mughal emperors
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Mughal emperors
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
‹ The template Infobox former monarchy is beingconsidered for merging. ›
badshah of the MughalEmpire
FORMER MONARCHY
IMPERIAL
Imperial Standard
Akbar the reat
First monar!h Babur
"ast monar!h Bahadur Shah II
St#le His ImperialMajesty
Offi!ialresiden!e
Agra ort
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Monar!h#started
!" April "#!$
Monar!h#ended
!% &une "'#'
The Mughal era is a historic period of the Mughal(mpire in South Asia )mainly *orthern India+
,a-istan and Bangladesh that /as ruled by
members of the Barlas Mongol Timurid 0ynasty. It
uled from the early "$th century to the early "'th
century /hen the Mughal emperors1 po/er
d/indled. It ended /ith the establishment of
he British 2aj in "'#'.
The imperial family /as descended from 3enghis
4han+ founder of the /orld1s largest contiguous
empire and Tamerlane or Timur the 3reat. 0ue to
descent from 3enghis 4han+ the family /as
called Mughal + the ,ersiani5ed 6ersion of his ethnic
group+ /hich is referred to as the Mongolic peoples.
The (nglish /ord mogul )e.g. media mogul+
business mogul+ meaning influential or po/erful+ or
a tycoon+ /as deri6ed from the name of thisdynasty.7"8 rom their descent from Tamerlane+ also
called the Amir + the family used the title of Mirza+
shortened Amirzade+ literally meaning 1born of the
Amir1.7!8 The burial places of the emperors illustrate
heir e9panding empire+ as the first emperor Babur +
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born in :5be-istan is buried in Afghanistan+ his sons
and grandsons+ namely A-bar the
3reat and &ahangir inIndia and ,a-istan respecti6el
y+ and later descendants+ Shah
ahan and Aurang5eb in India. The lastemperor+ Bahadur Shah ;afar is buried in Burma.
They /ere also a prominent influence of literature
n :rdu+ Hindi+ and Bengali. They ha6e been
continuously portrayed in many films+ the most
amous of /hich+ Mughal-e-Azamis about(mperor &ahangir 1s lo6e story< considered an Indian
classic and epic film and also the Bolly/ood
lm Jodhaa Akbar about (mperor A-bar 1s )(mperor
ahangir1s father lo6e story and also a hindi serial
oddha a-bar same as the hindi mo6ie joddha a-bar.
(mperor &ahangir1s son /as the
,rince 4hurram /ho later /ent on to become
(mperor Shah &ahan and built one of the se6en
=onders of the =orld+ the famous Taj Mahal to
memoriali5e his lo6e for his /ife.
Map
Contents
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7hide8
" Mughal (mpire
o "." Babur
o ".! Humayun
o ".> A-bar
o ".? &ahangir
o ".# Shah &ahan
o ".$ Aurang5eb
o ".@ ater Mughals
o ".' ist of Mughal (mperors
o ". ater (mperors
o "."% Mughal family
! Marathas
> *i5ams of Hyderabad
? Si-hs
# (uropeans
o #." British influence
$ Successors
@ 2eferences
' urther reading
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genius+ /hereas Aurang5eb /as a proselyti5er of
orthodo9 Islam across the heterodo9 Indian
andscape.
$abur 7edit source C edit beta8
Main article: Babur
Babur /as the first Mughal emperor. He /as born
on "? eb "?'> in Andijan )present
day :5be-istan+ the eldest son of Amir :mar
Shay-h Mir5a+ the son of AbE Sa Fd Mir5aʿ )and
grandson of Miran Shah+ /ho /as himself sonof Timur and his /ife Gutlugh *igar 4hanum+
daughter of ounus 4han+ the ruler
of Moghulistan )and greatDgreat grandson of Abha6h
Timur+ the son of (sen Bua II+ /ho /as the greatD
greatDgreat grandson of Jhaghatai 4han+ thesecond born son of 3enghis 4han. Babur /as
-no/n for his lo6e of beauty in addition to his
military ability. Babur concentrated on gaining
control of north/estern India. He /as in6ited to India
by 0aulat 4han odi and 2ana Sanga /ho /anted
o end the odi dynasty. He defeated Ibrahim odi in
#!$ at the irst battle of ,anipat+ a to/n north
of 0elhi. In "#!@ he defeated 2ana Sanga+
he 2ajput rulers and their allies at 4han/a. Babur
hen turned to the tas-s of persuading his Jentral
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Asian follo/ers to stay on in India and of
o6ercoming other contenders for po/er+ mainly
he 2ajputs and the Afghans. He succeeded in both
as-s but died shortly thereafter on !# 0ecember
#>% in Agra. He /as later buried in 4abul.
Babur 0efeats Sultan IbrKhFm+ the last of the LdF Sultans of0elhi )page from the Baburnama
Further information: Baburnama
Babur -ept the record of his life in Jhagatay Tur-ish+
he spo-en language of the Timurids and the/hole TurcoDMongol /orld at the time.
