molecular identification of fungi - link.springer.com3a978-3-642-05042-8%2f1.pdf · spring);...
Post on 27-May-2019
222 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
EditorsProf. Dr. Youssuf GherbawySouth Valley UniversityFaculty of ScienceDepartment of Botany83523 Qena, Egyptyoussuf_gherbawy@hotmail.com
Dr. Kerstin VoigtUniversity of JenaSchool of Biology and PharmacyInstitute of MicrobiologyNeugasse 2507743 Jena, Germanykerstin.voigt@uni-jena.de
ISBN 978-3-642-05041-1 e-ISBN 978-3-642-05042-8DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-05042-8Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York
Library of Congress Control Number: 2009938949
# Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material isconcerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting,reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publicationor parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9,1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violationsare liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply,even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective lawsand regulations and therefore free for general use.
Cover design: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany, kindly supported by ‘leography.com’
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Dedicated to Prof. Lajos Ferenczy (1930–2004) microbiologist, mycologist andmember of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, one of the most outstandingHungarian biologists of the twentieth century
Preface
Fungi comprise a vast variety of microorganisms and are numerically among the
most abundant eukaryotes on Earth’s biosphere. They enjoy great popularity in
pharmaceutical, agricultural, and biotechnological applications. Recent advances
in the decipherment of whole fungal genomes promise a continuation and accelera-
tion of these trends. New techniques become available to facilitate the genetic
manipulation of an increasing number of fungal organisms to satisfy the demand of
industrial purposes. The increasing importance-driven search of novel detection
techniques and new fungal species initiated the idea for a book about the molecular
identification of fungi.
The kingdom of the fungi (Mycota) appears as the sister group of the multi-
cellular animals (Metazoa) as an independent, apparently monophyletic group
within the domain Eukarya, equal in rank to green plants (Viridiplantae) and
animals (Metazoa). Fungi are originally heterotrophic eukaryotic microorganisms
harboring chitin in their cell walls and lacking plastids in their cytoplasm.
Formerly, the oomycetes, slime moulds and plasmodiophorids were considered
as fungi based on their ability to produce fungus-like hyphae or resting spores.
Whereas the Oomycota are classified to the stramenopile algae (Chromista or
Heterokonta), and the plasmodial and cellular slime moulds (Mycetozoa) belong
to the Amoebozoa. The Plasmodiophoromycota are among the cercozoan Rhi-
zaria closely related to the foraminifers. A three-protein phylogeny of the fungi
and their allies confirms that the nucleariids, phagotrophic amoebae with filose
pseudopods in soil and freshwater, may represent descendants of a common
ancestor at the animal–fungal boundary (Fig. 1). The fungal kingdom encom-
passes the Asco-, Basidio-, Glomero-, Zygo- and Chytridiomycota. The former
four phyla are terrestrial fungi developing nonflagellated spores (aplanosporic),
whereas the Chytridiomycota represent aquatic and zoosporic (planosporic) fungi,
which split into three individual taxon groups, the aerobic Blastocladio- and
Chytridiomycota sensu stricto and the anaerobic Neocallimastigomycota. The
Zygomycota are among the most basal terrestrial fungi, which evolved in a
paraphyletic manner. Hence, the phylum was divided into different subphyla,
vii
the Mucoro-, Kickxello-, Zoopago- and Entomophthoromycotina, whose phylo-
genetic relationships are not fully understood yet. In the phylogenetic tree shown
in Fig. 1, the Entomophthoromycotina group together with the Ichthyosporea, a
relationship, is not well supported by clade stability proportions.
Fungi develop a wide diversity of morphological features, which are shared with
many fungi-like microorganisms (Fig. 2), among those the white rust and downy
mildew “fungi” (Fig. 2g) are obligate parasites of plants and develop fungus-like
hyphae with haustoria (ht) in asexual and thick-walled, ornamented oospores (os)
from fertilized oospheres after fusion of an oogonium (og) with an antheridium (at)
during sexual reproduction (Fig. 3).
The distribution of fungi among the various ecological niches of the biosphere
seems to be infinite. Estimates suggest a total of 1.5 million fungal species, only less
than a half has been merely described yet. This implies a backlog demand, which
comes along with a rising importance of novel techniques for a rapid and
Fig. 1 The evolution of the fungi and allied fungi-like microorganisms based on a concatenated
neighbor-joining analysis using mean character differences as distance measure on 1,262 aligned
amino acid characters comprising translation elongation factor 1 alpha, actin, and beta-tubulin
(500, 323 and 439 characters, respectively) from 80 taxa. The prokaryotic elongation factor Tu,
MreB (TM1544), and FtsZ (both homologous to actin and tubulin, respectively) from Thermotogamaritima were used as out group taxon representing the bacterial domain
viii Preface
Fig. 2 The morphological diversity of fungi and fungi-like microorganisms. (a–f ): basidiomy-
cetes (Agaricomycotina; Photos: M. Kirchmair); (g) oomycetes (Peronosporales; Photo: O.
