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How to improve your How to improve your memory: Mnemonic memory: Mnemonic
DevicesDevicesChapter 8Chapter 8
Why do we need MEMORY?
Memory is the diary that we all carry about with us. ~Oscar Wilde
Memory is the primary and fundamental power, without which there could be no other intellectual operation. ~Samuel Johnson
What if you couldn’t create new memories? Amnesia patient: Clive Wearing
How do you use your memory everyday? “National Memory Championship” – “Memoriad”
http://usamemorychampionship.com/ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vsYCSmBcM0&feature=related
How can I improve my How can I improve my memory?memory?
Most popular answer: Mnemonic devicesMost popular answer: Mnemonic devices
MnemonicsMnemonics Tricks and strategies to help memory!Tricks and strategies to help memory!
RepetitionRepetition ChunkingChunking First letter techniqueFirst letter technique RhymingRhyming VisualizationVisualization KeywordKeyword LinkLink Method of LociMethod of Loci PegwordPegword Self-reference effectSelf-reference effect
Learn the following list by ONLY Learn the following list by ONLY readingreading;; go through list as many go through list as many
times as possibletimes as possible Horse – TableHorse – Table Island – HatIsland – Hat Door – NoteDoor – Note Bear – AppleBear – Apple Clock – MoonClock – Moon Building – DogBuilding – Dog River – TableRiver – Table Road - PaperRoad - Paper
Basket – CloudBasket – Cloud Ring – ShipRing – Ship Snow – WindowSnow – Window Pencil – HammerPencil – Hammer Bread – CarBread – Car Meat – EnvelopeMeat – Envelope Box – GardenBox – Garden Book - CupBook - Cup
Recall as many as possibleRecall as many as possible
Horse –Horse – Island –Island – Door – Door – Bear – Bear – Clock – Clock – Building – Building – River – River – Road - Road -
Basket – Basket – Ring – Ring – Snow – Snow – Pencil – Pencil – Bread – Bread – Meat – Meat – Box – Box – Book –Book –
AnswersAnswers
Horse – TableHorse – Table Island – HatIsland – Hat Door – NoteDoor – Note Bear – AppleBear – Apple Clock – MoonClock – Moon Building – DogBuilding – Dog River – TableRiver – Table Road - PaperRoad - Paper
Basket – CloudBasket – Cloud Ring – ShipRing – Ship Snow – WindowSnow – Window Pencil – HammerPencil – Hammer Bread – CarBread – Car Meat – EnvelopeMeat – Envelope Box – GardenBox – Garden Book - CupBook - Cup
Repetition techniqueRepetition technique
RepetitionRepetition Forces you to pay attentionForces you to pay attention Visual and verbal memory for materialVisual and verbal memory for material
Spacing effectSpacing effect Distributed practiceDistributed practice is best for delayed test is best for delayed test Massed practice ok for immediate testMassed practice ok for immediate test
Why?Why? Time to consolidate infoTime to consolidate info Only concentrate for so long Only concentrate for so long Study under different conditions/settingsStudy under different conditions/settings
ChunkingChunking
Short-term memory capacity limitShort-term memory capacity limit Magic number 7 +/- 2Magic number 7 +/- 2 Memory spanMemory span
Remember: 7 0 4 8 6 4 2 3 2 1 8 9Remember: 7 0 4 8 6 4 2 3 2 1 8 9 Or remember: 704 864 23 21 89Or remember: 704 864 23 21 89 Remember 7 +/- 2 CHUNKSRemember 7 +/- 2 CHUNKS Why helpful?Why helpful?
Increase capacity by Increase capacity by groupinggrouping informationinformation
Gives meaning to random informationGives meaning to random information
First-letter techniqueFirst-letter technique
Acronym:Acronym: ROY G BIV: colors of the rainbowROY G BIV: colors of the rainbow HOMES: great lakes HOMES: great lakes PRICE: InjuryPRICE: Injury
Acrostic: first letter of each word of Acrostic: first letter of each word of sentence is cuesentence is cue Music notes: Every Good Boy Deserves FunMusic notes: Every Good Boy Deserves Fun 12 cranial nerves: OOO To Touch And Feel…12 cranial nerves: OOO To Touch And Feel…
Why helpful?Why helpful? Letters act as cueLetters act as cue ChunkingChunking
Rhyming techniqueRhyming technique
When did Columbus discover America?When did Columbus discover America? ““In fourteen hundred ninety-two, Columbus In fourteen hundred ninety-two, Columbus
sailed the ocean blue”sailed the ocean blue” ““ii before before ee except after except after cc; or when ; or when
sounded like sounded like aa, as in neighbor and , as in neighbor and weigh”weigh”
““Thirty days has September, April, Thirty days has September, April, June, and November”June, and November”
ABC’s song (rhyming and chunking)ABC’s song (rhyming and chunking) Why helpful?Why helpful?