TheBaburnama is one of the longest e9amples of
sustained narrati6e prose in Jhagatai
Tur-ish. A-bar 1s regent+ Bairam 4han+
a Turcoman ofeastern Anatolian and A5erbaijani origin /hose
ather and grandfather had joined Babur1s ser6ice+
/rote poetry in Jhaghatai and ,ersian. His son+
AbdulD2ahim 4han-hanan+ /as fluent in
Jhaghatai+ Hindustani+ and ,ersian and composed
n all three languages. :sing Babur1s o/n te9t he
ranslated theBaburnama into ,ersian. The
Jhaghatai original /as last seen in the imperial
brary sometime bet/een "$!' and "$>'
during &ahangir 1s reign.
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Huma#un7edit source C edit beta8
light of Sultan Bahadur 0uring Humayun1s Jampaign in3ujarat "#>#
Baburs fa6orite son Humayun too- the reins of theempire after his father succumbed to disease at the
young age of fortyDse6en. Humayun lost control of
his -ingdom early on in his reign+ but later
/ith ,ersian aid+ he /ould e6entually regain an
e6en larger one.
Further information: her hah uri
n "#>+ see-ing to e9pand his realm+
he ,ashtun general Sher 4han met Humayun at the
battle of Jhausa< a to/n situated
bet/een Naranasi and ,atna. Humayun /asdefeated and barely escaped /ith his o/n life and in
he follo/ing year+ "#?%+ his army of ?%+%%% /as
defeated by Sher 4han1s Afghan army of "#+%%%. A
popular ,ashtun general+ 4hulas 4han Mar/at+ /as
eading Sher 4han1s Army. This /as the first military
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6enture of 4hulas 4han Mar/at and soon he /ould
pro6e nightmarish for the Mughals.
Further information: uri Empire
Sher 4han1s Army+ under the command of 4hulas
4han Mar/at+ then established a monarchy in 0elhi/ith Sher 4han ruling under the title Sher Shah Suri<
he ruled from "#?% to "#?#. Sher Shah
Suri consolidated his
ealm from ,unjab to Bengal )he /as the first
conueror to enter Bengal since AlaDudDdin 4hilji<more than t/o centuries earlier. He is credited /ith
ha6ing organi5ed and administered the go6ernment
and military in such a manner that future Mughal
-ings used it as their o/n models. He also added to
he fort in 0elhi )supposed site of Indraprastha+ first
started by Humayun+ and no/ -no/n as the ,urana
Gila )Old ort. The Masjid GilaDiD4uhna inside the
ort is a masterpiece of the period+ though only parts
of it ha6e sur6i6ed.
Sher Shah Suri died from a gunpo/der e9plosion
during the siege of 4alinjar fort on !! May "#?#
ghting against the Jhandel 2ajputs.7>87?8 His charred
emains /ere interred in atomb at Sasaram )in
present day Bihar + mid/ay bet/een Naranasi
and Bodh 3aya. Although rarely 6isited+ future great
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Mughal builders such as A-bar+ &ahangir and Shah
ahan /ould emulate the architecture of this tomb.
The massi6e palaceDli-e mausoleum stands at >@
metres and three stories high.7#8 Sher Shahs
son Islam Shah held on to po/er until "##> butollo/ing his death the Sur dynasty lost most of its
nfluence due to strife and famine.
Humayun /as a -een astronomer. He died after
alling do/n the stairs of his o/n library in "##$.
Thus Humayun ruled in India for barely ten yearsand died at the age of fortyDeight+ lea6ing behind the
hen only thirteenDyearDold A-bar as his heir. As a
ribute to his father+ A-bar later built a tomb in
Humayun1s honour in 0elhi )completed in "#@"+
rom red sandstone. Humayun1s Tomb /ould
become the precursor of future Mughal architecture.
A-bars mother and Humayuns /ife Hamida Banu
Begum personally super6ised the building of the
omb in his birthplace.
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Humayun1s Tomb
Akbar 7edit source C edit beta8
A-bar succeeded his father+ Humayun /hose rule
/as interrupted by the Afghan Sur 0ynasty+ /hich
ebelled against him. It /as only just before his
death that Humayun /as able to regain the empire
and lea6e it to his son. In restoring and e9panding
Mughal rule+ A-bar based his authority on the ability
and loyalty of his follo/ers+ irrespecti6e of their
eligion. In "#$? the ji5ya ta9 on nonDMuslims /asabolished+ and bans on temple building and Hindu
pilgrimages /ere lifted.
A-bar1s methods of administration reinforced his
po/er against t/o possible sources of challengeP
he AfghanDTur-ish aristocracy and the traditionalnterpreters of Islamic la/+ theulama. He created a
an-ed imperial ser6ice based on ability rather than
birth+ /hose members /ere obliged to ser6e
/here6er reuired. They /ere remunerated /ith
cash rather than land and /ere -ept a/ay from their nherited estates+ thus centrali5ing the imperial
po/er base and assuring its supremacy. The military
and political functions of the imperial ser6ice /ere
separate from those of re6enue collection+ /hich
/as super6ised by the imperial treasury. This
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system of administration+ -no/n as the mansabdari+
/as based on loyal ser6ice and cash payments and
/as the bac-bone of the Mughal (mpire< its
effecti6eness depended on personal loyalty to the
emperor and his ability and /illingness to choose+emunerate+ and super6ise.