Spring); (h–j): multicellular conidia from imperfect stages of ascomycetes (Pezizomycotina);
(k–s): zygomycetes (Mucoromycotina; Photos: K. Hoffmann, scanning electron microphoto-
graphs o& q: M. Eckart & K. Hoffmann): (k, l, p, r, s) – different types of multispored sporangia,
(m, n, o): different types of uni‐fewspored sporangiola; (t–x): reproductive structures (zoospor-
angia) from anaerobic chytridiomycetes (Neocallimastigomycota; Photos: K. Fliegerova);
(y, z): plasmodiophorids (Plasmodiophoromycota; Photos: S. Neuhauser & M. Kirchmair).
Preface ix
unambiguous detection and identification of fungi to explore the fungal diversity as
a coherent whole. Molecular techniques, particularly the technology of the poly-
merase chain reaction, have revolutionized the molecular biology and the molecular
diagnosis of fungi. The incorporation of molecular techniques into what has been
traditionally considered as morphology-based taxonomy of fungi helps us in the
differentiation of fungal species and varieties. Databases of genomes and genetic
markers used as sources for molecular barcodes are being created and the fungal
world is in progress to be unveiled with the help of bioinformatics tools. Genome
projects provide evidence for ancient insertion elements, proviral or prophage
remnants, and many other patches of unusual composition. Consequently, it
becomes increasingly important to pinpoint genes, which characterize fungal
organisms at different taxonomic levels without the necessity of previous cultiva-
tion. Unfortunately, the initiative of an excessive use of molecular barcoding has
been hampered by a lack of sufficient and novel synapomorphic nucleotide
Fig. 2 (continued) (a) – basidiocarp of Schizophyllum commune, (b) – basidiocarp of Daedaleaquercina, (c) – hymenophor from basidiocarp ofDaedalea quercina, (d) – basidiocarp of Trametessp., (e) – mycelium of Antrodia sp spreading over a trunk of a tree, (f ) – dry rot caused by Serpulalacrymans on timber, (g) –symptomatology from Plasmopara viticola, the causal agent of grape-vine downy mildew, (h) – Pestalotiopsis clavispora (Photo: C. Kesselboth), (i) – Bipolaris cf.
sorokiniana (Photo: G. Newcombe), ( j) – Fusarium sp. (Photo: C. Kesselboth), (k) – Mucorindicus, (l) – Helicostylum elegans, (m) – Thamnidium elegans, (n) – Dichotomocladium sp., (o)
– Dichotomocladium robustum, (p) – Absidia psychrophilia, (q) – zygospores from Lentamycesparricida, (r) –Mucor rouxii, (s) –Absidia cylindrospora, (t) –Caecomyces sp. isolated from sheep
(lugol staining), (u) – Caecomyces sp. isolated from sheep, (v) – Neocallimastix frontalis (bisben-zimide staining of nuclei), (w) – Anaeromyces mucronatus isolated from cow (bisbenzimide
staining of nuclei), (x) – Neocallimastix frontalis isolated from cow (lugol staining); (y) – thick
walled resting spores from Sorosphaera veronicae, (z) – sporosori from Sorosphaera veronicae
<
Fig. 3 Cross-section of a leaf
infected with Pustulatragopogonis(Peronosporales, Oomycota)
causing white rust on
sunflower. The
microphotograph shows
structures, which are typical
for the sexual reproduction of
oomycetes: ht – haustorium,
ld – lipid droplet inside an
oospore, os – oospore, og –
oogonium, at – antheridium
fused to an oogonium (Photo:
A. Heller)
x Preface
characters and signature sequences. Moreover, high intraspecific variability of
conventional molecular characters makes it difficult to identify species borders.
However, DNA sequences and other genetic markers provide large amounts of data
which are cultivation-independent and do not depend on physiological inconsis-
tencies. Genetic markers constantly reflect the identification treasure hidden in the
genetic information and allow to control the degree of resolution by choosing the
appropriate genes.
