observational and modeling studies of climate variability – investigating the “c” in crm
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Observational and Modeling Studies ofClimate Variability – Investigating the “C” in CRM
Bradfield Lyon
International Research Institute for Climate and Society
February 27, 2007
Dilley et al., 2005, World Bank, Disaster Risk Management Series No. 5
The Role of Climate Observations...
Drought Hazard: Exposure and Relief in Sri Lanka(with Lareef Zubair, Vidhura Ralapanawe and Zeenas Yahiya)
Lyon et al., GRL, in Review
Relative Drought Occurrence
Drought “Risk”
1960-2000
Logistic Regression Northern Sri Lanka
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91
-60-50-40-30-20-1001020
PRCP Index
Pro
bab
ilit
y
Lyon et al., 2005, JAWRA
Reliability of Rockland Water System – Demand and Supply
Lyon, B., and S.J. Camargo, 2007: ENSO Evolution: Time-Varying Effects on Seasonal Rainfall and Typhoon Activity in the Philippines. Journal of Climate (in preparation).
Lyon, B., L. Zubair, V. Ralapanawe, and Z. Yahiya, 2006: Fine-scale evaluation of drought hazard for tropical climates: Case study in Sri Lanka. Geophysical Research Letters (in review PDF).
Lyon, B., and S.J. Mason, 2006: The 1997-98 Summer Rainfall Season in Southern Africa Part I: Observations. Journal of Climate (in press PDF).
Lyon, B., H. Cristi, E.R. Verceles, F.D. Hilario, and R. Abastillas, 2006: Seasonal Reversal of the ENSO Rainfall Signal in the Philippines. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L24710, doi:10.1029/2006GL028182. PDF
Lyon, B., 2006: Robustness of the influence of El Niño on the spatial extent of tropical drought. Advances in Geosciences, 6, 207–209. PDF
Lyon, B., and A.G. Barnston, 2005: ENSO and the Spatial Extent of Interannual Precipitation Extremes in Tropical Land Areas. Journal of Climate, 18, 5095–5109. PDF
Lyon, B., N. Christie-Blick, and Y. Gluzberg, 2005: Water Shortages, Development, and Drought in Rockland County NY. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 41, Issue 6, 1457-1469. Lyon, B., 2004: The strength of El Niño and the spatial extent of tropical drought. Geophysical Research Letters, 31, L21204. PDF
Papers since 2004...
The Local Manifestation of Large-Scale (ENSO) Forcing
The 1997-98 Rainfall Season in Southern Africa
Work with Simon Mason
(with input from Willem Landman, Chris Reason, Tony Barnston, Lisa Goddard)
Part I – Departures in the anomalous atmospheric circulationand Ocean conditions in 1997-98 relative to past El Nino events (back to 1950). In press, J. Climate
Part II – Behavior of model simulations (3 AGCMs) and coupledmodel runs (3 models). Did they capture the “anomalous behavior of the anomalies” for southern Africa for this ENSO event? Implicationsfor future ENSOs? J. Climate (in prep.)
Another talk for another day.... (Dave D. has signed me up for spring)
Diagnostic Climate Studies for Climate Risk Management in the Philippines
• Work in collaboration with the Climate Information, Monitoring and Prediction Center (CLIMPC) group at the Philippines Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA).
• IRI and PAGASA working along with the National Water Resources Board (NWRB), National Irrigation Administration, National Power Corporation, UP Los Baños,....
• Climate work also involves capacity building efforts - statistical (CPT, HMM) and dynamical (RegCM) downscaling, climate diagnostics, development of real time climate monitoring analyses.
• Other IRI scientists involved – Casey Brown, Joshua Qian, Andy Robertson, Suzana Camargo, Simon Mason, Mike Bell, Arthur Greene, Lisa Goddard,...