A-bar declared himself the final arbiter in all
disputes of la/ deri6ed from the Gur1an and the
sharia. He bac-ed his religious authority primarily
/ith his authority in the state. In "#'% he alsonitiated a syncretic court religion called the 0inDiD
ahi )0i6ine aith. In theory+ the ne/ faith /as
compatible /ith any other+ pro6ided that the de6otee
/as loyal to the emperor. In practice+ ho/e6er+ its
itual and content profoundly offended orthodo9
Muslims. The ulema found their influence
undermined.
Se6eral /ell -no/n heritage sites /ere built during
he reign of A-bar. The fort city of atehpur Si-ri /as
used as the political capital of the (mpire from "#@"
o "#@'. The numerous palaces and the grand
entrances /ith intricate art /or- ha6e been
ecogni5ed as a /orld heritage site by :*(SJO.
A-bar also began construction of his o/n
omb at Si-andra near Agra in "$%% J(.
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%ahangir 7edit source C edit beta8
Mughal (mperor &ahangir recei6ing his t/o sons+ in "$%#D%$
,rince Salim )b. "#$ son of a Hindu 2ajput
princess from Amber + /ho /ould later be -no/n as
(mperor &ahangir sho/ed signs of restlessness
o/ards the end of the long reign of his father A-bar.
0uring the absence of his father from Agra he
pronounced himself -ing and turned rebellious.
A-bar+ ho/e6er+ /as able to /restle the throne
bac-.
0ue to the early deaths of his t/o brothers+ Murad
and 0aniyal from alcoholism+ Salim had no reason
o concern himself about his siblings1 aspirations to
he throne.
ahangir finally began his era as Mughal emperor
after the death of A-bar in the year "$%#. He
considered his third son ,rince 4hurram)the future
Shah &ahan+ born "#! to Hindu 2ajput princess
Manmati+ his fa6ourite. In "$"#+ a standoff bet/een
,rince 4hurram and The 2ana of Me/ar resulted ina treaty acceptable to both parties. 4hurram /as
also -ept busy /ith se6eral campaigns in Bengal
and 4ashmir. &ahangir claimed 4hurram1s 6ictories
of this period as his o/n.
Shah %ahan7edit source C edit beta8
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The Taj Mahal+ named for Arjumand Banu+ /ho /as
called Mumta5 Mahal+ became one of the Se6en
=onders of the =orld.
The great &ama Masjid built by Shah &ahan /as the
argest in India at the time. He renamed 0elhi afterhimself as Shahjahanabad. The 2ed ort made of
ed sandstone built during his reign near &ama
Masjid around the same time came to be regarded
as the seat of po/er of India itself. The ,rime
Minister of India addresses the nation from theamparts of this fort on Independence day e6en to
his age.Shah &ahan also built or reno6ated forts in
0elhi and in Agra. =hite marble chambers that
ser6ed as li6ing uarters and other halls for public
audiences are e9amples of classic Mughal
architecture. Here in Agra fort+ Shah &ahan /ould
spend eight of his last years as a prisoner of his
son+ Aurang5eb shuffling bet/een the hall/ays of
he palace+ suinting at the distant silhouette of his
amous Taj Mahal on the ban-s of 2i6er &amuna.
Aurang&eb7edit source C edit beta8
Aurang5eb+ /ho /as gi6en the title Q Alamgir Q or
/orldDsei5er+Q by his father+ is -no/n for e9panding
he empire1s frontiers and for his acceptance of
slam la/. 0uring his reign+ the Mughal empire
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eached its greatest e9tent
the Bijapur and 3olconda Sultanates /hich had
been reduced to 6assalage by Shah &ahan /ere
ormally anne9ed.
n "$@+ Aurang5eb enforced the !izyah ta9 on *onDMuslims li-e "ak#t ta9 /as enforced on Muslims.
This action by the emperor+ incited rebellion among
Hindus and others in many parts of the empire
notably the &ats+ Si-hs+ and 2ajputs forces in the
north and Maratha forces in the 0eccan. Theemperor managed to crush the rebellions in the
north. Aurang5eb /as compelled to mo6e his
headuarters to Aurangabad in the 0eccan to
mount a costly campaign against Maratha guerrilla
ghters led by Shi6aji and his successors+ /hich
asted t/entyDsi9 years until he died in "@%@ at the
age of eightyDnine.
