mse walls & geosynthetics - design basics webinar april 2016

Randy McDonald, P.Eng.Director of Engineering

ArmtecDrainage Solutions

Frank KlitaSales Representative

Michael McQuaid P.Eng.Design Engineer

Andrew ListerSales Manager

Mirafi® Geosynthetics,TenCate Geotube®

FRIDAY APRIL 22, 2016 / 9AM PST / 11AM CST / 12PM EST

TECHNICAL WEBINAR

MSE WALLS AND GEOSYNTHETICSDESIGN BASICS

YOUR HOST

Janine YetkeDirector of Marketing Armtec, Drainage Solutions

LinkedIn: ca.linkedin.com/in/janineyetke/enEmail: Janine.Yetke@armtec.com

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Armtec is one of Canada’s largest infrastructure company supplying precast, corrugated steel and HDPE products and solutions. Every day, our proven products, engineered solutions and dedicated people are counted on to support construction and infrastructure projects in communities everywhere. With a national presence and a local focus on exceptional customer service, we are dedicated to building excellence.

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ABOUT ARMTEC

SECTORS

Armtec specializes in all infrastructure markets and segments and can help with any project to ensure you have the right products for the job. Our people have extensive experience and access to resources all across the country, and can help with all facets of product selection, installation and support.

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ABOUT ARMTEC

Armtec Drainage Solutions’ centralized engineering department consists of design engineers, a drafting team, and estimators.

Additionally, professionally licensed Region engineers are located in all Market Areas across the country.

DRAINAGE ENGINEERING SUPPORT & ROLESABOUT ARMTEC

YOUR SPEAKERS

Michael McQuaid P.Eng.Design EngineerArmtec, Drainage SolutionsMichael.McQuaid@armtec.com

Andrew ListerSales ManagerMirafi® Geosynthetics, TenCate Geotube®

AGENDA

1. Review of Geosynthetics

2. Types of Geosynthetics

3. Geogrids

4. MSE Wall Components

5. Analysis of MSE Walls

6. MSE Wall Types & Facing Options

REVIEW OF GEOSYNTHETICS

GEOSYNTHETICS:

GENERIC TERM FOR ALL SYNTHETIC MATERIALS USED IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS, INCLUDING• TEXTILES• GRIDS• NETS• MEMBRANES• COMPOSITES

POLYMERS USED IN GEOSYNTHETICS

POLYPROPYLENE (PP)TOUGH, FLEXIBLE SYNTHETIC THERMOPLASTIC MATERIAL MADE BY

POLYMERIZING PROPYLENE

• SIMILAR TO POLYETHYLENES, BUT HARDER AND TOUGHER

• PROVIDES GOOD TENSILE STRENGTH RELATIVE TO ITS WEIGHT

• TRANSLUCENT IN ITS NATURAL STATE, PP REQUIRES ADDITIVES TO CREATE UV STABILITY.

• SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF 0.96 (FLOATS); DURABLE, INERT

• MAJORITY OF NONWOVENS AND WOVENS MANUFACTURED FROM PP

POLYMERS USED IN GEOSYNTHETICS

POLYESTER (PET)

LONG-CHAIN POLYMERS CHEMICALLY COMPOSED OF AT LEAST 85% BY WEIGHT OF AN ESTER AND A DIHYDRIC ALCOHOL AND A TEREPHTHALIC ACID

• FABRICS AND FIBERS ARE EXTREMELY STRONG – HIGH TENSILE AT LOW STRAINS

• VERY DURABLE: RESISTANT TO MOST CHEMICALS, STRETCHING AND SHRINKING, AND ABRASION RESISTANT

• HYDROPHOBIC (REPELS WATER) IN NATURE AND QUICK DRYING

• POLYESTER USED TO CREATE HIGH STRENGTH TO WEIGHT PRODUCTS E.G., GRIDS

GEOSYNTHETICS

• NONWOVEN - TEXTILE STRUCTURE PRODUCED BY MECHANICAL, CHEMICAL, THERMAL, OR SOLVENT BONDING AND/OR INTERLOCKING OF FIBERS