Photos courtesy of Manila Water Supply Service (MWSS)
Reservoir at near-capacity
...and during the El Niño of 1997-98
Angat Reservoir
• The Angat watershed is 568 km2 in area
• Supplies about 97% of water for Metro Manila
• Irrigates about 30,000 hectares of farmlands
• Generates a maximum power of 246 MW
• Serves as flood control facility during rainy season
Angat Reservoir - Philippines
Average Angat Inflows (1970-99)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May Ju
n
Jul
Aug
Sep Oct
Nov
Dec
MonthIn
flo
w (
MC
M)
SW NE (31%) (46%)
ENSO Signal in Seasonal Rainfall in the Philippines
ONDEl Niño
ONDLa Niña
Composite Anomalies, 10 La Niña, 10 El Niño events (1950-2002)
Data: UEA, CRU
10 El Niño
JAS OND
10 La Niña
JAS OND
“DRY” “WET”
“DRY” “WET”
Lyon et al., 2006, GRL
Composite Rainfall Anomalies
Data: University of East Anglia
CanonicalCorrelation ≈ 0.8
ENSO Manifestation in Southeast Asia During JAS (0)
NWRB Angat Water Level Scenario: 2006-2007
ANGAT OPERATION CURVES November 8 - July 31, 2007216.31 215.41
210.31
205.21
199.74
191.74
184.68
188.79
156.72
180.02
196.36
194.80
189.64
161.91
182.07
194.38
195.92
175.74
194.28
168.52
197.87
157.78
193.75
155
165
175
185
195
205
215
DE
C.
JAN
.
FEB
.
MA
R.
AP
RIL
MA
Y
JUN
E
JULY
AU
G
SEP
T.
OC
T.
NO
V. 7
NO
V. 8
-16
NO
V. 1
7-30
DE
C.
JAN
.
FEB
.
MA
R. 7
MA
R.8
-31
AP
RIL
MA
Y
JUN
E
JULY
EL
EV
AT
ION
(m
eter
s)
Forecasted Operation Curve Upper Rule Curve Lower Rule Curve Actual Operation Curve
Slide Courtesy of Casey Brown
2006 2007
El Niño: Composite Ψ850 and PRCP Anomalies
Oct-Nov-Dec (5 El Niño events 1979-2003)
L
L
H
H
DRY WET
Data: CMAP, Reanalysis
JJA
Jul-Aug-Sep
Composite Ψ850 and PRCP Anomalies
L
L
JJAJAS
Aug-Sep-Oct
Composite Ψ850 and PRCP Anomalies
L
L
H
H
Sep-Oct-Nov
Composite Ψ850 and PRCP Anomalies
H
H
L
L
Oct-Nov-Dec
Composite Ψ850 and PRCP Anomalies
H
H L
L
0
100
200
300
400
500
600Ja
n
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep Oct
Nov
Dec
Month
Infl
ow
MC
M
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
Po
ten
tial
Pre
dic
tab
ilit
y
Inflow
Prcp
1 Season
2 Seasons
Infl
ow
(M
CM
)
“Pre
dic
tab
ility
”
Annual Cycle of Angat Average Inflows (Bars) and Relative Predictability (Lines)
Breaking thespring “barrier”
Nino3.4 Corr.
Mar (+1)
L
Jun (+1)
H
HL
H
H
H
Composite 850 hPa Streamfunction for El Niño
Changes in Typhoon Activity during ENSO Evolution
Super Typhoon DURIAN (26 NOV-05 DEC)
Average Number of TCs per Month
1
J F M A M J J A S O N D
This work in collaboration withS.J. Camargo...
Tropical Cyclone Track Density Differences
mo
refe
we
r
TCs
El Niño – La Niña
El Niño – La Niña
Data: JTWC
mo
refe
we
rTCs
JAS
OND
OND
JAS
El Niño
Lyon and Camargo, (s.t.b.s.)
Using the Genesis Potential Index as a Diagnostic
333
25 210 1 0.150 70
potshear
VRHGP V
1
1
1
Absolute Vorticity at 850 hPa ( )
Relative Humidity at 600 hPa (%)
Potential Intensity ( ) [ Emanuel (1995) ]
Magnitude of the 850-200 hPa Vertical Wind Shear ( )
pot
shear
s
RH
V ms
V ms
Emanuel and Nolan (2004);Camargo, Emanuel & Sobel (2007)
GP
Western North Pacific Climo.
