mkar 1013 principle of forensic engineering · prepare culpability worksheets ... –rebound hammer...
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MKAR 1013
Principle of Forensic Engineering
Prof. Dr. Mohammad bin Ismail
1.Forensic Engineering: Competencies and
Qualifications
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Learning Outcome
At the end of the course students should be able
to understand:
• What is forensic engineering/
• Qualification
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References
1. Carper, K.L. 1986, “Forensic Engineering”, Elsevier Science Pub. Co.
2. Ward, J.S. 1986, “What is Forensic Engineer? In Forensic Engineering: Learning from failures, ASCE, New York
3. Joshua B. K. 2012, Guidelines for Forensic Engineering Practice, ASCE
4. Harold Franck, Darren Franck, 2014, Forensic Engineering Fundamentals, CRC Press
5. Brian S.N. 2007, Forensic Engineering diagnosing failures and solving problems, Taylor & Francis
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DEFINITION
Forensic (fo ren' sik) - the application of knowledge to questions of civil and criminal law. Forensic engineering is the application of engineering principles and methodologies to answer questions of fact.
Forensic engineering is essentially a failure analysis program for litigation support. The goal of such a program is to positively identify the sequence of events leading to ultimate failure.
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Forensic Engineering - Definition
● From Latin : forensis meaning “public”
– Belonging to courts of law
– Pertaining to or fitted for legal or public argumentation
● Forensic Engineering – a science concerned with relations between engineering and the law
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General Goals of Forensic Engineering Investigation
● To determine causes of failure (most commonly desired information)
● To compare statement by witnesses or injured parties with physical evidence
● To ascertain whether an illegal or improper activity was causative
● To assess damage to materials, products or structures and evaluate repair estimate
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Multi-Disciplinary
● Forensic engineering is a multi-disciplinary process for investigating and reporting the cause of engineering problems which may have legal ramifications.
● The process is founded on the scientific method which is fundamental to the solution of most engineering predicaments whether they are related to civil, structural, geotechnical, mechanical, metallurgical, materials, industrial, chemical, or other engineering fields.
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Who are the clients?
● Owners, developers, tenants
● Public & government agencies
● Contractors
● Designers, material manufacturers
● Attorneys
● Insurance companies
● Plaintiffs in litigation (injured parties)
● Defendants in litigation (design, construction, maintenance or operation)
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Activities in Forensic Engineering Investigation
Gather Information
Investigate
Visual Inspection
Document Review
Photographic Documentation
Code, Industry Standard and Product Research
Analysis Data
Map Actions of Parties
Develop Opinions and Conclusions
Explain the reasoning behind the conclusion
Prepare culpability worksheets
Assist Attorneys
Give a clear assessment of the risks involved with each issue
Give Expert witness testimony
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Diverse Fields of Forensic
● Forensic Accounting
● Forensic Anthropology
● Forensic Audit
● Forensic Computing
● Forensic DNA
● Forensic Entomology
● Forensic evidence
● Forensic Linguistics
● Forensic Medicine
● Forensic Meteorology
● Forensic Odontology
● Forensic Palaeology
● Forensic Palynology
● Forensic Pathology
● Forensic Psychiatry
● Forensic Psyhology
● Forensic Science
● Forensic Toxicology
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ATTRIBUTES OF AN EXPERT ENGINEERS
● Being an expert requires competencies in the subject area in dispute as well as competance in forensic engineering and litigation support activities that allow the engineer to form and effectively present reasonable, reliable, and valid opinion
– UG degree in Engineering recognized by Accreditation board of engineering (ABET/EAC)
– Technical ability (design, research, teaching, writing..)
– A Graduate degree in subject area
– Profesional licence or registration to practice
– Authorship of recent peer-reviewed publications on the subject
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COMPETENCIES OF FORENSIC ENGINEERS
● Forensic engineers serving as expert witness should have competence in explaining the technical, truthful evidence in such a manner that the trier of fact, the lay jury or the judge can understand it and answer the ultimate question
● Should have competence in investigating and analysing the technical subject of their assignment and in reporting their observations, opinions, conclusions and recommendation
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Understanding the problem in the context of the investigation or dispute
● Forensic engineers often asked to help solve problem and how a particular solution may affect parties to a dispute arising from the problem
● On the witness stand, the expert should only answer the questions that are asked, and not elaborate beyond that.