• WOVEN - TEXTILE STRUCTURE PRODUCED BY INTERLACING TWO OR MORE YARNS, FIBERS, OR FILAMENTS

• KNIT - TEXTILE STRUCTURE PRODUCED BY INTER-LOOPING ENDS OF YARN

• GEOGRID - A GRID LIKE POLYMERIC MATERIAL FORMED BY INTERSECTING RIBS JOINED AT THE JUNCTIONS USED FOR REINFORCEMENT

FUNCTIONS OF GEOSYNTHETICS

• Separation

• Confinement

• Reinforcement

• Filtration

• Drainage

Geosynthetics and MSE Walls – Design BasicsTYPES OF GEOSYNTHETICS

GEOTEXTILES

• ANY PERMEABLE TEXTILE USED IN ANY

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERED SYSTEM • ALSO REFERRED TO AS

• Filter Fabric• Filter Cloth• Filter Paper• Construction Paper

NON WOVENS

• ADVANTAGES• High Flow Rate• Fine Filtration• High Elongation• Flexible• Can Provide Cushion/Protection

• DISADVANTAGES• Low Strength to Weight Ratio

WOVENS

• ADVANTAGES– High Strength to Weight Ratio– Controlled Filtration– Controlled Flow Rate– Durable– Low Elongation with High Tensile Strength– Installation Resistant

• DISADVANTAGES– Can have poor Flow and Filtration

WOVENS

Woven Monofilament polypropylene geotextiles• Filtration• Drainage

Woven slit tape polypropylene geotextiles• Separation

WOVENS

High Performance woven polypropylene geotextiles• Subgrade Stabilization• Reinforcement

High Performance woven polyester geotextiles• Reinforcement

GEOGRID

WOVEN / COATED POLYESTER - UNI-AXIALEXTRUDED / PUNCHED DRAWN PP – BI-AXIAL

• ADVANTAGES• High Strength to Weight• High Soil Interaction• Protected Yarns - UNI• High Connection Strength - UNI• Bi-Axial or Uni-Axial Strength

• DISADVANTAGES• No Separation

WHAT’S BEHIND YOUR WALL?

Geosynthetics and MSE Walls – Design BasicsGEOGRIDS

TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PET GEOGRIDS

• High strength uniaxial polyester geogrid

• Strongest geogrid reinforcement available

• Woven and coated with a PVC coating• Vast LTDS tensile strength range

• 18.5kN/m – 253kN/m• Excellent durability properties• 3.6 meter (12 feet) wide rolls• 1.8 meter (6 feet) wide rolls• 1.2 meter (4 feet)wide rolls

PET GEOGRIDS

• Flexible and Tough• Delivers immediate soil geogrid stress transfer

• High Long Term Design Strengths• Long term design strengths are backed up by more than 100,000

hours of creep testing performed at an outside, independent test laboratory

• Easy Handling• No sharp edges which may injure workers

• No Recoiling• Remains in place after being installed; does not recoil

• Cost Effective• Creep resistant polyester fibers provide a higher allowable tensile

strength, minimizing the required number of geogrid layers

GEOGRIDS – WHY POLYESTER (PET)

HDPEreinforcement

Polyesterreinforcement

100 kN/m

75 kN/m

25 kN/m

Same Ultimate tensile strength

Long term design strength

Strain %

Log time (s)21 3 4 5 6 7

1hr 1 d 1yr

PolyethylenePolyamide

Polyester

Polypropylene

Creep at 60% load

Polyester is the strongest design polymer

Analysis of Different High Strength Geosynthetics

SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS

Are extensive independent performance testing studies available?

PULL OUT TESTING

CREEP TESTING

SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS

Mobilization of high tensilestrength at low strain.Wide Range of LTDS (12kNm-180kNm)

Good interlocking and high interface friction.Stable open grid matrix interlocks andInteracts with soil to provide high shearing resistance. The rough surface of grid provides further frictional and shear resistance compared to smooth polyethylene geogrid which relies mainly on interlocking mechanism.