GP Composite Differences: El Niño – La Niña
JASEl Niño – La Niña
ONDEl Niño – La Niña
Lyon and Camargo (s.t.b.s)
El NiñoJAS – OND
La NiñaJAS – OND
gre
ate
rle
ssg
rea
ter
less
GP Anomaly Differences Using All Variables
po
ten
tial
po
ten
tial
Lyon and Camargo, (s.t.b.s.)
GP: Only RH600 Varying, all other terms climatology
humid
dry
dry
JASEl Niño – La Niña
ONDEl Niño – La Niña
Lyon and Camargo, (s.t.b.s.)
Composite JAS Anomalous Moisture Flux (10 Events)
JASEl Niño
JASLa Niña
kg/kg ms-1 x 102
Lyon and Camargo, (s.t.b.s.)
Working in Collaboration with PAGASA
... sharing balut!
Future Work:
Observational and Modeling Studies
• A deeper physical understanding of regional climate variations on SI to longer time scales (Philippines, Southern Africa, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Mexico) particularly as they map onto CRM objectives. • Further development of collaborations in this enterprise with groups outside the IRI (PAGASA, HMS, CDC, etc.).
• Obtaining funding for these activities (GRIP, DRICOMP, NSF, etc.)
Drought
• Impacts are across sectors providing opportunities for multi-disciplinary research. Increasing interest in the broader community on the topic.
• Diagnostic studies of episodic events and in the context of climate change (e.g., cross-hazard with extreme temperatures).
Slide: Columbia University, College of Dental Medicine
Thank You
ENSO and Tropical Drought – Spatial Extent
Lyon, 2004, GRLLyon and Barnston, 2005, J. Climate
1st EOF
The principal river, Angat River, originates from the western flank of the Sierra Madre Mountains. It then cuts through the mountainous terrain in a westerly direction to the dam site. The elevation within the watershed rises to a maximum of 1,115 meters at the Sierra Madre Mountain range and is lowest at the dam site at 100 meters. It has three major tributaries, namely, the Talaguio, Catmon and Matulid Rivers. The Angat Watershed has a moderate to intensive forest cover and has a drainage area of about 568 square kilometers, which receives an average annual rainfall of about 4,200 millimeters.
The Angat Dam is a rockfill dam with a spillway equipped with three gates at a spilling level of 219 meters. Its storage capacity is about 850 million cubic meters. Water supply to the MWSS is released through five auxiliary turbines where it is diverted to the two tunnels going to the Ipo Dam.
JASEl NiñoAnomaly
CMAP & 850 hPa Reanalysis Relative Vorticity
JASLa NiñaAnomaly
JASAverage
(1979 - 2000)
Composite Anomalies
(Events after 1979)
eq.
eq.
Angat Watershed Annual PRCP and Inflows
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
Year
Infl
ow
(M
CM
)
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
PR
CP
(m
m)
PRCP
Inflow
r = 0.87
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep Oct
Nov
Dec
Month
Infl
ow
MC
M
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
Po
ten
tial
Pre
dic
tab
ilit
y
Inflow
Prcp
1 Season
2 Seasons
JAS
Climatological PRCP, Winds & Ψ850
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Zonal Wind – Philippines Avg.
JAS
OND
H
Data: CMAP, Reanalysis
H
H
July
Climatology
November
Climatological TC Track Density (1950-2004)
Super Typhoon DURIAN (26 NOV-05 DEC)
Average Number of TCs per Month
1
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Figures: S.J. Camargo
What is the local manifestation of large-scale forcing?(Certainly ENSO is playing a role....)
El Niño: Composite Ψ850 and PRCP Anomalies
Oct-Nov-Dec (5 El Niño events 1979-2003)
L
L
H
H
DRY WET
Data: CMAP, Reanalysis
JASEl NiñoAnomaly
CMAP & 850 hPa Reanalysis Relative Vorticity
JASLa NiñaAnomaly
JASAverage
(1979 - 2000)
Composite Anomalies
(Events after 1979)
eq.
eq.
