nelson mandela biografy
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Nelson MANDELA:Biography:
Csar Alberto Al FigueroaCuarto de Secundaria
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Nelson MANDELA:BiographyHis youth
His fightHis detention
Imprisonment
Education and early career
The Rivonia Trial
Release
PresidencyThe end of Apartheid
FamilyRetirement
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His youth:
Rolihlahla Dalibunga Mandela was born in South Africaon July 18 in1918. His father was Chief Henry Mandela of the Tembu Tribe.
At the age of nine he lost his father. So the paramount
chief, Jongintaba Dalindyebo, became his guardian
Attended meetings conducted by JongintabaLearned about governance
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Education and early career:
Attended Methodist missionary schools.There, renamed Nelson.
Opened firm with Oliver Tambo in 1952First black African legal practice.
Studied law at University of Witwatersrand
Enrolled at University of Fort Hare in 1938Befriended Oliver TamboBoth expelled in 1940 for political activism
Worked at law firm in JohannesburgTook course provided by University of South Africa at night
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His fight:Joined African National Congress in 1944
Formed Youth League with Oliver Tamboo Secretary of ANCYL in 1947
National Party won election of 1948 , and established the Apartheid.o New ANC president approved by ANCYL
President of ANCYL in 1951
Banned from ANC in 1952o Prohibited from attending meetings or holding an office
Confined to Johannesburg area
ANC operated underground
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His detention:
156 nationalists arrested December 5th, 1956Included Mandela and Albert Luthuli, President of ANC
PAC, Combination of five major anti-apartheid organizations, Formed bymore radical members of ANC
Rivalry between ANC and PAC
The Sharpeville Massacre: 69 demonstrators killed on March 21, 1960
Both groups (ANC and PAC) formed military wings in 1961 Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation MK)
Mandela appointed first commander of MK.
Mandela left country in secret in 1962, Traveled to Algeria for militarytraining - Guerilla warfare
Next to London to visit Tambo, Arrested upon return
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The Rivonia Trial:Charged for leaving country, Sentenced to five years in prison
During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to this struggle of the African people. I have fought
against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the
ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal
opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which
I am prepared to die.
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Imprisonment:
Told that in exchange hemust withdraw from political
activism1982: they were sent toPollsmore Prison1985: Mandela refused apossibility to get free because he
would have to stop fightingviolently
He spent 27 years in prison, 18 years of which on Robben Island
lived in a 4 sqm- cell black prisoners werent considered to be human beingsOffered freedom in 1976
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Release:
Frederik Willem de Klerk becamepresident in 1989
Lifted ban on all politicalparties
Released all politicalprisoners not guilty of violentcrimes
On February 11th, 1990 Mandela
was released
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The end of Apartheid:
Replaced Tambo as president of ANCConvention for Democratic South America formed in 1991
o To negotiate transitional governmento Both Mandela and de Klerk involved
Jointly awarded Nobel Peace Prize in December of 1993First multiracial election in South Africa in April of 1994
o ANC won by 62%o Government of National Unity
Mandela became president of South Africa
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Presidency:First black president of South Africa, Inaugurated May 10th, 1994Truth and Reconciliation Commission
Human rights violations from old regimeImproved living standards of black population
Aimed to improve social and economic conditions for black majority
Large scale redistribution of wealthBetter housing and educationViolence control
Afrikaner Resistance MovementExtremists opposing newgovernment using terrorism
Legislation to protect workersWorkplace safety, overtime pay, minimumwage
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Family:Mandela has been married three times1944: marriage with Evelyn Ntoko Mase
o They had five children, but two diedo 1957: the marriage was divorced
1958: he married Winnie Nomzamo
Madikizelao They had a son together, MakgathoMandela
o 1996: they were divorced
1998: Mandela married Graa Machel
January 2005: Mandelas second sondied of AIDS
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Retirement:Decided not to run for reelection in 1997
o Supported Thabo Mbekio Inaugurated June 16, 1999
Son Makgatho Mandela died of AIDS on January6th, 2005
2002: Nelson Mandelas worldwide campaign46664 against AIDS was founded. 46664 washis prison number on Robben Island
Aim of the organisation is to inform people about AIDS and how important it is to protect oneself
Retired from public life in 2004
http://www.tiscali.co.uk/music/galleries/view/music/46664concert2005/browse/6 -
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We have at last achieved our political emancipation. We pledge ourselves to liberate all
our people from the continuing bondage of poverty, deprivation, suffering, gender, and other
discrimination We commit ourselves to the construction of a complete, just and lasting peace.
. . . Never, never, and never again shall it be that this
beautiful land will again experience the oppression of one by another. . .
Let freedom reign.
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