micro processer
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BY:-
AMIT BANSAL
ROLL NO.19
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A microprocessorincorporates most or all of the functions of acentral processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC).
Components of CPUALU, instruction decoder, registers, bus control circuit, etc.
Microcontroller Computer on a single chip of silicon
INTRODUCTION
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SOME PROCESSORS ARE..
1.Dual Core
2.Quad Core
3.core2duo
4. Intel Core i7for desktop
5.AMD(Advanced Micro Devices )Xilleonprocessor
6.Intel Core2 Extreme
7. Intel Celeron processor
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MOTHER-BOARD Structure
Central Processing Unit (CPU): To recognize
and carry out program instructions Input & Output Interfaces: To handle
communications between computer and the
external world
Storage: To hold the program instructionsand data.
Bus: Bridges connecting the components
and transport data and commands
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:AMD_X2_3600.jpg -
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Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): Performsthe actual data manipulation.
Control Unit: Determines the timing and
sequence (or the speed) of operations.
Registers: Holds the internal data temporarilywhile the instructions are being executed.
Components of CPU
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Robert Noyce is the first Intel's founder. The intel 4004 was the worlds
first processor.
The central processing unit also contains the control unit and thearithmetic/logic unit, both working together as a team to process the
computer's commands.
The control unit controls the flow of events inside the processor.
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Registers
Registers
Microprocesor
Instruction
Cache
Arithmetic
& Logic
Unit
Control
UnitBus
Interface
Unit
DataCache
Instruction
Decoder
I/O
RAM
Memory
Bus
System
Bus
FloatingPoint
Unit
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BUS INTERFACE UNIT
Receives instructions & data from mainmemory
Instructions are then sent to the instructioncache, data to the data cache
Also receives the processed data and sends it
to the main memory
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INSTRUCTION DECODER
This unit receives the programming instructionsand decodes them into a form that is
understandable by the processing units, i.e. the
ALU or FPU
Then, it passes on the decoded instruction to
the ALU or FPU
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ARITHMETIC & LOGIC UNIT (ALU)
Also known as the Integer Unit
It performs whole-number math calculations(subtract, multiply, divide, etc) comparisons (isgreater than, is smaller than, etc.) and logicaloperations (NOT, OR, AND, etc)
The new breed of popular microprocessorshave not one but two almost identical ALUsthat can do calculations simultaneously,doubling the capability
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FLOATING-POINT UNIT (FPU)
Also known as the Numeric Unit It performs calculations that involve numbers
represented in the scientific notation (alsoknown as floating-point numbers).
This notation can represent extremely smalland extremely large numbers in a compact form
Floating-point calculations are required fordoing graphics, engineering and scientific work
The ALU can do these calculations as well, but
will do them very slowly
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REGISTERS
Both ALU & FPU have a very small amount ofsuper-fast private memory placed right next to
them for their exclusive use. These are called
registers
The ALU & FPU store intermediate and final
results from their calculations in these registers
Processed data goes back to the data cache
and then to main memory from these registers
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INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
Commonly known as an IC or a chip
A tiny piece of Silicon that has several
electronic parts on it
Most of the size of an IC comes form the pins
and packaging; the actual Silicon occupies a
very small piece of the volume
The smallest components on an IC are much
smaller than the thickness of a human hair
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POWER
Power dissipation limits performance Lower voltage
Conditional clocks
Power distribution is a major concern Supply affects circuit performance, reliability
IR drops, L dI/dt drops
Requires careful design of power supply grid
On/off chip decoupling capacitors
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MOORES LAW
In 1965, one of the founders of Intel GordonMoore predicted that the number of
transistor on an IC (and therefore the
capability of microprocessors) will doubleevery year. Later he modified it to 18-months
His prediction still holds true in 02. In fact, thetime required for doubling is contracting to the
original prediction, and is closer to a year now
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EVOLUTION OF INTEL MICROPROCESSORS
4004 8008 8080 8086 286 386 486 Pentium Pentium 2 Pentium 3 Pentium 4
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
100,000,000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
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THANKS..
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