o what: possible scenarios how native · objectives: chapter 1:1-2 o what: possible scenarios how...

OBJECTIVES: Chapter 1:1-2

o WHAT: Possible scenarios how Native Americans first came to the Americas.

o WHAT: The culture of Native Americans before European contact.

o WHAT: The push factors that caused Europe to look beyond its territories to expand and migrate.

o WHY: Examine how events in the past affect us today.

o WHY: The logical progression of historical events and the United States’ role in prophecy (USH 5.1)

(Dan 7:25) And he shall speak

great words against the most

High, and shall wear out the saints

of the most High, and think to

change times and laws: and they

shall be given into his hand until a

time and times and the dividing of

time.

The First Americans:

• First Americans migrated or traveled from Asia.

• These were costal peoples who gathered wild plants.

• Hunted seals and small whales.

• They adapted to their varying local climates and environment in North America.

• This led to them being more culturally more diverse.

Origins of Native Americans

• Alaskan

Eskimo

Friends.

• Spoke 375 distinct languages (1492).

• Each language group divided into specific tribes and nations.

• They were further subdivided to villages.

• Each village was headed by a chief.

NATIVE AMERICANS:

o Maize (corn), Squashes, and beans were three important crops Native Americans developed.

o In some places Native Americans built large sophisticated cities ruled by powerful chiefs (Aztec Kingdom: Mexico).

o Most Native Americans were either hunter and gatherers or agriculture.

Common Features Native Americans

o Most American Indians did

not have centralized nations

like Europe.

o Instead political power was

spread among many local

chiefs with limited authority.

Common Bonds In Religion:

o Native Americans believed that spirits could be found in nature (plants, animals, rocks, water, etc).

o If properly honored, the spirits could help people catch or grow what they need.

o Spiritual leaders (Shaman) of a tribe mediated between the people and the spirit beings.

For when the Gentiles, which have not the law, do by nature the things contained in the law, these, having not the law, are a law unto themselves: Which shew the work of the law written in their hearts, their conscience also bearing witness, and their thoughts the mean while accusing or else excusing one another;) In the day when God shall judge the secrets of men by Jesus Christ according to my gospel. Romans 2:14-16.

Common Features Native Americans o American Indians owned little

private property.

o Some families owned garden plots and hunting territories, but they could not sell them.

o Most were considered common ground for every resident to use.

o Respectful equality among various groups of Indians.

o Usually, divided under gender lines.

“And all that believed were together, and had all things common; And sold their possessions and goods, and parted them to all men, as every man had need. And they, continuing daily with one accord in the temple, and breaking bread from house to house, did eat their meat with gladness and singleness of heart, Praising God, and having favour with all the people. And the Lord added to the church daily such as should be saved.” Acts 2:44-47

Common Features Native Americans

o Men assumed more

dangerous tasks, such as

hunting and warfare.

o Women cared for children,

wove baskets, made

pottery, prepared meals,

gathered food, and farmed.

ACTIVITY:

• Volunteers: Act out a concept of what private and public property is.

• Which view of property do you think is better between the Western thinking of private property or the Native American view of communal sharing of the land? Explain the reason why you chose which view.

Discussion Question:

• What does the Bible say about property?

• How is this different or similar to the views of property of the Native Americans and Europeans?

• Please look at Psalms 24:1, 1 Corinthians 10:26, Psalms 115:15, Exodus 20:10, Leviticus 19:34.

What Pushed and pulled Europeans to America?

• In Europe from 538 A.D to

1798, the Papacy (The head of

the Roman Catholic Church).

• Held Supreme Power.

• Influenced politics

• Culture

• Normal day of life in Europe.

Principles of the Papacy:

• The core principle was control.

• It sought control over the masses.

• The Pope and the priests had ultimate final say.

• The Pope claimed he was infallible.

In 538 A.D. The Emperor Justinian gives the Roman Bishop head of all the churches.