High Strength Polyester Geogrid – Benefits

High resistance toconstruction stress.Protective polymercoating for enhancedchemical and mechanical stressresistance.

Crusher runGeogrid

Interlocking mechanism

Tension

Interface friction0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14Strain (%)

tic sh

ile st

SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS

The Geogrid Manufacturer Should

• Have a full complement of geosynthetic testing equipment

• Be Active in developing and maintaining ASTM standards

• Have a GRI-LAP Accredited Laboratory• Be A2LA Accredited• Be ISO 9002 Certified

SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS

“Rumor vs. Fact”’

• RUMOR: POLYESTER GEOGRIDS MAY NOT BE USED IN RECYCLED CONCRETE SOIL BACKFILLS AND HIGH PH SOILS.

• FACT: GEOSYNTHETICS HAVE BEEN TESTED AND INSTALLED IN ALL SOIL TYPES. PET GEOGRIDS ARE SUITABLE FOR ALL SOIL TYPES BASED ON PROPER DESIGN. SEE FHWA ELIAS TECHNICAL PAPER “THE EFFECT OF PH……OF POLYESTER GEOSYNTHETICS”

SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS

Chemical Resistance• PVC coating process binds the molecules for a tighter,

stronger bond resulting in superior durability without cracking or spitting

(FHWA Montana DOT Study)

• PVC is inherently inert to contaminated soils.

(Iowa State University …….impervious to gasoline)

• Service life beyond 120 years

Durability of PET

SPECIFYING GEOGRIDSGeogrid Creep Testing

ASTM D5262

• High Creep Resistance

• Over 100,000 hours of creep data

• RFCR PET = 1.47 NTPEP (check with mfg.)

Design Life Exceeds 100 years

SPECIFYING GEOGRIDSCreep Rupture Curve : NTPEP

SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS

Independent Evaluation Testing

NTPEP Evaluation• Required by most public

agencies and DOT’s

SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS

NTPEP Installation Damage Testing

Did you know the testing method has changed?

‘Old Test Method’• 200mm fill lift• Moderately-sized compaction

equipment (44 kN)

‘New Test Method’• 150mm fill lift• Large-sized compaction equipment

(111,000 kN)

SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS

NTPEP ALLOWS FOR EASY COMPARISON OF MATERIALS

– NTPEP Published Reports

Property Tensar Strata MirafiCreep (RFcr) 2.68 1.49 1.45

Installation Damage (RFID) Type 3 Silty Sand

1.24 1.24 1.05

Durability (RFD) 1.1 1.15 1.15Total RF 3.66 2.12 1.75

Reduction Factors for Type 3 Backfill (Silty Sand)

SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS

NTPEP ALLOWS FOR EASY COMPARISON OF MATERIALS

– NTPEP Published Reports

Property Tensar Strata MirafiCreep (RFcr) 2.68 1.49 1.45

Installation Damage (RFID) Type 1 Coarse Gravel

2.57 1.88 1.61

Durability (RFD) 1.1 1.15 1.15Total RF 7.58 3.22 2.68

Reduction Factors for Type 1 Backfill (Coarse Gravel)

If LTDS of 18.9 kN/m needed: • Tensar – 143.8 kN/m • Strata – 61.09 kN/m • TenCate – 50.46 kN/m

SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS

“Rumor vs. Fact”

• RUMOR: NEED TO SPECIFY ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH, 95% OF TULT STRENGTH, OR JUNCTION STRENGTH ALONG WITH LTDS.

• FACT: THE DESIGN OF MSE STRUCTURES USES LTDS ONLY. THERE IS NO DESIGN NEED FOR SPECIFYING ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH, 95% OF TULT STRENGTH OR JUNCTION STRENGTH.

SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS

• INDUSTRY ACCEPTED METHOD TO DETERMINE THE LONG TERM USABLE STRENGTH OF A GEOGRID PRODUCT

• SAMPLE CALCULATION, PET IN COARSE GRAVELWIDE WIDTH TENSILE STRENGTH = 50.46 KN/M

RFID = 1.61 RFCR = 1.45RFD = 1.15 (TYPICAL SOIL PH RANGE)

LTDS = WIDE WIDTH TENSILE STRENGTH RFID X RFCR X RFD

LTDS = 50.46 / (1.61 X 1.45 X 1.10) = 18.9 KN/M

Design Properties

SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS

Design Properties

• INDUSTRY ACCEPTED METHOD TO DETERMINE THE LONG TERM USABLE STRENGTH OF A GEOGRID PRODUCT

• SAMPLE CALCULATION, PE GEOGRID IN COARSE GRAVELWIDE WIDTH TENSILE STRENGTH = 143.8 KN/M

RFID = 2.57 RFCR = 2.68RFD = 1.10 (TYPICAL SOIL PH RANGE)

LTDS = WIDE WIDTH TENSILE STRENGTH RFID X RFCR X RFD

LTDS = 143.8 / (2.57 X 2.68 X 1.10) = 18.9 KN/M

SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS

PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION

• MULTIPLE PRODUCT LABELS TO ENSURE EASY IDENTIFICATION

SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS

PET GeogridsKnow what you are getting

SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS

Made in NA

ISO 9002 Certified manufacturing facility

On-site GAI-LAP accredited geosynthetics lab

Up to date NTPEP evaluation and report

SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS

Product Certification

Multiple labels on roll

Identification on geogrid itself

SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS

Extensive connection data, including sustained load connection testing.

Extensive Creep testing, including conventional > 10,000 hours.

Installation damage testing with multiple soil types.

PET yarns that exceed CEG and MW requirements.

SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS

As a designer, how do you protect yourself?

– Thorough and enforceable specifications

– Manufacturer QC Program

– On-site QA Program

SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS

1.6 SUBMITTALS A. Submit the following: 1. Certification: The contractor shall provide to the Engineer a certificate stating the name of the manufacturer, product name, style number, chemical composition of the filaments or yarns, manufacturing location and other pertinent information to fully describe the geosynthetic. The Certification shall state that the furnished geosynthetic meets MARV requirements of the specification as evaluated under the Manufacturer's quality control program. The Certification shall be attested to by a person having legal authority to bind the Manufacturer.

SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS

A. Submit the following:

2. Quality Standards: The contractor shall provide to the Engineer the manufacturer’s Quality Control Plan along with their current A2LA, GAI-LAP, and ISO 9001:2008 certificates.

SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS

1.7 QUALITY ASSURANCE A. Manufacturer Qualifications: The geogrid manufacturer shall have all of the following credentials: Valid NTPEP REGEO report on geogrid material used for this project Geosynthetic Accreditation Institute (GAI) - Laboratory Accreditation Program (LAP) American Association for Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA) ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System

B. The geotextile manufacturer shall have a GAI-LAP accredited laboratory at the location of production capable of performing the ASTM tests as outlined in the specification.

SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS

1.8 DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING

A. Geosynthetic labeling, shipment, and storage shall follow ASTM D4873. Product labels shall clearly show the manufacturer or supplier name, style name, and roll number. Product identifications labels, including manufacturers name, product style and roll number shall be included on the outside of the roll packaging material and one the inside of the core of the roll. The material must also be labeled so it is easily identified when deployed.

SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS

2. Alternate Materials

A. Alternate geogrid may be considered if the material meets all of the requirements outlined in this specification. In addition to the submittal requirements already outlined, the contractor shall provide the manufacturers submittal that includes the name and address of the original manufacturer, technical data sheets of the products submitted, installation damage reports from a 3rd party accredited laboratory, creep testing data, including conventional data >10,000 hours, connection testing of the geogrid and block combination being submitted as an alternate.

SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS

• As the designer (Engineer of Record), how do you handle requests for alternate materials?

• Geogrid

Alternate Materials

SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS

• There are some quick resources that can help you review alternate geogrids.

• Website

Alternate Materials - Geogrid

SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS

• Website• Geosynthetics Specifier’s Guide

SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS

• Suppliers submit material for inclusion.

• There is no review or audit of the material submitted.

SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS

• Website• Geosynthetics Specifier’s Guide• Who is the original geogrid

manufacturer?• NTPEP

SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS

• Website• Geosynthetics Specifier’s Guide• Who is the original geogrid manufacturer?• NTPEP• Request actual test data for creep, ID, and

pullout.• If PET, request CEG and MW certs.

Geosynthetics and MSE Walls – Design BasicsMSE WALL COMPONENTS

WHAT ARE MECHANICALLY STABILIZED EARTH WALLS?• Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) walls are retaining walls or grade

separation devices

• MSE walls utilize a reinforced soil gravity mass to resist external forces

• Reinforced soil is created through the use of horizontal soil reinforcing elements and compacted backfill material.

COMPONENTS

• Soil Reinforcement

• Backfill Material

• Facing Unit

TYPICAL MSE RETAINING WALL

GEOSYNTHETICS • Uniaxial Geogrids• High Strength Woven Geotextile

METALLIC• Steel Grids• Smooth or Ribbed Steel Strips

SOIL REINFORCEMENT OPTIONS

BACKFILL MATERIAL

• Gradation Requirements as per AASHTO LRFD Construction Specification

Sieve Size Percent Passing (%) 100 mm (4.0 in.) 100 4.25 mm (No. 40) 0 – 60 75 μm (No. 200) 0 – 15

• Free draining, granular material typically recommended for soil reinforcement backfill

• Minimum backfill compaction is typically 95% Standard Proctor Maximum Dry Density (SPMDD)

LONG TERM DESIGN STRENGTH

𝐿𝑇𝐷𝑆=𝑇𝑢𝑙𝑡

𝑅𝐹 𝐼𝐷×𝑅𝐹𝐶𝑅×𝑅𝐹𝐷

Installation Reduction Factors, RFID

GeosyntheticsType 1 Backfill Type 2 Backfill

Max. Size 4" (100mm) Max Size 3/4" (20mm)D50 about 1-1/4" (30mm) D50 about #30 (0.7mm)

HDPE Uniaxial Geogrid 1.20 - 1.45 1.10 - 1.20 PP Biaxial 1.20 - 1.45 1.10 - 1.20PVC coated PET Geogrid 1.30 - 1.85 1.10 - 1.30Acrylic coated PET geogrid 1.30 - 2.05 1.20 - 1.40Woven Geotextiles (PP & PET)a 1.40 - 2.20 1.10 - 1.40Non Woven Geotextiles (PP & PET)a 1.40 - 2.50 1.10 - 1.40Slit Film Woven PP Geotextilea 1.60 - 3.00 1.10 - 2.00a. Minimum Weight 8.0 oz/yd2 (270 g/m2)

Creep Reduction Factor, RFCR

Polymer Type Creep Reduction FactorPolyester (PET) 2.5 - 1.6

Polypropylene (PP) 5.0 - 4.0High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) 5.0 - 2.6

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

• Wall Height

• Wall Batter

• Backfill Slope

• Surcharges

• Water Table Elevation

Geosynthetics and MSE Walls – Design BasicsANALYSIS OF MSE WALLS

MSE WALL DESIGN METHODS

Design Methods most commonly used and are Industry Accepted Standard of Practice are:

• National Concrete Masonry Association (NCMA)• Used most frequently for Private Works• Design Manual “Segmental Retaining Walls” is currently in its Second Edition, although it is

currently being revised.

• Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)• Used most frequently for Public Works• Design Manual “FHWA NHI-00-043, 044, Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls and

Reinforced Steepened Slopes, Design and Construction Guidelines” is currently in its Second Edition, first Edition was known as “Demo 82”

• Developed following AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications and AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications.

