new ca asa plant & soil conference february 6, 2019, fresno, ca...
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CA ASA Plant & Soil Conference
February 6, 2019, Fresno, CA
Nicholas Clark, UCCE Agronomy & Nutrient Mgmt. Advisor - Kings, Fresno, & Tulare Counties
680 N. Campus Dr., Ste. A, Hanford, CA 93230; (559) 852-2788; neclark@ucdavis.edu
Presentation Outline
• Why forage crops?
• Why nutrient management?
• Macro-nutrient refresher
• Nutrient management planning
• Executing nutrient management
• Preliminary research results
Why Forage Crops?
0
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7000
8000
9000
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1200
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Cro
p v
alue
(mil
lions
of
doll
ars)
Har
ves
ted a
rea
(thousa
nds
of
acre
s)
Select SJV Forage Production Stats (CAC data)
Alfalfa hay area Corn silage area Almonds area Alfalfa value
Corn silage value Almonds value Milk value
• Grain wheat, Sac Valley ----27.2%
• Corn silage, SJV -------------23.1%
• Organic spinach ------------- 11.7%
• Pistachios, SJV -------------- 9.8%
• Almonds, SJV --------------- 9.0%
• SDI processing tomatoes ---7.8%
• Walnuts, SJV -----------------7.7%
• Romaine hearts -------------- 6.5%
• Wine grapes, Sac Valley ---- 2.9%
• Fresh market plums --------- 1.0%
N Fertilization costs as a proportion of total operating costs
Why Nutrient Management? $$$←(subtle hint)
High Value, Low-Tech
Groundwater Quality (GWQ) and CA Agriculture
• US-EPA National Primary Drinking Water Regulations set enforceable Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for NO3-N at 10 mg/L
• GWQ is found to be impacted by agricultural applications of nitrogen in manure and fertilizers in the Central Valley (CV)
Harter and Lund, 2012. Addressing NO3- in CA’s Drinking
Water. Report for SWQCB to Legislature.
2013 Dairy General Order (R5-2013-0122)• Latest iteration, includes Central Valley Dairy
Representative Monitoring Program (CVDRMP) provision
• Dischargers report individually or as a representative group (over 1,100 members)
• CVDRMP to submit 6 year Summary Representative Monitoring Report (SRMR)
• SRMR will “identify mgmt. practices…protective of GW quality for the range of conditions found at participating facilities,” or “…propose solutions and upgrades that will result in compliance” (R5-2013-0122). Slide borrowed from Veldhuis, 2012. Producer
perspective on CVDRMP
Importance of Macro-Nutrients in Plants - POP QUIZ
Phosphorus
• Nucleic acids (RNA, DNA)
• _____lipid bi-layer (cellular membranes)
• ATP, ADP (energy transfer, metabolism)
Potassium
• Osmoregulation (cell turgor – stomata guard cell movement, cell division)
• pH stabilization (within cells)
• Enzyme activation and protein synthesis (photosynthesis)
• Accounts for greatest uptake of mineral nutrients
• Nucleic acids bases (ATGCU) (RNA, DNA, for genetic coding)
• Component of amino acids (building blocks of proteins/enzymes, “workhorses” of the cell)
• Cation/anion balance and osmoregulator in vacuoles
Nitrogen
Nutrient Uptake Forms & Mobility
Nutrient Uptake form Mobility in Plant Mobility in Soil
Nitrogen NO3-, NH4
+ MobileMobile as NO3
-,
immobile as NH4+
Phosphorus HPO42-, H2PO4
- Somewhat mobile Immobile
Potassium K+ Very mobile Somewhat mobile
Adapted from Cornell
Elements of a Nutrient Management Plan • Yield goal – setting
expectations
• Inputs – fertilizers (organic & synthetic), soil supply, water
• Outputs – harvested nutrients, inefficiencies* 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Fresno Kern Kings Madera Merced San
Joaquin
Stanislaus Tulare
Av
erag
e A
nn
ual
Yie
ld
(to
ns/
acre
)
SJV Alfalfa Hay Yields (10 year average, 2008-17 CAC
data)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Fresno Kings Madera Merced San
Joaquin
Stanislaus Tulare
Av
erag
e A
nn
ual
Yie
ld
(to
ns/
acre
)
SJV Silage Corn Yields (10 year average, 2008-17 CAC
data)
fertilizer + soil + water =
harvest + inefficiencyB
lack
to w
hit
e sh
adin
g c
hro
no
logic
ally
rep
rese
nts
yea
rs 2
008 t
hro
ugh 2
017, re
spec
tivel
y
* “Inefficiencies” here refers to whatever
the plant doesn’t accumulate.