• Additional Sources: See Great Controversy pages 54-55

What did Justinian do? • “For we do not suffer anything which

was reference to the state of the Church, even though what causes the difficulty may be clear and free from doubt, to be discussed without being brought to the notice of Your Holiness, because you are the head of all the Holy Churches, for We shall exert Ourselves in every way, to increase the honor and authority of your See.” Justian, Codex I Book 1 Section 4.

What did Justinian do? • Justinian states: “We want

all Christians to accept the faith that the Holy Catholic church maintains so that we as we know the one God and Lord also have one such faith.” J.P. Migne, Patrologie Graeca, 86, I 993 D.

Era of Absolute Control

• Absolute Monarchy

• Only a few controlled all the

wealth.

• Only the church can interpret

the Bible.

• And what is permissible in

everyday life.

What did Justinian do?

• “For consequently the reading of the Holy Scripture would have to be forbidden, since it is constantly misused by the heretics.” Emperor Justinian, J.P. Mingue, Pathrologie Graeca, 86, I. 1136 A-1137 B. Ibid, 106.

Society

o During this time, there was

an extreme difference of

wealth.

o Less than 5 percent of the

population controlled

almost all the land.

o This was called the ruling

elite.

Who Were The Elites?

o Leaders of the Roman Catholic Church.

o A monarch (King or sometimes a queen).

o Aristocrats

o People who inherited social rank and title.

o Owned land where the peasants worked.

Commoners:

• 3/5th of Western Europe.

• Who either rented land from the

aristocracy to farm.

• OR sold their labor.

• The exercise of force is

contrary to the principles of

God's government; He desires

only the service of love; and

love cannot be commanded; it

cannot be won by force or

authority. Only by love is love

awakened. To know God is to

love Him.... {Desire of Ages:

22.1}

The Catholic Church Control: o Strictly controlled intellectual life.

o The Priests wanted all to follow their

understanding of the world.

o Everything worth knowing were

discovered by the Greeks and

Romans or from the Bible.

o Those who pursued scientific

discoveries that went against church

teachings risked persecution.

The Black Death: 1347-1350 • Also called the bubonic

plague).

• Killed some 20 million people in Europe.

• 30 percent of the continent’s population.

• Especially deadly in cities.

• Impossible to prevent the spreading of disease.

• “After the fall of Rome, no single state or government united the people who lived on the European continent. Instead, the Catholic Church became the most powerful institution of the medieval period. Kings, queens and other leaders derived much of their power from their alliances with and protection of the Church.” History.com

• “(In 800 CE, for example, Pope Leo III named the Frankish king Charlemagne the “Emperor of the Romans”–the first since that empire’s fall more than 300 years before. Over time, Charlemagne’s realm became the Holy Roman Empire, one of several political entities in Europe whose interests tended to align with those of the Church.)”

• Ordinary people across Europe had to “tithe” 10 percent of their earnings each year to the Church; at the same time, the Church was mostly exempt from taxation. These policies helped it to amass a great deal of money and power. http://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages

Discussion Question:

• What are things that will force you to

leave your home and move somewhere

else? (List five and explain why you

listed those reasons)

OBJECTIVES: Chapter 1:1-2

o WHAT: what “pulled” or drew Europeans to explore beyond its borders in expanding their territories.

o WHY: Examine the impact of how European exploration affects today.

o WHY: The logical progression of historical events and the United States’ role in prophecy (USH 5.1)

(Psa 37:14) The wicked have

drawn out the sword, and have

bent their bow, to cast down the

poor and needy, and to slay such

as be of upright conversation.

Pull Factors To The New World: Crusades or Holy Wars

o Series of Wars between European Christians and Southwest Asian Muslims.

o Fought in the later half of the Middle Ages.

o Christians wanted to reclaim the Holy land of Jerusalem for Christians.

o European Christians lost these wars.

PULL FACTOR: EXPOSURE TO NEW GOODS:

• Exposed Europeans to new

products from the Far East.

• Such as silks, gems and

spices.

Renaissance Era:

o In the mid-1440s.

o Led to the advancement of

arts and sciences.

o This produced wealth in

Europe.

o Led to a desire to explore to

expand their wealth.