In this book, we highlight the advances of the past decade, both in methodology
and in the understanding of genomic organization and approach problems of the
identification and differentiation of fungi using molecular markers and compare
those with classical procedures traditionally used for species designation. The
limitations in the availability of type material, reference strains, and reference
nucleotide sequences set boundaries in the molecular identification. For example,
the image displaying multicellular, melanin-pigmented conidia (size: 90 mm)
from strain CID1670 (Fig. 2i), which was kindly provided by George Newcombe
(University of Idaho, Center for Research on Invasive Species and Small Popula-
tions, Moscow, ID, USA), may serve as an appropriate cautionary note for readers
of this book. The strain was recovered as an endophytic ascomycete from the asterid
perennial herb Centaurea stoebe (spotted knapweed). The fungus could be attrib-
uted by conventional ITS barcoding to the pleosporalean genus Drechslera and in anarrower sense to Bipolaris sorokiniana. Since species of Bipolaris had never beenreported from any species of Centaurea in earlier reports, neither its effects on its
host nor the final taxonomic delimitation are known. Nucleotide sequences of
additional genes and a more in-depth phylogenetic study may even suggest that
this strain was a new species. Therefore, it would make sense to distinguish between
refined identification of fungi uncommonly found in exceptional biotopes in order
to explore new species, e.g., as endophytes, and high-throughput molecular identi-
fication of well-studied fungi in order to serve the needs of industrial application.
The role of fungi as pathogens of evolutionarily naive plants including a
hypothesis about the plant invasion-mediated progression of novel phytopathogens
will be discussed in the first chapter. The second and third chapter concerns with the
diagnostics and the challenge to identify “fungus-like” plant pathogens from the
oomycetes and the plasmodiophorids, respectively. The fourth chapter leads over
the applications of molecular markers and DNA sequences in the identification of
fungal pathogens in grain legumes and cereals followed by various aspects of
qualitative and quantitative detection of Fusarium spp. and Macrophomina pha-seolina, pathogenic on maize and other corn crops or economic plants. During the
course of the book, the detection of ochratoxigenic fungi, mainly aspergilli and
penicilli, and other postharvest pathogens like Mucor and Rhizopus is elucidated.The molecular identification of wood rotting and endophytic fungi as well as
anaerobic rumen fungi finish the first part on plant pathological and environmental
biological aspects. The second part deals with human pathological and clinical
aspects. The introduction gives a contribution about new approaches in fungal DNA
preparation from whole blood following multiplex PCR detection. Novel techni-
ques in the depletion of the background host DNA in favour of enrichment of the
Preface xi
fungal contaminant DNA following different modifications of PCR approaches
represent powerful tools in the detection of a wide variety of human pathogenic
fungi causing sepsis and other life-threatening diseases that result from excessive
host responses to fungal infections. The survey continues with conventional strate-
gies for the molecular detection ofMalassezia, dermatophytes, opportunistic fungi,
and causative agents of deep mycoses as well as paracoccidioidomycosis and
Ochroconis gallopava infection via a novel tool, the loop-mediated isothermal
amplification method (LAMP). The book closes with reviews about prospects and
perspectives of molecular markers for the identification of Absidia-like fungi and
other zygomycetes.
The editors thank all contributors for their valuable reviews and comments,
which were crucial for the accomplishment of this book. Furthermore, we express
our gratitude to all authors who contributed figures and images for the cover and
miscellaneous parts adding a great deal to the illustration of this book. The cover of
the book was kindly supported by “leography.com.”
January 2010 Youssuf GherbawyKerstin Voigt
xii Preface
Contents
Part I Plant Pathological and Environmental Biological Aspects
1 Fungal Pathogens of Plants in the Homogocene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
George Newcombe and Frank M. Dugan
2 Molecular Techniques for Classification and Diagnosis of Plant
Pathogenic Oomycota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Otmar Spring and Marco Thines
3 Plasmodiophorids: The Challenge to Understand Soil-Borne,
Obligate Biotrophs with a Multiphasic Life Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Sigrid Neuhauser, Simon Bulman, and Martin Kirchmair
4 Applications of Molecular Markers and DNA Sequences
in Identifying Fungal Pathogens of Cool Season
Grain Legumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Evans N. Njambere, Renuka N. Attanayake, and Weidong Chen
5 Quantitative Detection of Fungi by Molecular Methods:
A Case Study on Fusarium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Kurt Brunner and Robert L. Mach
6 DNA-Based Tools for the Detection of Fusarium spp.Pathogenic on Maize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Ivan Visentin, Danila Valentino, Francesca Cardinale,
and Giacomo Tamietti
7 Molecular Detection and Identification of Fusarium oxysporum . . . . . 131
Ratul Saikia and Narendra Kadoo
xiii
8 Molecular Chemotyping of Fusarium graminearum,F. culmorum, and F. cerealis Isolates From Finland
and Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Tapani Yli-Mattila and Tatiana Gagkaeva
9 Molecular Characterization and Diagnosis of Macrophominaphaseolina: A Charcoal Rot Fungus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Bandamaravuri Kishore Babu, Ratul Saikia, and Dilip K Arora
10 Molecular Diagnosis of Ochratoxigenic Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Daniele Sartori, Marta Hiromi Taniwaki, Beatriz Iamanaka,
and Maria Helena Pelegrinelli Fungaro
11 Molecular Barcoding of Microscopic Fungi with Emphasis
on the Mucoralean Genera Mucor and Rhizopus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Youssuf Gherbawy, Claudia Kesselboth, Hesham Elhariry,
and Kerstin Hoffmann
12 Advances in Detection and Identification of Wood Rotting
Fungi in Timber and Standing Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Giovanni Nicolotti, Paolo Gonthier, and Fabio Guglielmo
13 Molecular Diversity and Identification of Endophytic Fungi . . . . . . . 277
Liang-Dong Guo
14 Molecular Identification of Anaerobic Rumen Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Martin Eckart, Katerina Fliegerova, Kerstin Hoffmann,
and Kerstin Voigt
Part II Human Pathological and Clinical Aspects
15 New Approaches in Fungal DNA Preparation from Whole
Blood and Subsequent Pathogen Detection Via Multiplex PCR . . . . 317
Roland P. H. Schmitz, Raimund Eck, and Marc Lehmann
16 Classification of Yeasts of the Genus Malassezia by Sequencing
of the ITS and D1/D2 Regions of DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Lidia Perez-Perez, Manuel Pereiro, and Jaime Toribio
17 DNA-Based Detection of Human Pathogenic Fungi:
Dermatophytes, Opportunists, and Causative Agents
of Deep Mycoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Lorenza Putignani, Silvia D’Arezzo, Maria Grazia Paglia,
and Paolo Visca
xiv Contents
18 Applications of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplificaton
Methods (LAMP) for Identification and Diagnosis of Mycotic
Diseases: Paracoccidioidomycosis and Ochroconisgallopava infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Ayako Sano and Eiko Nakagawa Itano
19 Identification of the Genus Absidia (Mucorales, Zygomycetes):
A Comprehensive Taxonomic Revision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Kerstin Hoffmann
20 Molecular Characters of Zygomycetous Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Xiao-yong Liu and Kerstin Voigt
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Contents xv
Contributors
Dilip K. Arora National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms
(ICAR), Mau, Uttar Pradesh 275101, India, aroradilip@yahoo.co.in
Renuka N. Attanayake Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State
University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
Kurt Brunner Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Gene Technology
and Applied Biochemistry, Gene Technology Group, Vienna University of
Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, A-1060 Vienna
Simon Bulman Plant & Food Research, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch,
New Zealand; Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, P.O. Box 84,
7647 Canterbury, New Zealand
Francesca Cardinale DiVaPRA – Plant Pathology, University of Turin, I-10095
Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
Weidong Chen Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University,
Pullman, WA 99164, USA; USDA ARS Grain Legume Genetics and Physio-
logy Research Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA,
w-chen@wsu.edu
Silvia D’Arezzo National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”
I.R.C.C.S., Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
Frank M. Dugan USDA-ARS, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
99163-6402, USA
Raimund Eck SIRS-Lab GmbH, Winzerlaer Str. 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
xvii
Martin Eckart Institute of Microbiology, School of Biology and Pharmacy,
University of Jena, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany, martin.eckart@uni-jena.de
Hesham Elhariry Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Taif
University, P.O. Box 888 Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Katerina Fliegerova Department of Biological Basis of Food Quality and Safety,
Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i.,
Vıdenska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic, fliegerova@iapg.cas.cz
Tatiana Gagkaeva Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology, All-Russian
Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR), 196608 St. Petersburg-Pushkin, Russia,
t.gagkaeva@yahoo.com
Youssuf Gherbawy Botany Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley
University, 83523 Qena, Egypt
Paolo Gonthier Di.Va.P.R.A., Department of Exploitation and Protection of the
Agricultural and Forestry Resources, Plant Pathology, University of Torino, via
L. da Vinci 44, I-10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
Maria Grazia Paglia National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallan-
zani” I.R.C.C.S., Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
Fabio Guglielmo Di.Va.P.R.A., Department of Exploitation and Protection of
the Agricultural and Forestry Resources, Plant Pathology, University of Torino,
via L. da Vinci 44, I-10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
Liang-Dong Guo Systematic Mycology & Lichenology Laboratory, Institute of
Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, guold@sun.