Aurang5eb+ as is his father before him+ is
emembered as a builderDemperor. The Badshahi
Masjid )Imperial Mosue in ahore /as constructed
n "$@> on his orders. It /as not only the largest
mosue e6er built by a Mughal emperor but /as at
hat point the largest mosue in the /orld. He also
constructed the Alamgiri 3ate of the ahore ort+
/hich is today a :*(SJO =orld Heritage Site. Moti
Masjid inside 0elhi1s 2ed ort /as also finali5ed by
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him. He is also -no/n for his fanatic 6ie/ of Islam+
due to /hich he ra5ed many Hindu Temples.
The 4ashi Nish/anath Temple of
4ashiRNaranasi+ 4esa6a 0eo Templeof Mathura
/ere some of the most famous temples he ra5e. He/as of the 6ie/ that royal treasury does not belong
o -ing but common man. He did not use any of the
oyal treasury for him and his family. In fact+ he used
o /rite holy ur1an and earn money and his /ife
used to /ea6e caps and copies of the holy uran to
support his earnings.
"ater Mughals7edit source C edit beta8
=hen Aurang5eb died close to the age of eighty+
here /ere se6enteen legitimate claimants to the
hrone that included not only his sons but also his
grandsons and great grandsons. After the death of
he emperor t/o brothers fought near Agra in the
same battle site that Aurang5eb had fought his
brother 0ara Shi-oh. ,rince Mua55am pre6ailed and
-illed his brother ,rince A5am Shah and assumed
he title Bahadur Shah I or Shah Alam I.
After the death of Bahadur Shah I+ a ci6il /ar bro-e
out. &ahandar Shah+a son of Bahadur Shah I+
emerged 6ictorious in it /ith the support of ;ulfiar
4han /ho /as the most po/erful noble of the time.
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n 0eccan Saiyid Husain Ali 4han colluded /ith the
Marathas and attac-ed 0elhi and using tric-ery and
ntrigue sei5ed arru-hsiyar in the 2ed ort7citation
eeded 8. The emperor /as blinded and caged and later
poisoned as /ell as stabbed to death7citation needed 8
.Ho/e6er+ prior to his death+ arru-hsiyar had the
dubious distinction of aiding the British to ha6e a
rm foothold in India+ by signing the muchDco6eted
arman an imperial directi6e that /ould seal the
uture of British ta-eo6er of India.
Marathas /ere no/ constantly attac-ing 0elhi. Of
more conseuence and humiliation /as the plunder
of 0elhi by *adir Shah. A Timur descendent+ *adir
Shah usurped the throne in ,ersia and
sei5ed 4andahar and 4abul. He marched through
,anjab and /as in6ited by Muhammad Shah as a
guest to 0elhi )only because he had neither the /ill
nor the resources to fight him. =ithin fortyDeight
hours+ using a lame e9cuse+ *adir Shah ordered a
general massacre of 0elhi citi5ens and looted e6ery
bit of /ealth they could e9tort out of the royalty as/ell as 0elhis citi5enry. *adir Shah remained in
0elhi for forty eight days and departed /ith millions
/orth of gold+ je/elry and coins. (6en the emperors
beje/eled peacoc- throne made during Shah
ahan1s reign /as pac-ed on elephants and carried
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a/ay to ,ersia. Another pri5e+ the 4ohDID
nur diamond )Humayuns diamond no/ passed into
,ersian hands. ater an Afghani+ Ahmad Shah
Abdali started his incursions into 0elhi just for the
purpose of looting the capital. In a series of attac-sstarting in "@?' until "@$"+ Abdali /ould not only
pillage and loot 0elhi+ he also cleaned out
Mathura+ 4ashmir and cities in ,anjab. rom the
east the British defeated the *a/ab of Bengal and
occupied the state of Bengal.
T/o Mughal (mperors and Shah Alam 2acinet+ c. "'@$
The raids by *adir Shah and repeated incursions of
Abdali resulted in uic- disposal of the ne9t t/o
emperors Ahmad Shah and Alamgir II until in
@# Shah Alam II ascended the throne. His reign
/ould last se6eral decades. Ho/e6er+ he /ould
preside o6er more loss of territory to the British.
=hen the *a/ab of Bengal lost to 2obert Jli6e+
Shah Alam II /as forced to recogni5e Jli6e as a
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di/an )chancellor and Bengal slipped to the British
hands permanently.
n "'%$ Shah Alams son A-bar Shah II acceded to
he much diminished empire of the Mughals and
uled until "'>@.He ga6e the title QrajaQ to 2ammohan roy. His son Bahadur Shah ;afar /ould be
he last emperor of Mughals before the British
deposed him in "'#' and the Mughal dynasty /ould
officially come to an end. 0uring the Indian
2ebellion of "'#@+ Bahadur Shah II /as forced toa-e the side of the mutineers though he had no
po/er to affect the outcome of the e6ents. The
mutineers had out/itted his British sponsors and
no/ the emperor neither had the troops nor the
competence. He had no choice but to join the
/inning side. Ho/e6er+ the success of the mutineers
/as soon re6ersed and the octogenarian )he /as
eightyDt/o years old /as relie6ed of his empire and
deposed in "'#'. The emperor /as then e9iled to
2angoon in Burma /here he died in obscurity in
'$!.
