neuroscience of learning: an introduction to mind, brain, health, … · spring, 2016 conditions...

Spring,2016

NeuroscienceofLearning:AnIntroductionto

Mind,Brain,Health,andEducation

Week11:AttentionHarvardUniversityExtensionSchool(PSYCE-1609)

April7,2016JuliaVolkman,TA&ALMCandidate

Spring,2016

Today’sfocus

• Defineattention• Reviewkeyattentionalnetworks• LookatExternalAttention

o Testourownvisualattentiono DefineFlow

• LookatInternalAttentiono Defaultmodenetwork

• TalkaboutADHD:Challenges&Benefits

Spring,2016

Weattendtotheworldoutsideandinside

• Sensoryperception:What’shappeningwith/toourbody

• Internalattention:Whatarewethinkingabout,feeling,planning,orintending(goals),innerlanauge/self-talk

Chun,Golomb,&Turk-Browne,2011 3

Spring,2016

Definition

“Attentionisacorepropertyofallperceptualandcognitiveoperations.Givenlimitedcapacitytoprocesscompetingoptions,attentionalmechanisms

o select,o modulate,ando sustainfocus[vigilance]oninformationmostrelevantforbehavior.”

Chun,Golomb,&Turk-Browne,2011,p.73 4

Spring,2016

Definition

Attentionandmemoryarethefoundationsoflearning

Spring,2016

Definition

Thereismoregoingonouttherethanwecanprocess!

Spring,2016

Wedon’tperceiveeverythingthathappens,onlywhatweattendto

Simons&Chabris, 1999

SelectiveAttentionTest

Spring,2016

Wedon’tperceiveeverythingthathappens,onlywhatweattendto

Simons&Chabris, 1999

GorillaPoll

Whydidn’twenotice?Priming?Whathappenstoinformationwedon’tnotice?

Spring,2016

AttentionisbothBottom-up&Top-down

Miller&Buschman, 2013 9

Spring,2016

Bottom-up&Top-downPoll

Spring,2016

CompetitionforVisualAttention

Spring,2016

Watchcarefully

http://journal.sjdm.org/7512/jdm7512.htm 12

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Whatchanged?

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http://www.csc.ncsu.edu/faculty/healey/PP/ 19

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http://7e.biopsychology.com/av/18/gif/airplane.gif 26

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Whatchanged?

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http://7e.biopsychology.com/av18.02.html 33

Spring,2016

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What changed?

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Whatchanged?

Spring,2016

Changeblindness

Lookingisnotthesameasnoticing…attentionmodulatesperception

Spring,2016

Damagetotheattentionnetworkleadsto“neglect”ofvisualinput

• Seeninstrokepatientswithdamagetorightparietallobe

• Visualperceptionisintact• Patientsdon’t“see”thatpartsaremissingintheirdrawings

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mental-imagery/representational-neglect.html 48

Spring,2016

Therearemany attention-relatednetworksinthebrain

49Sylvester,etal.2012

Spring,2016

Theydoalotofdifferentthings

• Fronto-parietalo Executivecontrol

• Cingulo-opercularo Saliency(errordetection)

• Ventralattentiono Orientingtoaparticularlocation(“where”pathway)

• Defaultmodeo Self-referential;internalattention

• Dorsalattention=“What”pathway(objectidentification)

• Visual=Visualprocessing• Sensorimotor=Sensorimotorprocessing

Spring,2016

Attentionnetworks

• Alerting

• Orienting

• Executive

Petersen&Posner,2012 51

Spring,2016

Alertingattentionnetwork

Petersen&Posner,2012(imageofamacaquebrain);Raz &Buhl,2006 52

• Weedsoutthecompetition!• Arousal• ReticularActivatingSysteminbrainstem• “Payattention/Warning”signalreleasesNE

Spring,2016

Orientingattentionnetwork

Arnsten,2012;Petersen&Posner,2012;Raz&Buhl,2006 53

• Selection/Preferenceofinput• Facilitatessensoryprocessing

• DopamineandNorepinephrinehelpregulate

Spring,2016

Executiveattentionnetworks

• Fronto-parietalnetworko Taskinitiation,switching,&adjustment

o Self-Regulation:Cognitivecontrol&inhibition…overlapsexecutivefunction

• Cingulo-opercularnetwork

o Maintainstaskperformance[vigilanceanderrordetection]

• DecisionMaking!