Marco Polo:

o News of places like

China from explorers

like Marco Polo.

o Many were attracted to

the exotic goods.

o Polo brought back

noodles and pasta that

we enjoy today.

Pull Factors to the New World • The push to find trade

routes to Asia.

• Europeans were competing with Muslims for dominance in trade and influence.

• Ottoman Turks (Muslims) controlled almost all the land routes to Asia.

• Their trade routes reached all the way to Mongolia.

PULL FACTORS TO THE NEW WORLD

o Desire to reconquer land in

Europe that Muslims held

(Spain and Portugal)

o Development of new

technology that helped sailors

to navigate ships better

(Astrolabe, Quadrant).

o Faster Ships

Prince Henry the Navigator (1419)

o Directed Portuguese efforts to sail

the Atlantic to spread Christianity.

o Reduce Muslim domination of trade.

o The Portuguese sailed Southward

wanting gold, ivory, and slaves.

o They would arrive in West Africa.

Discussion Question:

• What are things that would draw you to

WANT to leave your home and move

somewhere else? (List five and explain

why you listed those reasons)

Pull Factors to the New World • Slavery was common in West

Africa.

• Humans were traded along with gold, salt, ivory, and other valuable resources.

• About 1,000 slaves were sold annually to Arab traders

• It was a common fate of people who were captured or conquered in warfare.

Slavery in Africa: • Slaves within Africa were usually

adopted by the families into which they were sold.

• They could also marry.

• As a rule, their children did not inherit the status of slaves.

• Slaves can become important officials and Soldiers.

• Earn wealth.

• African Slavery was not based on racial domination.

Spiritual Lesson:

• (Rom 6:16) Know ye not, that to whom ye yield yourselves servants to obey, his servants ye are to whom ye obey; whether of sin unto death, or of obedience unto righteousness?

• (Eph 1:5) Having predestinated us unto the adoption of children by Jesus Christ to himself, according to the good pleasure of his will,

The birth of the slave trade o Portuguese established

powerful slave trade with the people of West Africa.

o First major slave trade center was in 1482.

o By 1500 Europeans purchased about 1,800 African slaves a year.

o What started small impacted millions.

Pull Factors to the New World

o Portugal

dominated trade

routes from

Europe to India.

o They navigated the

Southern tip of

Africa to Asia.

o Spain sought to go

Westward to find a

new route to Asia.

Christopher Columbus: • Contrary to popular belief he did

not believe the world was flat.

• Columbus sought a route to China to convert them to Christianity.

• Revive a battle against Islam.

• He believed the Chinese would help with their wealth in these crusades.

• He investigated reports of Viking Explorers who reached all the way to Newfoundland (Canada)

Columbus and the New World

o Columbus was Italian but worked as a merchant Marine for Portugal.

o Portugal denied funding for Columbus to explore westward.

o In 1492, Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain provided funding for Columbus voyage west in search for China.

o With 3 Ships and 90 men and after 33 days at sea, they arrived to what is now known as the Bahamas.

o Sailing South, he would reach another set of islands.

• Columbus named the natives Indians.

• He claimed the land for Spain even though people already lived there.

• As a representative of a “Christian” nation, Columbus believed that he had the right and duty to dominate people who were not Christian.

• “They should be good servants and intelligent, for I observed that they quickly took in what was said to them, and I believe that they would easily be made Christians, as it appeared to me that they had no religion. I our Lord being pleased, will take hence, at the time of my departure six natives.” Christopher Columbus

• Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost: Teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and, lo, I am with you alway, even unto the end of the world. Amen. Matthew 28:19-20

• And as ye go, preach, saying, The kingdom of heaven is at hand. Heal the sick, cleanse the lepers, raise the dead, cast out devils: freely ye have received, freely give. Matthew 10:7-8.

Pull Factors to the New World

Impact of Columbus Coming to America:

o Columbus did not reach Asia.

o Found sources of riches that led to European Christendom to be more powerful and wealthy than the Muslim world.

o Mineral and plantation wealth of the Americas were produced by African slaves.

o New food was introduced to Europe like Maize (corn), Squash, and Beans.

o This wealth financed the expansion of European commerce for the next 300 years.