im.ac.cn
Kerstin Hoffmann Institute of Microbiology, School of Biology and Pharmacy,
University of Jena, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany, Hoffmann.Kerstin@
uni-jena.de
Beatriz Iamanaka Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciencias Biologi-
cas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Caixa Postal 6001, CEP 86051-970
Londrina-Parana, Brazil
Eiko Nakagawa Itano Department of Pathological Science, CCB, State Uni-
versity of Londrina, P.O. Box 6001, 86051-970 Londrina, Parana, Brazil,
itanoeiko@hotmail.com
xviii Contributors
Narendra Kadoo PMB Group, Biochemical Sciences Division, National Chemical
Laboratory, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India, ny.kadoo@ncl.res.in
Claudia Kesselboth Botany Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley
University, 83523 Qena, Egypt
Martin Kirchmair Institute of Microbiology, Leopold Franzens – University
Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria, Martin.Kirchmair@uibk.ac.at
Bandamaravuri Kishore Babu National Bureau of Agriculturally Important
Microorganisms (ICAR), Mau, Uttar Pradesh 275101, India, aroradilip@yahoo.
co.in; present address: Environmental Microbiology Lab, Department of Envi-
ronmental Engineering, Chosun University, Gwang ju-501759, South Korea,
kishore_bandam@yahoo.co.in
Marc Lehmann SIRS-Lab GmbH, Winzerlaer Str. 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
Xiao-yong Liu Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology and Lichenology, Insti-
tute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road,
Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, P. R. China, liuxiaoyong@im.ac.cn
Robert L. Mach Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Gene Tech-
nology and Applied Biochemistry, Gene Technology Group, Vienna University of
Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, A-1060 Vienna, Austria, rmach@mail.zserv.tuwien.
ac.at
Sigrid Neuhauser Institute of Microbiology, Leopold Franzens – University
Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
George Newcombe Department of Forest Resources, and Center for Research on
Invasive Species and Small Populations, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-
1133, USA, georgen@uidaho.edu
Giovanni Nicolotti Di.Va.P.R.A., Department of Exploitation and Protection of
the Agricultural and Forestry Resources, Plant Pathology, University of Torino, via
L. da Vinci 44, I-10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy, giovanni.nicolotti@unito.it
Evans N. Njambere Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University,
Pullman, WA 99164, USA
Maria Helena Pelegrinelli Fungaro Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de
Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Caixa Postal 6001, CEP
86051-970, Londrina-Parana, Brazil, fungaro@uel.br
Contributors xix
Manuel Pereiro Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Mycology, Faculty of
Medicine, University Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, C/San Francisco
S/N, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Lidia Perez-Perez Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Complex of
Vigo, C/Porrino 5, 36209 Vigo, Spain, lidiacomba@yahoo.es
Lorenza Putignani Microbiology Unit, Children’s Hospital, Healthcare and
Research Institute Bambino Gesu, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
Ratul Saikia Biotechnology Division, North-East Institute of Science &
Technology, Jorhat 785006, Assam, India, rsaikia19@yahoo.com
Ayako Sano Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1,
Inohana, Chuo-ku, 260-8673 Chiba, Japan, aya1@faculty.chiba-u.jp
Daniele Sartori Centro de Ciencias Biologicas, Departamento de Biologia
Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Caixa Postal 6001, CEP 86051-970,
Londrina-Parana, Brazil
Roland P.H. Schmitz SIRS-Lab GmbH, Winzerlaer Str. 2, 07745 Jena, Germany,
schmitz@sirs-lab.com
Otmar Spring Institute of Botany, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart,
Germany, spring@uni-hohenheim.de
Giacomo Tamietti DiVaPRA – Plant Pathology, University of Turin, I-10095
Grugliasco, Turin, Italy, giacomo.tamietti@unito.it
Marta Hiromi Taniwaki Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciencias
Biologicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Caixa Postal 6001, CEP 86051-
970, Londrina-Parana, Brazil
Marco Thines Institute of Botany, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart,
Germany
Jaime Toribio Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Mycology, Faculty
of Medicine, University Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, C/San
Francisco S/N, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Danila Valentino DiVaPRA – Plant Pathology, University of Turin, I-10095
Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
xx Contributors
Paolo Visca National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”
I.R.C.C.S., Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; Department of Biology, Univer-
sity of Roma Tre, Viale Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy, visca@uniroma3.it
Ivan Visentin DiVaPRA – Plant Pathology, University of Turin, I-10095
Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
Kerstin Voigt Institute of Microbiology, School of Biology and Pharmacy,
University of Jena, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany, kerstin.voigt@uni-jena.de
Tapani Yli-Mattila Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology,
Department of Biology, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland, tymat@
utu.fi
Contributors xxi
top related