Petersen&Posner,2012 54

Spring,2016

Dopaminepathwaysinfluenceattention

http://brainsupplements.org/nadh-benefits-brain-fog/ 55

Spring,2016

Ritalinkeepsdopamineinthesynapse

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/ritalin/ 56

Spring,2016

Attentionalnetworksdevelopovertime

Rueda,2015 57

Spring,2016Shannon,etal.,2011

Networkconnectivitychangesovertime

Spring,2016

Let’splay:NamethatNetwork!

• Fronto-parietalo Executivecontrol

• Cingulo-opercularo Saliency(errordetection)

• Ventralattentiono Orientingtoaparticularlocation(“where”pathway)

• Defaultmodeo Self-referential;internalattention

• Dorsalattention=“What”pathway(objectidentification)

• Visual=Visualprocessing• Sensorimotor=Sensorimotorprocessing

Spring,2016

Attentionisvariable

• Geneticvariationso Heritableo Dopamine-relatedgenes

• Environmental/educationvariationso Controlling/intrusiveparenting/teachingmaydecreaseselfregulation

o LowerSESassociatedwithloweralerting&executiveattentionscores

• Trainingeffecto Computerizedprogramso Meditation

Rueda,2015 60

http://brainsupplements.org/nadh-benefits-brain-fog/

Spring,2016

Attentionvarieswithinindividuals

• Sleepdeprivation• Cognitiveload(butincasesoflimitedattention,emotionsareprioritized)

• Top-downattentionismodulatedby:o Emotionalstateso Goalsorotherinternalfactorso Competitiono Externalevents(e.g.,loudnoises)

Sörqvist,Stenfelt,&Rönnberg,2012;Vuilleumier,2005 61

Spring,2016

Attentionvigilancestartstofailafter24hoursofsleepdeprivation

Lim&Dinges,2008 62

PVT=PsychomotorVigilanceTest

Spring,2016

SignsofSleepDeprivation

Durmer &Dinges,2005 63

Spring,2016

Competingattentiondecreasessensoryinput

• Focusingonasound(activelistening)inducedmoreauditory-evokedbrainstemactivity

• Backgroundlisteningwhileperformingtaskswithincreasedcognitivedemanddecreasedauditory-evokedbrainstemactivity

Sörqvist,Stenfelt,&Rönnberg,2012 64

Spring,2016

AttentionRestorationTheory:Cannatureresetourinformationoverload?

Berman,Jonides,&Kaplan,2008 65

Spring,2016

InfluenceofEmotionsontop-downattentionregulation

• TheamygdalabothreceivesvisualinputANDsendsvisualoutputbacktovisualprocessingareas

• Theamygdalainfluencesvisualprocessing

• Peoplepaymoreattentiontoemotionalthanneutralstimuli

Vuilleumier,2005 66

Spring,2016

Wearesociallearners:Jointattentionincreasesattention

First,makeeyecontact Then,followthegaze

Oberwelland,etal.,2016 67

Spring,2016

SustainingAttentionRequiresEffort(top-downorexecutiveattention)

Spring,2016

Flow=Effortless,CompleteAttention

• CompleteAbsorptioninanActivity

• Weperceivenothingelse

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

Spring,2016

OurBrainslikeEffortlessCompleteAttention

“…acompleteinvolvementthatrequiresintenseconcentrationofattention…” isperceivedbyourbrainsas

rewarding.

70Csikszentmihalyi, 2010

Spring,2016

FlowCharacteristics

1. Completefocus/attention2. Ecstasy3. Clarity

▪ Knowingwhatneedstobedoneandhowtodoit

4. Achievability▪ Knowingyoucandoit

5. Serenity6. Timelessness

▪ Hourspassasminutes

7. Intrinsicmotivation▪ Noexternalreward

71http://www.cognitivedissident.org/2009/08/christopher-mcdougall-born-to.html

Spring,2016

Flowmatchesskillsanddemands

• Goalwellmatchedtoyourskills• Activityprovidesimmediatefeedback• Increasingconcentration• Completeabsorptioninthetask

Spring,2016

Flow:OptimalChallenge&Skill

Spring,2016

EnterflowfromherewhenyouPushyourself toacquirenewskill

Spring,2016

EnterflowfromherewhenyouPushyourself toacquirenewskill

Andherewhenyouincreasechallenge

Spring,2016

FlowQuiz#1

• ThinkaboutsomethingyouLOVEtodo(e.g.,playMoonlightSonataonthepiano,playtennis,research,etc.)