Population Shifts: o Europe 80 million in 1492,

to 180 Million by 1800.

o 11 percent to 20 percent of the world’s population was now European.

o Indian population was 7 percent of the world’s population in 1492 to 1 percent in 1800.

Discussion Question:

• Do you think Christopher Columbus

should still have a holiday based on how

history judges him today?

OBJECTIVES: Chapter 1:4

o WHAT: The various explorers from Europe to the rest of the world.

o WHAT: The Spanish expansion to the Americas and how it impacted the continent.

o WHAT: The French expansion to North America.

o WHY: The impact these explorers have for us in the present.

“My son, if sinners entice thee, consent thou not. If they say, Come with us, let us lay wait for blood, let us lurk privily for the innocent without cause: Let us swallow them up alive as the grave; and whole, as those that go down into the pit: We shall find all precious substance, we shall fill our houses with spoil: Cast in thy lot among us; let us all have one purse:” Proverbs 1:10-14

Treaty of Tordesillas. o Treaty negotiated between

Spain and Portugal (1494)

o Portugal and Spain were Catholic nations competing against each other.

o The Spanish Agreed to split the world of new discoveries.

o By drawing a north-south boundary line through the mid Atlantic.

Treaty of Tordesillas. o The Portuguese secured a monopoly to

exploit the coast of Africa and the Indian Ocean.

o Spain claimed Columbus’s western lands.

o South America bulged Eastward beyond the treaty line giving that part to Portugal.

o Brazil became part of Portugal as a colony.

o No one bothered to consult the Native Americans.

o The Iberians and the Pope considered them Pagan savages without any rights.

Other Explorers:

o John Cabot employed by England sailed to Newfoundland (1497).

o Amerigo Vespucci explored enough of the South American coast to deem it a continent (1501).

o Through the work of map makers, Amerigo Vespucci’s name became the continents of the new world.

o Ferdinand Magellan succeeded in circumnavigating the globe (1519-1522).

Aztec Empire: o In the 1500s, the Spanish learned of

spectacular Indian civilization in Central

Mexico.

o Those soldiers explored central Mexico and

defeated the Indian civilization were called

conquistadors.

o In 1519 the brilliant and ruthless Hernan

Cortes led a group of 600 volunteers.

o Who managed to defeat the mighty Aztec

Empire of its capital of 200,000.

Conquistadors. • They enslaved thousands of

these Indians.

• Expanded their empire deep into the Americas.

• During the 1530s, Francisco Pizarro conquered the powerful Incas of Peru with just 180 troops.

• Spain had the advantage of superior weapons.

• Such as cross bows, steel edge swords and firearms.

Conquistadors: o Were motivated to gain both wealth and

their religious faith.

o Loyal to their monarch (contrast with the great commission).

o They reasoned that riches were wasted on the non-Christian Indians.

o Those riches should belong to Christians who served the Spanish crown.

o They were ruthless and not good administrators.

o Many Indians were killed as slaves by the Conquistadors.

• Mar_10:19 Thou knowest the

commandments, Do not

commit adultery, Do not kill,

Do not steal, Do not bear false

witness, Defraud not, Honour

thy father and mother.

• Rom_13:10 Love worketh no

ill to his neighbour: therefore

love is the fulfilling of the law.

Long Term Impact of conquistadors.

o Through the conquistadors,

Spain was the dominant

presence in the Americas.

o Today, most of the Americas

speak Spanish as their primary

language.

Friars:

o The King of Spain were concerned about the ruthlessness of Conquistadors.

o Sent Catholic Friars (priests) as missionaries.

o These priests sought to convert Indians to Christianity.

o To persuade Indians to adopt Spanish culture.

o Were less ruthless than the Conquistadors

Friars:

o The friars destroyed Indian temples and sacred images.

o They forced the Indians to build churches and adopt rituals for the Catholic faith.

o The missionaries also forced the Indians to work for them.

