combated oil (m3) Combated oil and emulsion (m3)
Offshore recovery operation (stage one)
74 103
Offshore recovery operation (stage two)
60 83
Offshore dispersion operation (stage one)
19 26
Offshore dispersion operation (stage two)
13 26
Remaining 240 300
Protection of the most environmental and economical sensitive areas such as Tanjung Pelepas Port, Tanjung Bin steam power, most of the mangrove shoreline up to Puteri Habour was based on prediction of the slick trajectory.
Large quantity of contaminate was accumulated next to the protection booms which led to make shoreline clean-up and recovery easier and faster.
5 CONCLUSION
This research simulated an oil fate and slick trajectory predictions for marine oil pollution control strategies to reach highest environmental and economical benefit in south east of Johor.
The developed combating strategies flow chart was applied and cover all the strategies which are used.
The highest sensitive areas in Johor state were nominated to be protected whenever a significant oil spillage will be happened.
Matrix of equipment, which are suitable of Johor, was listed to deal with wide range of oil types.
Protection booming configuration to protect the highest sensitive areas was appointed according to the special geographical area in the south east of Johor.
PAPERS
Two papers still in processing to be published and entitled :
OIL FATE AND TRAJECTORY SIMULATION IN MALAYSIAN SHORELINE
OIL POLLUTION COMBATING STRATEGIES SIMULATION IN MALAYSIAN SHORELINE
Thank you Trima kaseh
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