"ist of Mughal Emperors7edit source C edit beta8
'ortrait (itular Name $irth Name
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B#bur
U ;ahirDudDdin Muhammad
VWXY Z[V\] ^ _ !>
"?
$umayun
`[UW ہ
*asirDudDdin Muhammad
Humayun
`[UW VWXY Z[V\] ^ ہ
"@
her hah uri ` U ^
arid 4hanU V[
I%lam hah uri
` U k]&alal 4han
U k
$umayun
`[UW ہ
*asirDudDdin Muhammad
Humayun
`[UW VWXY Z[V\] ^ ہ
"@
Akbar-e-Azam
] q]&alalDudDdin Muhammad
q] VWXY Z[V\] k "?
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Jahangir
^U
*urDudDdin Muhammad
Salim
^ VWXY Z[V\] `
!%
hah-Jahan-e-
Azam
] U U
ShahabDudDdin Muhammad
4hurram
VWXY Z[V\] U # &
Alamgir
^W\UMuhyDudDdin Muhammad
Aurang5eb
v[wx]VWXY Z[V\] XY ? *o
• il&er 'o(% %ignify the brief interregnum during
(hich the uri )yna%ty ruled *orthern India+
"ater Emperors7edit source C edit beta8
'ortrait(itular
Name$irth Name $irth Reig
Bahadur
hah
Gutb udD0in
Muhammad
Mu1a55am
"?
October
"$?>
" &une z !@ eb
"@"!
)? yearsdays
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Jahandar
hah
Ma1a5DudD0in
&ahandar Shah
Bahadur
May
"$$"
!@ ebr
"@"! z
ebru
"@">
)% yearsdays
Farrukh%iyar arru-hsiyar !% August
"$'#
"" &anu
"@"> z
ebru
"@")$ years
days
2afiDul
0arjat2afiDul 0arjat
>%
*o6ember
"$
!' ebru
$ &une "
)% yearsdays
Shah &ahan
II2afi udD0aulah &une "$$
$ &une "
z "
Septem
"@"
)% yearsdays
*e-u Siyar *i-usiyar
Mohammed"$@ "@"
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Shah Alam II Ali 3auhar !# &une
"@!'
!? 0ece
"@# z
*o6em
"'%$ )
years+ days
A-bar Shah
II
Mir5a
A-bar or Akbar
Shah Saani
!! April
"@$%
" *o6e
"'%$D
Septem
"'>@
Bahadur
Shah II
Abu ;afar Sirajuddin
Muhammad Bahadur
Shah
;afar or $ahadur Shah )afar
!?
October
"@@#
!'
Septem
"'>@ z
Septem
"'#@ )years+
days
Mughal famil#7edit source C edit beta8
3enealogy of the Mughal 0ynasty
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The Mughal (mperors practiced polygamy.$8 Besides their /i6es+ they also had a number of
concubines in their harem+ /ho produced children.
This ma-es it difficult to identify all the offspring of
each emperor. The principal offspring of eachemperor are pro6ided in the chart belo/.
Marathas7edit source C edit beta8
Maratha chieftains /ere originally in the ser6ice of
Bijapur sultans in the /estern 0eccan+ /hich /as
under siege by the Mughals.
hi&a!i Bhonsle )"$>%z'% Shi6aji /as a fighter
egarded as the Qfather of the Maratha nation+Q /ho
oo- ad6antage of this conflict and car6ed out his
o/n principality near ,une+ /hich later became the
Maratha capital. Adopting guerrilla tactics+ he/aylaid cara6ans in order to sustain and e9pand his
army+ /hich soon had money+ arms+ and horses.
Shi6aji led a series of successful assaults in the
$$%s against Mughal strongholds+ including the
major port of Surat. Shi6aji1s battle cries/ere %(ara! )translated 6ariously as freedom+ selfD
ule+ independence+ %(adharma )religious
reedom+ and gorak%ha )co/ protection.
Aurang5eb relentlessly pursued Shi6aji1s successors
bet/een "$'" and "@%# but e6entually retreated to
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he north as his treasury became depleted and as
housands of li6es had been lost either on the
battlefield or to natural calamities. In "@"@ a Mughal
emissary signed a treaty /ith
he Marathas confirming their claims to rule in the0eccan in return for ac-no/ledge the fictional
Mughal su5erainty and remission of annual ta9es.
The Marathas+ despite their military pro/ess and
eadership+ /ere not euipped to administer the
state or to underta-e socio economic reform tilldeath of Shi6aji+ but ShahujiBhosle understood the
mitations { brought ,esh/a raaj+ li-e ,M1s of
current day { e9panded his empire in !R>rd of
current India. They /ere primarily suited for stirring
he regional { Hindu dharma pride rather than for
attracting loyalty to an allDIndia confederacy. They
/ere left 6irtually alone and /ithout supplies before
he in6ading Afghan forces+ headed by Ahmad Shah
Abdali )later called Ahmad Shah 0urrani+ Maratha1s
/on ! battles of ,anipat+ but lost third Battle of
,anipatC,anipat in "@$"+ due to no coDoperationby 2ajput { Si-hempires+ to /hom Maratha1s ne6er
attac-ed { respected till. The shoc- of defeat
hastened the brea-Dup of their loosely -nit
confederacy into fi6e independent states and
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e9tinguished the hope of Maratha dominance in
ndia.