● JOKE - guillotine
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Understanding the concept of Advocay
● It is the obligation of the expert engineer witness to provide truthful, adequately researched testimony in the best possible light for the client who retained the engineer
● Engineers have an overidding obligation, typically
under the terms of the licencing laws of the states in
which they practice, and as emphasized in
Fundamental Principle 1 of the ASCE Code of Ethics,
to protect public safety and welfare
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Understanding Objectivity
● Expert witness must be unbiased and objective in both the investigation and in testimony on the witness stand
– Conflicting opinions are plausible
● Forensic engineer must remain impartial seekers of the truth, even when the truth is not in their client’s interest
● Forensic engineer is required by ethical principles to maintain objectivity
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Understanding Bias
● Bias is unfair preference
– for a particular position, or
– Distortation of the result due to a condition not appropriately taken into account
● Bias is an inherent characteristic of human behaviour
● Understanding Bias and overcoming its influence are important competencies of forensic engineers and expert witnesses
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Competencies of Forensic C&S Engineer/Investigator
● Familiarity with building codes, specifications & industry standards.
● Understanding of structural & soil behaviour to know how structures behave and why they fail.
● Ability to collect & analyse data – detective skills, – develop failure hypothesis & – reach to correct conclusions regarding the causes of
failure.
● Having some knowledge of legal procedures. ● Good oral and written communication skills. ● Have high ethical standards.
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GENERALIST FORENSIC ENGINEER
● Many failures require investigations be conducted by more than one specialist
● Some cases involve services of principal investigator, or generalist forensic engineer
● This person serves as a lead consultant who advices the client on the types of – specialists needed for the team – Select them with client’s authorization – Coordinates their activities
● The generalist may get involved – in testimony – Simply observed the proceedings after coordinating the
investigations and assisting with trial preparations.
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QUALIFICATIONS OF AN EXPERT
● Those who qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may testify in a form of an opinion
i. The expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue
ii. The testimony is based on sufficient facts or data
iii. The testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods
iv. The expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case
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Forensic Civil & Structural Engineering
● Engineering investigation and determination of the causes of structural failures of buildings, bridges and other constructed facilities;
● Rendering opinions and giving testimony in judicial proceedings.
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Problem Statement
● Structural failures are not just accidents, nor acts of God. They are the results of human error originating from oversight, carelessness, ignorance or greed.
● With the relevance of design sophistication and construction methodology came the proliferation of structural failures.
● Early savings in design and construction costs often boomerang as later and larger costs of repair and litigation.
● The vulnerable structures of the late 20th century will provide bread and butter to the forensic engineers of the 21st century.
Dr. Robert T. Ratay, Forensic Structural Engineering Handbook, 2000
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Scope of Forensic C&S Engineering
● Structures, buildings & bridges
● Geotechnical works
● Highways and transportation
● Waterways, ports, coastal & offshore facilities
● Culverts and pipelines
● Air transportation
● Environmental facilities
● Hydraulics, irrigation and drainage
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Structural Failure – What is a Failure?
● General Definitions – Inability of a component, structure or facility to
perform its intended function.
– Failure does not necessarily involve collapse or rupture.
– Non-conformity with design specifications or deficient performance.
– An unacceptable difference between the expected and observed performance.