MSE WALL ANALYSIS

External Stability

Sliding Movement

Sliding Resistance

Sliding Overturning

Overturning Movement

MSE WALL ANALYSIS

Bearing Capacity Settlement

Movement

External Stability

MSE WALL ANALYSIS

Internal Stability

Connection Tension Pullout

Units Active Wedge Passive Zone

PULLOUT RESISTANCE

= Pullout Resistance = Pullout Resistance Factor = Correction factor = Effective Vertical Stress at the soil-reinforcement interface = The embedment length in the resisting zone behind the failure plane = The reinforcement effective unit perimeter (ex. = 2 for grids)

= peak friction angle of soil

SOIL TYPE

Gravel 30° – 50°

Sand and Gravel with fine grained soils

30° – 40°

Sand 32° – 50°

Silt and Silty Sand 27° – 35°

Clay 20° – 30°

MSE WALL ANALYSIS

Internal Stability

Overturning

Bending Bulging

MSE WALL ANALYSIS

Compound and Overall (Global) Stability

Geosynthetics and MSE Walls – Design BasicsMSE WALL TYPES & FACING OPTIONS

MSE WALL TYPES

TEMPORARY (36 month life span)• Geotextile Wrapped• Welded Wire Mesh / Geotextile

PERMANENT • Welded Wire Mesh with Geogrid• Geocell with Geogrid• Binwall with Geogrid

TEMPORARY MSE WALLS

MSE WALL CONSTRUCTION - WRAPPED FACESTEP 1

1. Check level of base

2. Check all line, grade and curves

3. Place removable form at front of reinforced mass

4. Install first layer of geotextile over removable form

Removable formGeotextile Reinforcement

Native Soil

STEP 21. Pull Geotextile tight, keep tension applied

until backfill is placed.

Compacted fill

Native Soil

Depression for geotextile wrap

Removable form

2. Place backfill in specified lifts and compact to 95% Standard Proctor Dry Density.

MSE WALL CONSTRUCTION

STEP 3

1. Wrap geotextile back over compacted fill

2. Place & compact fill above upper wrap portion and level

Native Soil

Fill on top of geotextile

STEP 41. Place second removable form by repeating step 1.

(provide required batter with set back)

Native Soil

2. Place second layer of geotextile and reinforced fill by repeating steps 2 through 3.

3. After completion of second lift, remove the first form.

1. Repeat steps 1 through 3 until wall is at required height

Native Soil

Finished Grade

High Performance Woven Geotextile

• Geotextile Wrapped

TEMPORARY MSE WALLS

TEMPORARY MSE WALLS• Wire Mesh / Geotextile Walls

PERMANENT MSE WALLS• Reinforcement and Fascia

MSE WALL SYSTEMS

Welded Wire Mesh Face / Geogrid

Finished Grade

Reinforced Soil Zone

FOUNDATION SOIL ZONE

Native Soil

GeosyntheticReinforcement

Welded Wire Fascia

Wire Mesh with Geogrid(Rock Faced)

Cobourg, ON

GEOCELL

Abbotsford, BC

Wire Mesh With Geogrid

(Vegetated Face)

Oakville, ON

q = SURCHARGE

Geogrid ReinforcementFinished Grade

Reinforced Soil Zone

Foundation Soil Zone

Native SoilGeocell Fascia

Geocell with Geogrid MSE Walls

GEOCELL

Newmarket, ON

GEOCELL

BIN WALL WITH GEOGRID

Mississauga, ON

Contact Your Local Sales Rep:www.armtec.com/sales-offices/

Todays Speakers:

Michael McQuaidMichael.McQuaid@armtec.com

Andrew ListerMirafi® Geosynthetics, TenCate Geotube®

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Todays Speakers:

Michael McQuaidMichael.McQuaid@armtec.com

Andrew ListerMirafi® Geosynthetics, TenCate Geotube®

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