np 1b neuroanatomy - university of california, san...

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Functional Neuroanatomy

OverviewNervous System

Central NervousSystem

Peripheral NervousSystem

Brain Spinal Cord Somatic

Sympathetic Parasympathetic

Autonomic

Central Nervous System Orientation in the CNS

Anterior: Toward the front or front end Posterior: Toward the back or back end Inferior: Toward the bottom of the body, or below Superior: Toward the top of the head/body, or above Medial: Toward the middle/midline Lateral: Away from the middle/midline, toward the side Rostral: Toward the nose Caudal: Toward the tail/rear Dorsal:Toward the back Ventral: Toward the belly Ipsilateral: On the same side Contralateral: On the opposite side Bilateral: On both sides Unilateral: On one side

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Central Nervous SystemPlanes of Bisection

Horizontal/Axial

Coronal

Saggital

The Meninges

The Cerebral Hemispheres Function

Primary sensory and motor functioning Higher mental functioning

Relies on integrative functions and cross-sensory modalities

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central (rolandic) sulcus

sylvyan (lateral) fissure

frontal lobe

temporal lobe

occipitallobe

parietal lobe

Defining the lobes

Interhemispheric Fissure

Insula

Sylvian Fissure

What Lies Beneath?

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Midsaggital Anatomy

White Matter Tracts

Tracts of white matter(axon bundles) connectdifferent regions of thecortex together

Example: arcuatefasciculus

Fleishig’s rule

medial viewright cerebral hemisphereamygdala

caudate nucleus

internal capsulecorona radiata

anterior commissure

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Corpus Callosum

Split Brain Patients

Ventricular System

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Top: Enlargedventricles as inAlzheimer’spatients.

Bottom: noventricles due totumors etc.

Hypothalamus and Thalamus

Upper Brain Stem: Diencephalon Thalamus

Structure Relatively large Two symmetric large nuclei All thalamic nuclei receive ascending and descending

input Many projections

Function Relay station Domain-specific information processing

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Hypothalamus and Thalamus Upper Brain Stem: Diencephalon

Hypothalamus Structure

Very small Contains an important collection of nuclei

Function Controls autonomic mechanisms

Diencephalic Syndromes Wernicke-Korsakoff’s Syndrome Vascular disease Thalamic trauma

Limbic System

Basal Ganglia Structure

Collection of nuclei embedded deep within cortex Partially surround the thalamus Sensory projections to cerebrum Efferents to other nervous system structures Caudate nucleus + putamen + globus pallidus +

substantia nigra + subthalamic nucleus Function

Regulate voluntary movement Integrative or just a relay station?

Pathology Movement disorders (e.g. Parkinson’s)

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Cerebellum Structure

The “little brain” Layered appearance Two hemispheres connected by the vermis

Function Coordinated motor behavior Postural adjustments Stores memories for simple

learned motor responses Pathology

Movement disorders; “Ataxia”

Cerebrovasculature

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Blood Supply to the Brain

Arterial Blood Supply

http://pathology.mc.duke.edu/neuropath/nawr/blood-supply.html#arteriesgreat animation of blood supply

Circle of Willis

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Anterior / Posterior Cerebrals

Middle Cerebral