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Functional Failure
● Functional failure involves compromise of intended usage of structure or facility
● Examples
– Excessive vibration of floor
– Roof leaks
– Inadequate air conditioning
– Poor acoustics
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Causes of Failures
● Site selection and site development errors
● Programming deficiencies
● Design errors
● Construction errors / procedural errors
● Materials deficiencies
● Operational errors
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The Investigative Process
Engagement & Definition of Investigation Objectives
Collection of Background Information and Documents
Preliminary Site Visit
Formation of Investigation Plan and Project Team
Formulate Initial Failure Hypothesis
Comprehensive Document Study
Site Investigation, Field Testing and Sample Collection
Structural Analysis, Design Check and
Laboratory Testing
Revision of Failure Hypothesis
Revision of Investigative Plan
Final Conclusions
Final Report
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Identify Investigative Team
Possible disciplines for structural failure investigation :
● Structural engineer ● Geotechnical engineer ● Concrete specialist ● Metallurgist / Material expert ● Architect ● Surveyors ● Photographer ● Test specialists, instrumentation specialists ● Contract law specialist
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Repair 28
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Site Visit
● Schedule as soon as possible, especially when collapse is involved
● Plan carefully
● Document findings
● Preserve perishable evidence – collapse configuration; features of fractured steel surfaces; test cubes or cylinders
● Failed and un failed components
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Equipment
● Measuring devices
● In-situ testing equipment
● Photographic equipment
● Clothing
● Data recording equipment
● Sampling
● Small handy tools
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Collection of Samples
● Site should be carefully photographed and sketched
● Sampling techniques should conform to specified standard/codes
● Samples should be marked, referenced, catalogued, and stored according to procedures
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Documenting Visual Examination
● Establish referencing system – Compass direction
– Coordinate system
● Make liberal use of notes and sketches
● Make liberal use of photographs (film is cheap!)
● Document photos – Arrow on plan of structure
– Careful description in notes
– Camera with number imprint is very helpful
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Eyewitness Accounts
● Passerby eyewitnesses may provide information on sequence of events (collapse)
● Project personnel – project managers; designers; foremen
● Interview workers or others knowledgeable of structure
● Seek photos or videos taken earlier of structure
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What Information to gather from eyewitness
● Status of construction at time of failure
● The mode and sequence of failure
● Possible triggering events
- activities under way at the time of collapse
- unusual loading on structure
- environmental factors
● The capacity of certain components or entire structure at the time of failure
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Physical Tests
● Mapping of cracks & other defects
● Partially-destructive tests for concrete strength
- Penetration resistance (Windsor probe)
- Pull-out; pull-off; internal fracture
● Non-destructive tests
– Rebound hammer for variability of material
– Wave method for thickness and variability
– Radioactive methods
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LABORATORY ANALYSIS
Materials Testing
● Concrete samples – Petrography analysis
• Chemical reactivity
• Air content
• Cement content
• Water/cement ratio
– Cores • Strength
• Chloride tests
• Existence of corrosion
• Freeze-thaw tests
Components Testing
– Load tests
• Connections
• Structural components
• Whole structure
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DOCUMENT SEARCH
● Construction Documents
– Plans and specifications
– Contractual agreements
– Progress reports
● Shop (fabrication) drawings and erection / as-built drawings
● Boring logs
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Document Search
● Test reports – Foundation reports
– Concrete materials test report / cube test
– Steel test report
– Post-tensioning report
● Manufacturer’s certificate – Portland cement
– Structural steel
– Reinforcing steel
● Inspection reports
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Document Search
● Project correspondence – Contractor
– Engineer
– Architect
– Other consultants
● Engineer's design calculations
● Applicable building codes
● Weather records
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Develop and Test Hypothesis
● Examination of photos, design calculations, and other evidence
● Perform additional calculations or design check
● Conduct laboratory tests
● Conduct test on structure
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Prepare Conclusions
● Summary report
● State probable causes
● Provide support for conclusions
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Dispute Resolution
● Civil Litigation (Lawsuits)
● Alternative Dispute Resolution – Arbitration
– Mediation
– Negotiation
– Mini-trial
● Majority of cases are settled out of court (only 10% go to trial)
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Legal Concerns after a Failure
● Potentially responsible party (e.g. design consultant, sub-contractor) – concerned with determining his legal exposure to injured parties;
● Injured party – concerned with preserving his rights against any potentially responsible party;
● Project owner – concerned with preserving rights against potentially responsible parties and having the project remedied and put back into use.
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DOCUMENTATION AND STANDARDS
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Conclusions
● Forensic engineering is the application of engineering sciences to the investigation of failures or other performance problems.