*i5ams of Hyderabad7edit source C edit beta8
Maratha raids
nto Berar + 4andesh+ 3ujarat and Mal/a resumed
after the death of Aurang5eb+ and loosened Mughal
control in the 0eccan. In "@!? Asaf &ah+ the
Mughal *izam ul Mulk + or 6iceroy+ of the 0eccan+
defeated se6eral contenders for control of the
Mughal southern pro6inces+ and established himself of ruler of an independent state /ith its capital
atHyderabad. He and his successors ruled as
hereditary *izam%+ and their state+ -no/n
as Hyderabad after the capital+ outlasted the Mughal
empire+ persisting until it /as incorporated intone/ly independent India in "?'. *i5amDulDMul-
Asaf &ahi /as a strong ruler and established an
orderly system of administration. He also attempted
o reform the re6enue system. The dynasty founded
by him came to be -no/n as the Asaf &ahi dynasty
and lasted until the accession of Hyderabad
o Independent India
Si-hs7edit source C edit beta8
This section does not !ite an# referen
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or sour!es. ,lease help impro6e this
section by adding citations to reliable
sources. :nsourced material may be
challenged and remo6ed. ,July ./01
The Afghan defeat of the Maratha armiesaccelerated the brea-a/ay of ,unjab from 0elhi and
helped the founding of Si-h o6erlordship in the
north/est. 2ooted in the bha-ti mo6ements that
de6eloped in the !nd century BJ. but s/ept across
*orth India during the "#th and "$th centuries+ theeachings of the Si-h gurus appealed to the hardD
/or-ing peasants. acing e9tended persecution
rom the Mughals+ the Si-hs+ under 3uru 3obind
Singh formed the 4halsa )Army of ,ure. The -halsa
ose up against the economic and political
epressions in ,unjab to/ard the end of
Aurang5eb1s rule. 3uerrilla fighters too- ad6antage
of the political instability created by the ,ersian and
Afghan onslaught against 0elhi+ enriching
hemsel6es and e9panding territorial control. By the
@@%s+ Si-h hegemony e9tended from the Indus inhe /est to the amuna in the east+ from Multan in
he south to &ammu in the north. &assa Singh
Ahlu/ahlia entered 0elhi /ith a large Si-h army in
@@$+ established hegemony+ but then decided
unilaterally to return to ,unjab.
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The Si-hs+ ho/e6er+ /ere a loose and disunited
conglomerate of t/el6e -inDgroups. :ltimately+ 2anjit
Singh /as able to unite these groups by force+ and
start Si-h rule that /ould e9tend from Afghanistan to
he 2i6er Sutlej+ and from 4ashmir and ada-h tohe borders of Sindh. 2anjit Singh employed rench
and British officers and introduced strict military
discipline into his army. It is said that his guns /ere
cast /ith the utmost of e9cellence and uality+ in
hat they /ere superior to any that the British had at
he time. urther fired by the prayers of the Si-h
0harma+ the Si-hs became a potent po/er in *orthD
/est India+ plugging the 4hyber pass from /hich
numerous in6asions had been launched into India+
ncluding by Ale9ander the 3reat+ Jhengi5 4han the
Mongol nomad+ *ader Shah the ,ersian -ing+ andMahmud 3ha5ni and Ahmad Shah Abdali the
Afghans.
2anjit Singh /rested 4ashmir from Afghan rule after
he Afghans bac-trac-ed on fulfilling their part of the
promise for the conuest of 4ashmir for /hich 2anjitSingh committed troops from the outside in the form
of assistance+ for /hich he /as to be paid a certain
sum from the 4ashmir treasury. But+ the ruler of
Afghan instructed his brother+ 0ost Muhamed+ the
ne/ 3o6ernor of 4ashmir+ to /ithhold payment to
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2anjit Singh. At that insult+ 2anjit Singh uietly
/ithdre/ his troops+ and ambushed near 4hyber
pass the /hole Afghan army returning from 4ashmir.
Only si9 people managed to escape that ambushP
he ruler of Afghanistan+ his brother+ and four othersP/ho ran from battle+ lea6ing their army to be
slaughtered by the Si-hs.
(uropeans7edit source C edit beta8
This section does not !ite an# referen
or sour!es. ,lease help impro6e this
section by adding citations to reliable
sources. :nsourced material may be
challenged and remo6ed. ,June ./01
Nasco da 3ama led the first documented (uropean
e9pedition to India+ sailing into Jalicut on the
south/est coast in "?'. In "#"%
he ,ortuguese captured 3oa+ /hich became the
seat of their acti6ity. :nder Admiral Afonso de
Albuuerue+ ,ortugal successfully challenged Arab
po/er in the Indian Ocean and dominated the seaoutes for a century.&esuits came to con6ert+ to
con6erse+ and to record obser6ations of India.
