mutations & genetic engineering. mutation a change in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of...

Mutations & Genetic Engineering

MutationA change in the nucleotide sequence

of the genome of an organism

SubstitutionA mutation that changes one base

• Possible outcomes:– New codon codes for the same amino acid

– silent– New codon changes the amino acid – missense

• Sickle cell anemia– New codon codes for a stop codon – non sense

Frameshift Mutations

• A change in the reading pattern of the DNA

• Causes:– Deletions• Sections of DNA are missing• Example: Williams Syndrome

– Insertions• Mutations in which an extra base is inserted

Involves changes in the number or structure of chromosomes

•Deletion- loss of all or part–Cystic Fibrous

•Duplication – segment is repeated–Huntington’s disease

• Inversion – orientation is in the reverse direction• Translocation – two non homologous chromosomes exchange segments

Genetic EngineeringManipulating an organism’s genome

using biotechnology

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)

Organisms who have been genetically altered using biotechnology

These are also referred to as transgenic organisms

Transgenic Organisms• Microorganisms– Insulin production– Clotting Factors

• Plants (GMOs)– Insect resistant–Weather Resistant

• Mammals–Medicine– Commerical

CloningMaking an exact genetic copy of an organism

Why clone?1.Medical purposes• Animal models• Stem cells• Drug production

2.Reviving extinct or endangered organisms3.Pet trade

Stem CellsCells that can divide and differentiate

into diverse specialized cellsWhy study stem cells?1.They are unspecialized & can reproduce (mitosis)2. They can be induced to become specific cells with specific functions.Two types:•Embryonic •Adult

DNA FingerprintingA method of isolating and making images of a person’s unique DNA

sequenceProcess: Gel Electrophoresis

with help from restriction enzymes

DNA Fingerprints