ACTIVITY

• Have a person who has a Bible but does

not allow the other person to have access

to it. That person with the Bible tells the

person to do contrary to what the Bible

says in Romans 13:10 to demonstrate the

limited interpretation of the Bible caused

these actions.

Discussion Question:

• What reason do you think these

professed Christian nations treated

Native American so terribly?

• The exercise of force is

contrary to the principles of

God's government; He desires

only the service of love; and

love cannot be commanded; it

cannot be won by force or

authority. Only by love is love

awakened. To know God is to

love Him.... {Desire of Ages:

22.1}

Whiteboard Activity: • What impact do you see today of

Spanish exploration and settlement of North America? (In culture, ethnicity, and cuisine). (List 5)

• Spanish colonialization to the new world brought many atrocities towards Native Americans. Do you think it was worth the price of the cultures and peoples we have today because of Spanish exploration?

• (Gen 50:20) As for you, you

meant evil against me, but

God meant it for good, to

bring it about that many

people should be kept alive,

as they are today.

Pirates of the Caribbean:

o Spain’s new wealth financed an aggressive military policy in Europe.

o This alarmed the English, Dutch and French.

o Who also wanted stakes in the New World.

o Encouraged Pirates to rob Spanish treasure ships (Pirates of the Caribbean).

Debate:

• What do you think of Disney changing the

Pirates of the Caribbean ride, sacrificing

historical accuracy for the sake of not

offending people?

• Rom_14:13 Let us not

therefore judge one another

any more: but judge this

rather, that no man put a

stumblingblock or an

occasion to fall in his

brother's way.

The French:

• In the 1500s, this Catholic

nation expanded to the

Americas.

• French would establish a

colony in what is now

modern day Quebec,

Canada.

• Till this day, this region is a

French speaking area.

The French: • The French colonists had better

working relationship with the Indians in that region.

• Possibly because of the need for survival.

• The colonies grew slowly because of the long Canadian winter.

• And also raids from the hostile Iroquois nation.

• Potential colonists objected to hard work of clearing dense forests to plant new farms.

The French: • The colonies were slow to grow

and resembled that of New Spain.

• Both were strictly controlled by the powerful monarchs of the homeland.

• The French King appointed a military governor-general.

• Civil administrator known as an intendant, and a catholic bishop.

• Like the Spanish, the French king did not permit an elected assembly in Canada.

Robert de LaSalle: o In 1682, the French explorer was hoping to find

the Northwest passage.

o Guided by Native Americans, he made his way south on the Mississippi River.

o Toward what he hoped was an opening to the Pacific Ocean.

o Instead he found was the Gulf of Mexico.

o La Salle claimed the territory around the Mississippi River basin for France.

o Naming it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV.

o In 1718, near the river’s mouth the French founded New Orleans.

POP QUIZ!!!!!!!!!!

B –Magellan A-Christopher Columbus

C –Cortez D –Irene

He sought to explore a Western Route

to China and then landed in the

Bahamas. He wanted to convert the

Chinese to Christianity to fight against

the Muslims.

B –The Conquerors A-Conquistadors

C –The Swiss Guard D –A Pink

Soldiers of the Spanish Empire that

conquered the great cities of Central

and South America with cruelty in

behalf of the Papacy and Spain.

B –Force A-Love

C –Kisses D –All of the Above

What method did the Papacy

employ in maintaining power?

B –HIV A-The Black Plague

C –SARS D –MERS

What plague killed 20 million

people in Europe in the Medieval

period?

B –Europe A-The Papacy

C –Native Americans D –All of the Above

Who owned little private property

and did not have centralized

nations but rather divided power

to local chiefs?

B –Prince Philip A-The Papacy

C –Harry Potter D –All of the Above

Who dominated Europe for 1,260

years as the leading authority in

religion, politics, and society?

B –The Fried Ears A-The Friars

C –The Mission D –Friar Tuck

Catholic missionaries who came to

administer the Spanish colonies since

the Conquistadors were too cruel.