● A wide and multi-disciplinary field, requiring engineering expertise and knowledge of legal procedures.
● Forensic engineering deals with the investigation and re-construction of failures in buildings, bridges, facilities, vehicles and other engineered systems.
● Engineers & managers need to have a helicopter view of the process, techniques, outcome reporting and legal aspects of forensic engineering investigation.
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www.utm.my innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global 47 MAB 1033 Structural Assessment and
Repair 47
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Flood
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Tall Building
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Flood
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Tsunami
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Water Leakage
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Corrosion of
reinforcement
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Earthquake – Collapse Flyover
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Safety
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Vice-Chancellor Zaini Ujang zaini@utm.my http://www.utm.my/vc
ADVANTAGE WORKING WITH UTM
www.utm.my innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global 58 Pengelih Johor Sept 2012
Knowledge acquired shared with students, particularly
Malaysian (JKR staff included)
Enhance lecturer experience
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Repair 59
Good experienced team (friendly Lecturers)
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Good experienced team (and Technicians)
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Reliable equipments
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62 Full Scale Testing
Good laboratories facilities
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Full Scale Testing
Good laboratories facilities
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Negotiable costs
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Pump House IWK, 2014
www.utm.my innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global 67 Stadium Larkin 2010
Stadium larkin, 2010
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Stadium larkin, 2010
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Tg. Pengelih, 2012
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www.utm.my innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global 71 71 Stesyen Keretapi Tanjung pagar, Singapura
www.utm.my innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global 72 Majlis Perbandaran Melaka
www.utm.my innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global 73 Majlis Perbandaran Melaka
www.utm.my innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global 74 ACPI, Gelang patah , Johor
www.utm.my innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global 75 75 MPJBT, Skudai, Johor
www.utm.my innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global 76 76 Rumah kedai, Senai, Johor
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Maktab Perguruan, Sabah
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Rebranding Key Amal Indicators (KAI)
Tangible KAIs ● Publications ● Research ● PG programs ● Education ● Intellectual property ● RU-compliance etc
Intangible KAIs ● Teamwork, ukhuwah ● Knowledge culture ● Integrity, passion ● Entrepreneurship ● Taqwa, amal soleh etc
World class university
Culture Barakah Synergy
Jannah
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mutiara hadith
Daripada Abu Musa r.a., meriwayatkan bahawa baginda Rasulullah s.a.w. bersabda: Perumpamaan ilmu dan hidayah yang dengannya aku diutus oleh Allah SWT adalah seumpama satu hujan lebat yang menimpa bumi. (Bumi terbahagi kepada tiga tanah) ● Pertama ialah tanah baik, lembut dan menyerap air yang kerananya tanah menjadi subur,
menumbuhkan tumbuh-tumbuhan yang banyak. ● Kedua ialah tanah yang keras tidak menyerap air tetapi dapat mengumpulkan air bagi
keperluan manusia, binatang ternak dan tanam-tanaman yang lain. ● Ketiga ialah tanah yang keras yang tidak menyerap dan tidak dapat mengumpulkan air dan
tidak menumbuhkan tanam-tanaman. (Begitulah dengan manusia yang terbahagi kepada tiga golongan): ● Mereka yang diberi faham agama dan mendapat hidayah. Dengan hidayah itu mereka
mengenaliku, mendapat manfaat dengan ilmu yang diberikan Allah SWT kepadaku. Mereka belajar dan mengajarkan kepada orang lain.
● (Golongan kedua) ialah yang tidak mengambil manfaat bagi dirinya tetapi orang lain dapat manfaat darinya.
● (Golongan ketiga) ialah orang yang tidak peduli dirinya dan tidak mendapat hidayah Allah SWT apa yang diturunkan melalui aku.
(Hadis Riwayat Bukhari).
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SUMMARY
● Don’t keep quiet (diam)
● Good Manners
● Follow Schedule of work
● Time management
● Do not avoid Meeting
● Follow development
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The only way you do great work is to love what you do!
Stay hungry! Stay foolish!
Steve Jobs (2005)
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