• Onascalefrom9(highest)to1(lowest)ratethatactivity:• ___Howchallengingistheactivity• ___Whatlevelofskilldoestheactivityrequire?• ___Howimmediateisthefeedback?

Spring,2016

FlowQuiz#2

• ThinkaboutsomethingyouareREQUIREDtodobutdon'tenjoy(e.g.,conversewithadifficultperson,balanceyourcheckbook,jazzercize,etc.)

• Onascalefrom9(highest)to1(lowest)ratethatactivity:• ___Howchallengingistheactivity• ___Whatlevelofskilldoestheactivityrequire?• ___Howimmediateisthefeedback?

Spring,2016

InternalAttention

Spring,2016

DefaultModeNetwork=

Effortless SwitchingofAttention

FromExternal/task-based ToInternal/reflective

Spring,2016

DMNHistory

81Raichle, 2010

EEGs:• GreatwithTiming• Originally,notsogreatwithlocation(betternow)

HansBergerInventoroftheEEG

Spring,2016

DMNUsesLotsofEnergyDefault Mode Brain Activity

OffTask%EnergyConsumption

Spring,2016

DMNUsesLotsofEnergy•Overall brain activity (approx. 5% increase when on task)

%EnergyConsumption

OnTask

OffTask

Spring,2016 Immordino-Yang, 2012;Raichle, 2001;Raichle, 2010

WhatdowedoinDefaultMode?

• DMNactivityincreaseswhenwe'renotpayingattentiono Introspectiveimaginingo Processingabstractinformation(theoryofmind)

o Daydreamingo Memoryconsolidation

o DMNissuppressedwhenattendingtotasks/externalstimuli

Spring,2016

POPQUIZ:DMNActiveorInactive?

Spring,2016

Suppressed DMN

Spring,2016

Active DMN

Spring,2016

Suppressed DMN

TheDefaultModeNetworkissuppressedduringtheflowstate

Spring,2016

POPQUIZ:

IsYourDMNActiveRightNow?

Spring,2016

ConditionswithAtypicalDMNActivity

v ADHD/Impulsivity:DecreasedDMNconnectivityandactivity;impairedDMNtoggling(deactivation)

v Schizophrenia:HeightenedDMNactivity;HyperDMNconnectivity

v Autism:Weak,non-deactivatingDMN

v Anxietydisorders:Increasedfrontal-parietalDMNconnectivity;Decreasedinsula-cingulateDMNconnectivity

v Depression:Increasedthalamic/cingulateactivity;Increasedconnectivity

v Alzheimer's:Decreased/Disruptedconnectivity;Atrophy intheDMN

v AcutePain:ActivatestheDMN

v ChronicPain:ReducedDMNDeactivation

92-Baliki, 2008;Etkin, 2009;Immordino-Yang, 2012;Minassian, 2012;Raichle, 2010;Uddin, 2008

Spring,2016

Canyouexperienceanxietyordepressionwheninthestateof

Spring,2016

CanyouexperienceflowifyouhaveADHD?

Spring,2016

PeteRosehasADHD

PeteRose

Spring,2016

• Aneurodevelopmentaldisordercharacterizedby:▪ Difficultystayingfocusedandpayingattention▪ Difficultycontrollingbehavior(impulsivity;inhibitiondelay)▪ Hyperactivity(over-activity)

97AmericanAcademyofPediatrics, 2000;NIMH, 2013

Spring,2016

ADHDDiagnosis

http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/diagnosis.html 98

Spring,2016

ADHDDiagnosis,part2

http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/diagnosis.html 99

Spring,2016

Mirrortraits:Challenges&benefits

http://www.hallowellnyc.com/HallowellNYC/LivingwithADD/BenefitsYesBenefitsofHavingADDA/index.cfm 100

Spring,2016

ADHDcelebrities

http://www.hallowellnyc.com/HallowellNYC/LivingwithADD/FamousPeopleWithADDADHD/index.cfm 101

MichaelPhelps,OlympicGoldMedalist

JustinTimberlake,Musician

DavidNeeleman,FounderofJetBlueAirlines

PaulOrfalea,FounderofKinko’s

KatherineEllison,PulitzerPrizeWinningAuthor

Spring,2016

ADHDPoll

Spring,2016

Howlongistheattentionspan?

Spring,2016

Howlongistheattentionspan?