Executing a Nutrient Management Plan • Correcting – fertilize to meet crop N demand and to maintain sufficient
phosphorus & potassium
• Monitoring – in season tissue/soil testing
• Adjusting plan – need be, correct fertility in-season or augment next season’s plan
Click for soil and tissue testing presentation
Click for alfalfa fertilization presentation
Nutrient management
plan
Fertilize/ amend
Monitor
Adjust plan
Forage Corn-Wheat Manure NUE:Preliminary results
Bob Hutmacher, Nick Clark, Till Angermann, Jorge Angeles
Experiment Design & Conditions
Site Specifics
• Heifer ranch
• Regular manure largely from heifer coral scraping, less from pond
• GW & district irrigation
• Deep, uniform, Nord fine sandy loam
Experimental Design
• RCBD, 4X
• Three treatments
1. “0 N” Ctrl
2. Manure only (~18.5 tons/ac, ~70% DM, ~1.5% N)
3. Manure + fertilizer (75-100 lbs N/ac from synthetic fertilizer)
0 N Control
Manure + fertilizer
Manure only
Corn N Balance
0N Ctrl Manure only Manure + fert F p
Lbs N/ac
Irrigation water 76 80 66
Manure 0 376 387
Fertilizer 0 0 100
Total applied 76 456 553
Total removed 204 219 227 4.316 0.054
A/R 0.37 2.08 2.44
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
0N Ctrl Manure only Manure + fert
Yie
ld (
ton
s/ac
@ 7
0%
MC
)Corn Yield Between Treatments
F = 9.19p = 0.008
b aba
31.4 33.5 32.5
Corn N, P, K Above-Ground Accumulation
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
V5-7 V7-10 VT R2-3 R5
N,
P, K
Tis
sue
Acc
um
ula
tio
n (
lbs/
acr
e)
N
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
V5-7 V7-10 VT R2-3 R5
P
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
400.0
V5-7 V7-10 VT R2-3 R5
K
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
400.0
V5-7 V7-10 VT R2-3 R5
N T
issu
e A
ccu
m.
(lb
s/a
cre)
0 N Ctrl
V5-7 V7-10 VT R2-3 R5
M Only
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
V5-7 V7-10 VT R2-3 R5
So
il M
iner
al
N 0
-24
” (
lbs/
acr
e)
M + F
Corn Seasonal N Accumulation and Soil Mineral N content
UN32 Sidedress, 100 lbs N/acSoil
Soil
Tissue
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0-12 12-24 24-36 36-48 48-60
Cu
mu
lati
ve
So
il N
O3
-N (
lbs/
ac)
So
il N
O3
-N (
lbs/
ac)
Corn Post-Harvest/Wheat Pre-Plant
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0-12 12-24 24-36 36-48 48-60
So
il N
O3
-N (
lbs/
ac)
Corn Pre-Plant
Soil Depth (in)
Seasonal Soil NO3-N Change with Depth
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0-12 12-24 24-36 36-48 48-60
PP
M
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0-12 12-24 24-36 36-48 48-60
PP
M
0-12 12-24 24-36 36-48 48-60
Ols
en
P T
est
X-K
Tes
tCorn Pre-Plant Corn Post-Harvest Seasonal Difference
-5
0
5
10
15
20
0-12 12-24 24-36 36-48 48-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0-12 12-24 24-36 36-48 48-600-12 12-24 24-36 36-48 48-60
2017-18 Wheat Soil and Plant Macronutrient Uptake and Availability
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0-12 12-24 24-36 36-48 48-60
PP
M
X-K
0N Ctrl X-K M Only X-K M+F X-K
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0-12 12-24 24-36 36-48 48-60
Lb
s/ac
NO3-N
0N Ctrl NO3-N M Only NO3-N M+F NO3-N
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0-12 12-24 24-36 36-48 48-60
PP
M
Olsen P
0N Ctrl Olsen P M Only Olsen P M+F Olsen P
2017-18 Wheat Preplant Soil Macronutrient Concentrations
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
0N Ctrl Manure only Manure + fert
Yiel
d (
ton
s/ac
@ 7
0%
MC
)Wheat Yield between Treatments
F = 14.96p = 0.001
aa
19.5 24.5 25.5
b
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
Tillering Jointing Flowering Milk
P
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
400.0
Tillering Jointing Flowering Milk
K
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
Tillering Jointing Flowering Milk
N,
P, K
Tis
sue
Acc
um
ula
tio
n (
lbs/
acr
e)
N
2017-18 Wheat N, P, K Above-Ground Accumulation
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
Nu
trie
nt
Acc
um
ula
tio
n in
Ab
ove
-Gro
un
d
Tiss
ue
(lb
s/ac
re)
0 N Ctrl
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
M Only
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
Soil
Min
eral
N c
on
cen
trat
ion
(lb
s/ac
)
M + F
Wheat Seasonal N Accumulation and Soil Mineral N content
UreaUrea top-dress, 75 lbs N/acreSoil Soil Tissue
Continuing
• Collecting data
• Establishing greater N deficiency within plots
• Evaluating data
• Applying for more funding (focus on N mineralization)
Thank you
Nicholas Clark, UCCE Agronomy & Nutrient Mgmt. Advisor – Kings, Fresno, & Tulare Counties
680 N. Campus Dr., Ste. A, Hanford, CA 93230
(559) 852-2788; neclark@ucdavis.edu
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