JJA
Jul-Aug-Sep
Composite Ψ850 and PRCP Anomalies
L
L
JJAJAS
Aug-Sep-Oct
Composite Ψ850 and PRCP Anomalies
L
L
H
H
Sep-Oct-Nov
Composite Ψ850 and PRCP Anomalies
H
H
L
L
Oct-Nov-Dec
Composite Ψ850 and PRCP Anomalies
H
H L
L
Tropical Cyclones
Analysis Period: 1950-2004
Data: JTWC, Reanalysis, ERSST
10 El Niño and 10 La Niña Events
TCs that strike the Philippines, or center passes within 100km of the coast
Average Number of TCs per Month
1
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Climatology (1950-2004)
with thanks to S.J. Camargo
Tropical Cyclone Track Density Differences
mo
refe
we
r
TCs
El Niño – La Niña
El Niño – La Niña
Data: JTWC
mo
refe
we
rTCs
JAS
OND
OND
JAS
El Niño
Using the Genesis Potential Index as a Diagnostic
333
25 210 1 0.150 70
potshear
VRHGP V
1
1
1
Absolute Vorticity at 850 hPa ( )
Relative Humidity at 600 hPa (%)
Potential Intensity ( ) [ Emanuel (1995) ]
Magnitude of the 850-200 hPa Vertical Wind Shear ( )
pot
shear
s
RH
V ms
V ms
Emanuel and Nolan (2004);Camargo, Emanuel & Sobel (2007)
GP
Western North Pacific Climo.
GP Composite Differences: El Niño – La Niña
JASEl Niño – La Niña
ONDEl Niño – La Niña
El NiñoJAS – OND
La NiñaJAS – OND
gre
ate
rle
ssg
rea
ter
less
GP Anomaly Differences Using All Variables
po
ten
tial
po
ten
tial
GP: Only RH600 Varying, all other terms climatology
humid
dry
dry
JASEl Niño – La Niña
ONDEl Niño – La Niña
Composite JAS Anomalous Moisture Flux (10 Events)
JASEl Niño
JASLa Niña
kg/kg ms-1 x 102
Lyon and Camargo (s.t.b.s.)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600Ja
n
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep Oct
Nov
Dec
Month
Infl
ow
MC
M
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
Po
ten
tial
Pre
dic
tab
ilit
y
Inflow
Prcp
1 Season
2 Seasons
Infl
ow
(M
CM
)
“Pre
dic
tab
ility
”
Annual Cycle of Angat Average Inflows and Relative Predictability
Breaking thespring “barrier”
Nino3.4 Corr.
Mar (+1)
L
Jun (+1)
H
HL
H
H
H
Composite 850 hPa Streamfunction for El Niño
HL
L
Mar (+1)
H
Jun (+1)
Composite 850 hPa Streamfunction and SST Anomalyfor El Niño
Summary
• ENSO seasonal rainfall signal reverses sign in the (north-central) Philippines between JAS and OND.
• This reversal is related to the (southEAST) translation of rainfall anomalies in the west-central Pacific during the seasonal evolution of ENSO events.
• The anomalous large-scale circulation contributes to an enhanced likelihood of TCs in JAS during El Niño, and a reduced likelihood of TCs in JAS during La Niña. These tendencies subsequently reverse sign by OND for both extreme phases of ENSO.
• The largest influence on TC genesis potential is associated with mid-level RH anomalies, consistent with observed moisture flux anomaly patterns during the evolution of ENSO events.
Lyon, B. and S.J. Camargo, 2007: ENSO Evolution: Time-Varying Effects on Seasonal Rainfall and Tropical Cyclone Activity in the Philippines. Journal of Climate (s.t.b.s.)
-------------------------------------------------------------
Lyon, B., H. Christi, E.R. Verceles, F.D. Hillario, and R. Abastillas, 2006: Seasonal Reversal of the ENSO Rainfall Signal in the Philippines. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L24710.
H L
L
H
Mar (+1)Jun (+1)
Composite 850 hPa Streamfunction and SST Anomalyfor El Niño
ENSO and Tropical Drought – Spatial Extent
Lyon, 2004, GRL
1st EOF
r = 0.89
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