occupational and lifestyle issues in young and middle adulthood
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Occupational and Lifestyle Issues in Young and Middle Adulthood
Chapter 12
Meaning of WorkPrestige, recognitionExcitement, enjoyment, fulfillmentMoney
Need to find meaning ubiquitous Type of meaning varies w/ job, socialization
Meaning of Work4 common meanings
Developing self Expressing self Union w/ others Serving others
Meaning satisfied = personal fulfillment
Meaning of WorkCritical for many aspects of development
Identity Lifestyle Interpersonal relationships
Holland: occupation choice based on traits W > M: social, artistic, conventional Within occupation W ~ M
Context & development critical
Occupational DevelopmentPromotion, advancementSuper: self-concept changes -> OD (5 stages)
Implementation (late adolescent)Multiple temporary positions trying different jobs
Establishment (young adulthood)Specific occupation selected & being promoted
Maintenance (middle adulthood)Reduce time spent on occupation - more family
Occupational Development Deceleration (late-middle adulthood)
Planning for retirement, separate from work Retirement (late adulthood)
Stop working
Occupational ExpectationsWe learn what to expect from an
occupation Key task of young adulthood is to form an
occupational dreamExpectations revised during adulthood
Due to failure, discrimination, reality, new interests
Causes revision or rejection of the dream
Role of MentorsTeacher, sponsor, model, counselor
Helps new worker avoid trouble Improves chance for advancement Promotes well being
Role of MentorsDevelop through 4 stages
Initiation: begin relationship Cultivation: work together Separation: less time spent together Redefinition: relationship ends/transformed
Benefits to mentors Fulfill generativity need (help next generation)
Job SatisfactionPositive feeling from an appraisal of one’s
work & increases w/ age Self-selection/fit Elements -> satisfaction change over time
Middle aged: intrinsic satisfaction & less job focusYoung adults: extrinsic (pay) satisfaction
Job BurnoutSyndrome characterized by
Emotional exhaustion Depersonalization Diminished personal accomplishment
Most common in helping professions Teachers, nurses, therapists Increases w/ age & years on job
Job BurnoutDefense involves
Stress-reducing tactics Lowering self-expectations Enhance organizational communication
Gender IssuesMen socialized to have occupations
Key aspect of masculinity Judge a man by his work Key skills taught via team sports
Women socialized to be: Accomodating, deferential, quiet, supportive Judged by appearance
Changing in recent decades as 2/3 work
Occupational DevelopmentMany professional women leave their jobs
Children key deciding factorChild care, work environment supportive
Work settingValue masculine traitsDisconnected from workplace
Makes continuous development difficult
Bias & DiscriminationFew women in high status jobs (5%)Why?Sex discrimination: deny job due to sex
Still pervasive ‘Boys Club’ & glass ceiling Pay discrimination (women paid 3/4 of men)
Companies need to being valuing more feminine competencies
Sexual HarassmentPower difference = potential
Sexual coercion: tit for tat (e.g., sex for job) Unwanted sexual attention Gender harassment
Creating hostile or offensive work environment
Reasonable woman/person standard SH if reasonable person would view it as
offensive
Sexual Harassment~40% women report some formLess than 5% report itNegatively impacts
Emotional state Mental health Job outcomes Job satisfaction (even among men) Productivity
Occupational TransitionsIn US adult changes jobs 5-10 times
Advantages include flexibility, maintain challenge & rewarding work
Factors predicting changeOccupational favor->training/promotions/better jobTechnology -> skills obsolete
Retraining WorkersSkill needs change over time
Technology, promotion, etc. Need to occasionally update skills or else:
Career plateauing - lack of promotional potential
1/3 US workers are retrained/year Improve technical skills Advance/find new employment opportunities
UnemploymentMany negative impacts
Physical health Self-esteem Alcohol/drug abuse Depression, anxiety, suicide
Depends on age and gender Worse for middle aged men Easier for men close to retirement
UnemploymentManaging occupational transitions
Approach job loss with health urgency Consider/plan for next career move Admit/react to the change (no denial) be cautions of temporary jobs Identify realistic goals and make a plan
Work and FamilyKey is finding a balance
2/3 of 2 adult households both workEmployed caregivers (mothers)
> 50% married moms, ~50% of single moms w/ child < 1 work
Even more work w/ children of any age Motivation to work related to money, aspiration
Identity/role conflict issues (career OR mother)
Dependent CareCan have negative impacts (elderly parent)
Higher stress, more work conflicts Poorer quality of life, poor coping
Worse for womenReduces with good partner, employer support
Multiple RolesBoth adults work who does what?
Work v. home responsibilitiesDividing household chores
Women do vast majority (50% more) Source of conflict
Since 1970 women decreased, men increased but• Men: weekend work w/ specific tasks (not female role)
Change: Communicate, educate children
LeisureDiscretionary activity (for fun, enjoyment)
Cultural: watch sports event, concerts Physical: play sports, gardening Social: visit friends, parties Solitary: reading, listening to music
Value depends on individualChosen based on perceived competence &
psychological comfort
LeisureDevelopmental Changes
Young adults: greater range, more strenuous, intense activities
Middle adults: home-family activities Later adults: sedentary activities
LeisureConsequences
Feelings of freedom Increases well-being Improves mental health in women Buffers against stress Social: may enhance relationship satisfaction
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