my qualitative research

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Qualitative

research

Dr. Mahesh Kundagol

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Usual scene

How is your condition now?

Can you explain how much percent?

Village settings.

Psychiatry

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Quality and quantity

Symptom analysis.

Mild . Quality

Moderate.

Severe.

Grading

103 F Quantity

120/80mmhg

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Research

Understanding the interaction between disease

and society and delivering effective health care

services relies not only understanding the nature

of health and disease, but also on understandingpeople and their beliefs about health, their

health behavior and how they work in

organizations such as health services.

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Qualitative research

A form of social inquiry that focuses on the way

people interpret and make sense of theirexperiences and the world in which they live.

It involves studying the things in their natural

settings. It consists of set of interpretive, and material

practices that makes the world visible.

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Definition

Qualitative Research is collecting, analyzing, andinterpreting data by observing what people do and say.Qualitative research refers to the meanings, concepts,

definitions, characteristics, similes, symbols, anddescriptions of things.

Ex-Rabies, Epilepsy and iron metal.

Qualitative research is subjective and uses very differentmethods of collecting information, including individual, in-depth interviews and focus groups. The nature of this typeof research is exploratory and open-ended.

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Contd..

Its a form of social enquiry that focuses on the

way people interpret and make sense of their

experiences and the world in which they live.

Qualitative research is used in the exploration ofbehavior and the perspective and experience of

people studied.

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Contd..

The basis of qualitative research lies in the

interpretive approach to social reality.

Qualitative research has traditionally been used

predominantly in the social sciences, in the fieldsof sociology, anthropology, and psychology,

business and organizational studies, health

care, and education.

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Contd..

The qualitative research is also called

naturalistic inquiry, field research, case study

approach, interpretive research, participant

observation, interviewing and ethnography. Qualitative researches are sometimes called as

story tellers because their findings are often

presented in the form of story line.

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Purposes of Qualitative methods

To emphasize on quality rather than quantity by

understanding why people do the things they do.

To find out how behaviors, systems and

relationships, are maintained or change. To understand how social organizations function and

ideology behind use of qualitative techniques.

To stimulate action-experience-learning cycle of

participants and community.

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Characters

Qualitative research methods have number of

recognizable characteristics which identify it

from other areas of research, they are as

follows- i) Natural settings- Research is carried out in

everyday life situations.

ii) Primacy of data- Theoretical framework is not

predetermined but derived from data as it is

collected.

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Contd..

iii) Situation BoundResearchers are sensitive

to the situation of research and immerse

themselves in the setting and situation.

iv) Contextualism- Events and actions arestudied as they occur in real life settings.

v) Engagement- Deals with familiarization and

location as far as possible within the action or

within similar situations. This can include

reading of document and by observation.

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Contd..

vi) Thick description- Develops from data and

context, truthful plus theoretical and analytic

description.

Relationship between researcher and

researched aimed at being non-judgemental

where the goal is to pursue knowledge.

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What are the type of questions asked?

Quali: Why? How?

Quanti: How many What

Qualitative versus Quantitative

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Purpose

Quali: To understand & interpretsocial interactions.

Quanti: To test hypotheses, look atcause & effect, & make predictions.

Qualitative versus Quantitative

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Group Studied

Quali: Smaller & not randomlyselected.

Quanti: Larger & randomly selected.

ualitative versus uantitative

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Variables

Quali: Study of the whole, notvariables.

Quanti: Specific variables studied

ualitative versus uantitative

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Type of Data Collected

Quali: Words, images, or objects.

Quanti: Numbers and statistics.

ualitative versus uantitative

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Forms of Data Collected

Quali: Qualitative data such as open -ended responses, interviews,participant observations, field notes,

& reflections.

Quanti: Quantitative data based onprecise measurements using

structured & validated data-collection instruments.

ualitative versus uantitative

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Results

Quali: Particular or specializedfindings that is less generalizable.

Quanti: Generalizable findings thatcan be applied to other populations.

ualitative versus uantitative

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Final Report

Quali: Narrative report with contextualdescription & direct quotations from

research participants.

Quanti: Statistical report with correlations,comparisons of means, & statistical

significance of findings.

Qualitative versus Quantitative

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What is to be observed?

Quali: Qualities Behavior Complexities

Quanti: Quantities Scales Trends

ualitative versus uantitative

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How are the questions are put (methods)?

Quali: Document review Participant

observations Interviews Focus group

Workshops

Quanti: Application forms Questionnaires IQ Tests Measurements

Qualitative versus Quantitative

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How the results are interpreted (analysis)?

Quali: Explore, explain, understand Narrative Particular Mainly inductivereasoning: conclusions can be drawn from

the evidence no matter how incomplete

Quanti: Describe, measure, predict Statistical tables and chart Universal Mainly deductive reasoning: everything is

known before conclusions can be drawn

ualitative versus uantitative

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Types of Qualitative Research

I. Field research.

II. Case Study approach.

III. Ethnography.

IV. Grounded theory.

V. Phenomenology.

VI. Contextualism.

VII.Conversation analysis / Narrative Analysis

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Field research

It is the study and data collection in a natural

setting i.e. outside the labs or libraries. Data

takes the form of field notes on the pattern of

interaction as well as the rules and the ritualsthey observe.

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Case Study approach

A descriptive intensive analysis of an individual,unit, or phenomena selected for its typicality or

uniqueness.

It is the study of a single unit that has clear

boundaries

An event is studied in its context.

Different methods could be used to conduct this

analysis but the focus is on the unit of analysis,like an individual students experiences.

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Ethnography

Ethnography is the research method ofanthropology, studying human society and culture. .

Knowledge is increased rather than application in

practice.

Extensive fieldwork is usually required in order to

give a cultural interpretation of the data.

Description of the culture (the beliefs, traditions,

practices, and behaviors of a group of individuals)and an interpretation of the culture are necessary

components of ethnographies.

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Example:Native American students training to

be teachers were followed through interviews

over a five year period to chart the progress

towards a goal of facilitating the development ofNative American teachers and to better

understand and address their unique problems.

Their beliefs, views about self, and concerns

were presented.

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Grounded theory

Derives a theory from collected data that isgrounded in the data.

Deals with a specific situation like how studentshandle multiple responsibilities or what constitutes

an effective lesson plan. The method involves comparing collected units of

data against one another until categories, properties,and hypotheses that state relations between thesecategories and properties emerge.

These hypotheses are tentative and suggestive, nottested in the study.

It is useful where a little is known about the topic.

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Example:Ten school counselors were givenstructured interviews to help determine how theirprofessional identity is formed.

This data was coded first to form concepts andthen to form connections between concepts.

A core concept emerged and its process andimplications were discussed.

School counselors professional interactionswere identified as defining experiences in theiridentity formation.

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Phenomenology

This is a not a research method but a

philosophical approach to the study of

phenomena, human experience.

Aims to find the essence or structure of anexperience.

The exploration of live experiences of people

which is mainly used in the areas of health,

psychology and education.

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Contextualism

In this the participants are studied in the context.

It is an approach to understand the context.

An understanding of the context helps to locate

the actions and perceptions and hence graspthe meaning to be communicated.

Context includes the economic, political and

cultural framework Attitude of the people according to the context.

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Conversation analysis

It is the examination of the ordinary language. It questions how everyday conversations and

interactions work.

Researches primarily examine speech patterns,facial expressions, gestures and body language.

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Source:

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