Dual-coding hypothesisDual-coding hypothesis
Dual-codingDual-coding 2 cues: verbal and visual2 cues: verbal and visual
VisualizationVisualization Picture superiority effectPicture superiority effect
Effective visualizationEffective visualization InteractionInteraction VividnessVividness BizzarenessBizzareness
“HOMES”
Learn the following list by creating Learn the following list by creating a mental image of two items in a mental image of two items in
vivid interactionvivid interaction Bird – FruitBird – Fruit Rain – RockRain – Rock Dress – MoneyDress – Money House – MountainHouse – Mountain Cow – FlowerCow – Flower Corn – GateCorn – Gate Roof – NestRoof – Nest Baby – HairBaby – Hair
Ice – TrainIce – Train Fence – LetterFence – Letter Egg – ChairEgg – Chair Book – WaterBook – Water Coat – GlassCoat – Glass Candy – SignCandy – Sign Rabbit – PaintRabbit – Paint Hammer - BookHammer - Book
RecallRecall
Bird – Bird – Rain – Rain – Dress – Dress – House – House – Cow – Cow – Corn – Corn – Roof – Roof – Baby – Baby –
Ice – Ice – Fence – Fence – Egg – Egg – Book – Book – Coat – Coat – Candy – Candy – Rabbit – Rabbit – Hammer - Hammer -
AnswersAnswers
Bird – FruitBird – Fruit Rain – RockRain – Rock Dress – MoneyDress – Money House – MountainHouse – Mountain Cow – FlowerCow – Flower Corn – GateCorn – Gate Roof – NestRoof – Nest Baby – HairBaby – Hair
Ice – TrainIce – Train Fence – LetterFence – Letter Egg – ChairEgg – Chair Book – WaterBook – Water Coat – GlassCoat – Glass Candy – SignCandy – Sign Rabbit – PaintRabbit – Paint Hammer - BookHammer - Book
Keyword mnemonicKeyword mnemonic
Use to learn foreign language vocabularyUse to learn foreign language vocabulary Spanish example: Pato = DuckSpanish example: Pato = Duck
First step: First step: Concrete keyword that sounds like foreign word = Concrete keyword that sounds like foreign word =
PotPot Second step: Second step:
Form visual image connecting keyword with Form visual image connecting keyword with meaningmeaning
Picture: Duck wearing a pot on its headPicture: Duck wearing a pot on its head Use for any vocabulary wordsUse for any vocabulary words
Try: “Skulk”: To hide or sneak around for evil Try: “Skulk”: To hide or sneak around for evil reasons”reasons”
Image–name mnemonic
Use to remember name with face Think of vivid word that sounds like name Link word with person’s appearance
Example Rodney Flanery Image: Football player with rod in his knee,
so benched and wearing flannel to stay warm
Create one for your own name!
Link mnemonicLink mnemonic
Chaining or Link systemChaining or Link system First: form visual image for each itemFirst: form visual image for each item Second: associate image with next imageSecond: associate image with next image Important to SEE associationsImportant to SEE associations
Narrative techniqueNarrative technique Form a story using items you want to Form a story using items you want to
rememberremember
Appropriate for serial learningAppropriate for serial learning Problem: if forget one item then next items Problem: if forget one item then next items
may be inaccessible toomay be inaccessible too
Method of LociMethod of Loci
““In the first place”In the first place”
1. Memorize familiar locations in 1. Memorize familiar locations in natural ordernatural order
2. Create visual image of word with 2. Create visual image of word with each locationeach location
3. Recall: take a “mental walk”3. Recall: take a “mental walk”
Method of Loci: Campus MapMethod of Loci: Campus Map
Begin to write only after I have given the Begin to write only after I have given the signal, “Go”.signal, “Go”.
AppleApplePianoPiano
HammerHammerCakeCake
PlanetPlanetPizzaPizzaKiteKiteBusBus
ButterflyButterflyScissorsScissors
Olin, DuPre, Main, Snyder, Library, Carlisle, Daniel, Milliken, Burwell
Method of Loci: AnswersMethod of Loci: Answers AppleApple PianoPiano HammerHammer CakeCake PlanetPlanet PizzaPizza KiteKite BusBus ButterflyButterfly ScissorsScissors
Locations serve as a cueLocations serve as a cue Helpful for serial learningHelpful for serial learning Locations should be Locations should be
distinctdistinct Need strong association Need strong association
between location and itembetween location and item Problem: using same Problem: using same
locations over again can locations over again can lead to confusionlead to confusion
Peg-word techniquePeg-word technique
First: use memorized First: use memorized concrete nounsconcrete nouns
Rhyming words with Rhyming words with numbers helps to numbers helps to remember wordsremember words
Second: create visual image Second: create visual image of target word with peg-of target word with peg-word word
Similar to Loci: objects Similar to Loci: objects instead of locationsinstead of locations
Problem: limited # peg-Problem: limited # peg-words words
Self-Reference EffectSelf-Reference Effect
Memory for information connected to Memory for information connected to ourselvesourselves
Why?Why?
QuestionsQuestions
What tricks and strategies do you What tricks and strategies do you use to memorize information?use to memorize information?
You go to a party and meet lots of You go to a party and meet lots of new people. You would like to be new people. You would like to be able to remember their face and able to remember their face and name. How do you do it?name. How do you do it?
Questions, continued…
Why do these techniques work to improve memory? What do they share in common?
Which of these techniques could you realistically use to help you study for exams?
Why wouldn’t you use some of them?
Why mnemonics workWhy mnemonics work AttentionAttention
Ensure encodingEnsure encoding RepetitionRepetition Retrieval cuesRetrieval cues Dual-coding cuesDual-coding cues
Verbal and visual representationsVerbal and visual representations OrganizationOrganization
““chunks”chunks” Notice relationships and differencesNotice relationships and differences
Use existing knowledgeUse existing knowledge ElaborationElaboration
Think about Think about meaning meaning and make distinctiveand make distinctive GenerationGeneration
Your ideas makes it personalYour ideas makes it personal
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