• Juliathinkswedon’tknow…• TheonlystudyI’vebeenabletofindonthistopic(Packard,1970)isutterlyunconvincing

• MichaelPosneremailedTraceysaying...o WecantestattentionspanbutthattherearesomanymultiplepathwaysthatitishardtosaywehaveXamountofattention

o Itdependsoncontext,motivation,aswellaswhichmodalityismatchedwithwhichactivity

Spring,2016

AdultADHDandtheDMN

• Patients:▪ 20adultswithADHDand20matchedcontrols▪ NootherDSMdiagnoses▪ Nopsychotropicdruguse/Stimulantsallowed

• Method:RestingStatefMRI• Results:ADHDPatientshad

▪ Decreasedactivityinprecuneus/anteriorcingulatecortex(ACC)▪ Decreasedconnectivityamongprecuneus,vmPFC,anteriorposteriorcingulatecortex,andothers

105Castellanos, 2008

Spring,2016

ChildhoodADHDandtheDMN

• Patients:▪ 255childrenand316controlsfromADHDimagingdatabase▪ Somewith,somewithoutmedication

• Methods:RestingStatefMRI• Results:

▪ Decreasedprecuneus connectivitywithdorsalattentionnetworks▪ Decreasedcorticostriatal andparietalconnectivitythatmayberelatedtoimpairedDMNinhibition

106Tomasi,2012

Spring,2016

107Tomasi,2012

FCD=Functional ConnectivityDensity

Spring,2016

108Tomasi,2012

FCD=Functional ConnectivityDensity

Spring,2016

IsthistheSpongeBobvs.Caillou effect?

• Ifattentionistreatedasshort,doesitbecomeshort?

Lillard &Peterson,2011 109

Spring,2016

DMNConnectivityPredictsImpulsivity

• Patients:o 122incarceratedjuvenileoffenders(ages14to19)o 95controls(ages7to31)

• Method:RestingstatefMRIs• Results:

o PMdr(premotorregions)functionallyconnectedtoattentionnetworksinlessimpulsivepatients/controls

o PMdrfunctionallyconnectedtoDMNinmoreimpulsivepatients/juvenileoffenders

o PMdrconnectivityshiftswithtypicaldevelopmentfromDMNtoattentionnetworks(seenincontrols)

o Hypotheses:▪ DMNconnectionsareprunedduring normaldevelopment▪ DevelopmentofDMNisdelayedinimpulsivepatients

110Shannon,etal.,2011

Spring,2016

TypicalDMNConnectivity

Shannon,etal.,2011

Spring,2016Shannon,etal.,2011

AtypicalDMNConnectivityin Impulsivity

Spring,2016

CanwestrengthentheDMN?

Thereissomeevidencetosupport:• Constructiveinternalreflection:Relaxedmind-wandering/daydreaming;down-time

• Taskpracticethatco-activatestargetedbrainregions(tostrengthenconnectivity)

• Effortfulinternalfocus

SeeJulia’srecordedflow/DMNvideofordetails!

Spring,2016

CanwetreatADHD?• TheMain-Stream:

o Parent-Trainingo Stimulantmedicationisusedinover56%ofchildhoodADHDcasesinEurope▪ 30.8%ofpatientshadfullsymptomcontrol▪ 31.8%ofphysicianswereverysatisfiedwithtreatment

o CognitiveBehavioralTherapyo Psychologicaltreatmento Nodifferencebetweenoutcomesforbehavioralandpharmacologicintervention (Zima,etal.,2010)

• Alternativesupportso Omega3&6fattyacidso Eliminationdietso Meditation/mindfulnesso Exerciseo Sleepinterventions

Hodgkins,etal.,2013;Murphy,etal.,2014;Nigg,etal.,2014;Perera,etal.,2012;Zima,etal.,2010 114

Spring,2016

Evidenced-basedBehavioralTherapies

Attention-DeficitS.O(2011) 115

Spring,2016

AssessingsleepdisordersinADHD

Owens,2009 116

Spring,2016

Nosilverbullet

• Attentionisnotaunitaryconcept…itisalloverthebrain• Sotreatmentshouldbemultimodal

Spring,2016

Mechanismsofattentionalplasticity

Posner&Rothbart,2010 118

Spring,2016

Summary

• Defineattention• Reviewkeyattentionalnetworks• LookatExternalAttention

o Testourownvisualattentiono DefineFlow

• LookatInternalAttentiono Defaultmodenetwork

• TalkaboutADHD:Challenges&Benefits

Spring,2016

Questions?And“3-2-1”

Pleasedo“3-2-1”Assignment:

Spring,2016

References

Inthe bundles…

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