multicellular, heterotrophic kingdom animalia phylum...

Mul

ticel

lula

r, h

eter

otro

phic

Col

onia

l (?)

Pro

tist

Kin

gdom

AN

IMA

LIA

Phyl

um C

HY

TRID

IOM

YC

OTA

Phyl

um Z

YG

OM

YC

OTA

Phyl

um A

SCO

MY

CO

TA

Phyl

um B

ASI

DIO

MY

CO

TA

Kingdom FUNGI?

Chitinous cell walls; motile gametes

Trophic growth; reproduction by spores; growth via filamentous hypae

immobile spores; zygotic meiosis; mainly terrestrial; mycorrhizal symbiosis

Dikaryotic hyphae;macroscopic fruiting bodies

`

Fig. 31.3

Symbiotic RelationshipsLichens

Mycorrhizae

Leaf cutter ants

Endophytes

GROWTH FORMS IN LICHENGROWTH FORMS IN LICHEN

CrustoseCrustose CrustoseCrustose

FolioseFoliose FruticoseFruticose Fruticose - epiphyteFruticose - epiphyte

Figure 31.17 Anatomy of a lichen

Figure 31.16 Lichens

MYCORRHIZAE

Mycorrhizal Mantle

P. 628

MYCORRHIZAE

( Increases surface area)

Seedling Rooting Vigor

Nature 396, 69-72 (1998)

Mycorrhizal fungal diversity determines plant diversity and productivity

Leaf cutter antsGenus - Atta

Bromatia

Secondary metabolites

Few of them are good to be eaten and most of them do suffocate and strangle the eater.

John Gerard, 1597

Figure 31.21 Fungal production of an antibiotic

EndophytesExample - Ergot disease in cereal grains

Endophyte: Claviceps purpurea

Ergot disease in cereal grains

Ergotism in Humans

St. Anthony’s Fire

GangreneSpontaneous abortionPsychotic delusionsConvulsionsDeath

An endophytic hypha (yellow) growing alongside a leaf vein (blue).

Amanita

Psilocybe

Ralph Steadman

Figure 32.1 Early embryonic development

Figure 32.1 Early embryonic development

Figure 21.11 Key developmental events in the life cycle of Drosophila

Larval stages are common

Figure 21.14 Homeotic mutations and abnormal pattern formation in Drosophila

Figure 21.14

Homeotic genes control developmental fate of groups of cells.

Figure 21.15 Homologous genes that affect pattern formation in a fruit fly and a mouse

Hox Genes

Figure 32.2 A choanoflagellate colony

Figure 32.3 One hypothesis for the origin of animals from a flagellated protist

Figure 32.4 A traditional view of animal diversity based on body-plan grades

Figure 32.5 Body symmetry

Figure 32.4 A traditional view of animal diversity based on body-plan grades

Figure 32.6 Body plans of the bilateria