The ,rotestant countries of the *etherlands and
(ngland+ upset by the ,ortuguese monopoly+
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ormed pri6ate trading companies at the turn of the
@th century to challenge the ,ortuguese.
Mughal officials permitted the ne/ carriers of India1s
considerable e9port trade to establish trading posts
factories in India. The 0utch (ast IndiaJompany concentrated mainly on the spice trade
rom presentDday Indonesia. Britain1s (ast India
Jompany carried on trade /ith India. The rench
(ast India Jompany also set up factories.
An engra6ing titled QSepoy Indian troops di6iding the spoils
fter their mutiny against British ruleQ gi6es a contemporaryie/ of e6ents from the British perspecti6e.
0uring the /ars of the "'th century+ the factories
ser6ed not only as collection and transshipment
points for trade but also increasingly as fortified
centres of refuge for both foreigners and Indians.British factories gradually began to apply British
a/ to disputes arising /ithin their jurisdiction. The
posts also began to gro/ in area and population.
Armed company ser6ants /ere effecti6e protectors
of trade. As ri6al contenders for po/er called for
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armed assistance and as indi6idual (uropean
ad6enturers found permanent homes in India+ British
and rench companies found themsel6es more and
more in6ol6ed in local politics in the south and
n Bengal. ,lots and counterplots clima9ed/hen British (ast India Jompany forces+ led
by 2obert Jli6e+ defeated the forces of *a/ab+7citation
eeded 8 SirajDudD0a/lah at ,lassey ),ilasi in Bengal in
@#@+ through treachery of his real maternal uncle.
An Indian depiction of a "@thDcentury0utch ship offhe Joromandel Joast
$ritish influen!e7edit source C edit beta8
This section does not !ite an# referen!es
or sour!es. ,lease help impro6e this
section byadding citations to reliablesources. :nsourced material may be
challenged and remo6ed. ,June ./01
(nglish company agents became familiar /ith
ndian customs and languages+
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ncluding :rdu and ,ersian+ the unifying official
anguage under the Mughals. In many /ays+ the
(nglish agents of that period li6ed li-e Indians+
ntermarried /illingly+ and a large number of them
ne6er returned to their home country. The-no/ledge of India thus acuired and the mutual
es forged /ith Indian trading groups ga6e the
(nglish a competiti6e edge o6er other (uropeans.
The rench commercial interestPJompagnie des
ndes Orientales )(ast India Jompany+ founded in
$$?DDcame late+ but the rench also established
hemsel6es in India+ emulating the precedents set
by their competitors as they founded their encla6e
at ,ondich|ry on the Joromandel Joast.
n "@"@ the Mughal emperor+ arru-hsiyar )r. "@">D
+ ga6e the BritishP/ho by then had already
established themsel6es in the south and the eastPa
grant of thirtyDeight 6illages near Jalcutta+
ac-no/ledging their importance to the continuity of
nternational trade in the Bengal economy. As did
he 0utch and the rench+ the Britishbrought sil6er bullion and copper to pay for
ransactions+ helping the smooth functioning of the
Mughal re6enue system and increasing the benefits
o local artisans and traders.
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The fortified /arehouses of the British brought
e9traterritorial status+ /hich enabled them to
administer their o/n ci6il and criminal la/s and
offered numerous employment opportunities as /ell
as asylum to foreigners and Indians. The Britishactories successfully competed /ith their ri6als as
heir si5e and population gre/. The original clusters
of fishing 6illages )Madras and Jalcutta or series of
slands )Bombay became headuarters of the
British administrati6e 5ones+ or presidencies as they
generally came to be -no/n. The factories and their
mmediate en6irons+ -no/n as the =hiteDto/n+
epresented the actual and symbolic preeminence of
he BritishPin terms of their political po/erPas /ell
as their cultural 6alues and social practices<
mean/hile+ their Indian collaborators li6ed in theBlac-Dto/n+ separated from the factories by se6eral
-ilometres.
The British company employed sepoysP(uropeanD
rained and (uropeanDled Indian soldiersPto protect
ts trade+ but local rulers sought their ser6ices tosettle scores in regional po/er struggles. South
ndia /itnessed the first open confrontation bet/een
he British and the rench+ /hose forces /ere led
by 2obert Jli6e and ran}ois 0uplei9+ respecti6ely.
Both companies desired to place their o/n
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candidate as the na/ab+ or ruler+ of Arcot+ the area
around Madras. At the end of a protracted struggle
bet/een "@?? and "@$>+ /hen the ,eace of ,aris
/as signed+ the British gained an upper hand o6er
he rench and installed their man in po/er+supporting him further /ith arms and lending large
sums as /ell. The rench and the British also
bac-ed different factions in the succession struggle
or Mughal 6iceroyalty in Bengal+ but Jli6e
nter6ened successfully and defeated *a/ab SirajD
udDdaula in the Battle of ,lassey ),alashi+ about "#%
-ilometres north of Jalcutta in "@#@. Jli6e found
help from a combination of 6ested interests that
opposed the e9isting na/ab~ disgruntled soldiers+
andholders+ and influential merchants /hose
commercial profits /ere closely lin-ed to Britishortunes.
ater+ Jli6e defeated the Mughal forces
at Bu9ar )Ba-sar+ /est of ,atna in Bihar in "@$#+
and the Mughal emperor )Shah Alam+ r. "@#D"'%$
conferred on the company rights to collect re6enuerom Bengal+ Bihar + and Odisha+ a region of roughly
!# million people /ith an annual re6enue of ?%
million rupees )for current 6alue of the rupee. The
mperial grant 6irtually established the company as a
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!. * Q,light of Mir5a SulaymanQ. Jollections.6am.ac.u-. !# August !%%. 2etrie6ed !%"!D%?D!.
>. * Shershah Suri1s Tomb+ Sasaram D Tic-eted
Monument Archaeological ur&ey of India
?. * 4issling+ H. &.< *. Barbour< Bertold Spuler< &.
S. Trimingham< . 2. J. Bagley< H. Braun< H. Hartel)"@. 2he 3a%t 4reat Mu%lim Empire%. B2I. p. >%!. ISB* %D
%?D%!"%?D>. 2etrie6ed !%""D%@D!%.
#. * QShershah Suri1s Tomb+ Sasaram D Tic-eted Monument D
Archaeological Sur6ey of IndiaQ. Asi.nic.in. 2etrie6ed !%"!D%?D!.
$. * 0alrymple+ =illiam )!%%$. 2he 3a%t Mughal .ondon~ Bloomsbury ,ublishing ,lc. p. ??. ISB* @'D"D
?%''D%%!D'.
• This article incorporates public domain
material from /ebsites or documents of
the ibrary of Jongress Jountry Studies.D India ,a-istan
urther reading7edit source C edit beta8
• Majumdar+ 2. J. )ed.+ The History and Julture
of the Indian ,eople+ Nolume NI+ The 0elhi
Sultanate+ Bombay+ "$%< Nolume NII+ TheMughal (mpire+ Bombay+ "@>.
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The Mughal Empire
Vinay Lal
The great grandson of Tamerlane, Babar, who on his mother's side was descended
rom the famous enghi! "han, came to #ndia in $%& at the re(uest of an #ndian
o)ernor who sought Babar's help in his fight against #brahim Lodi, the last head of
he *elhi +ultanate Babar defeated Lodi at -anipat, not far from *elhi, and soame to establish the Mughal .mpire in #ndia Babar ruled until $%/0, and was
ucceeded by his son 1umayun, who ga)e the empire its first distincti)e features
ut it is 1umayun's son, 2kbar the reat, who is con)entionally described as the
lory of the empire 2kbar reigned from $%% to $0%, and e3tended his empire as
ar to the west as 2fghanistan, and as far south as the oda)ari ri)er 2kbar, though
Muslim, is remembered as a tolerant ruler, and he e)en started a new faith, *in4i4
ahi, which was an attempt to blend #slam with 1induism, 5hristianity, 6ainism,
nd other faiths 1e won o)er the 1indus by naming them to important military and
i)il positions, by conferring honors upon them, and by marrying a 1indu princess
2kbar was succeeded by his son +alim, who took the
title of 6ahangir #n his reign 7$0%4$&89, 6ahangir
consolidated the gains made by his father The courtly
culture of the Mughals flourished under his rule: like
his great grand4father, Babar, he had an interest in
gardens, and Mughal painting probably reached its
!enith in 6ahangir's time 6ahangir married ;ur 6ahan,
<Light of the World<, in $$$ +hortly after his death in
=ctober $&8, his son, +hah 6ahan, succeeded to the
throne 1e inherited a )ast and rich empire: and at mid4
century this was perhaps the greatest empire in the
world, e3hibiting a degree of centrali!ed control rarely
matched before +hah 6ahan left behind an
e3traordinarily rich architectural legacy, which includes
the Ta> Mahal and the old city of *elhi, +hah>ahanabad
2s he apparently lay dying in $%?, a war of succession
broke out between his four sons The two principal
claimants to the throne were *ara +hikoh, who was
championed by the those nobles and officers who werecommitted to the eclectic policies of pre)ious rulers,
and 2urang!eb, who was fa)ored by powerful men
more inclined to turn the Mughal .mpire into an
#slamic state sub>ect to the laws of the +haria #t is
2urang!eb who triumphed, and though the Mughal .mpire saw yet further
3pansion in the early years of his long reign 7$%?4$8089, by the later part of the
e)enteenth century the empire was beginning to disintegrate
2urang!eb remains a highly contro)ersial figure, and no monarch has been more
ub>ected to the communalist reading of #ndian history 1e is admired by Muslim
@e>oicing at birth of -rince
+alim 76ahangir9 Mughal, c$%A0
5lick for a large image )iew9
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