mayas aztecs incas
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The Maya
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Questions
What features characterized pre-
Colombian Mesoamerican society?
What explanations have been given forthe collapse of Mayan civilization?
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Chronology
Preclassic era: 1800 B.C. - A.D. 250 Olmecs
Early Classic era: A.D. 250 600. The domination of Teotihuacan
Late Classic era: A.D. 600 800. Reign of Pacal at Palenque
Reign of 18 Rabbit at Copan Terminal Classic era: A.D. 800 925.
Collapse of great Maya cities
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Maya Society
Kings
quetzal
Nobles
Scribes
Warriors
Peasants
Maize
Slash and burn agriculture
Intensive agriculture Maya infancy and aesthetics
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Ritual and Nobility
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Aztec
Sacrifice
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The Ball Game
Xibalba 1 Hunaphu and 7
Hunaphu
Blood Girl
Hunaphu andXbalanque
The ball game asreligious ritual
The ball game asreflection of socialorder
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Astronomy and Warfare
The Calendar Round 260 Day Cycle
365 Day Cycle
Long Count
Maya kings preferredto conduct battles onpropitious days
Victory in battle meantcapturing andexecuting prisoners
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Lintel 8, Yaxchilan
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Politics and Power in the Classic Age
Pacal Great Sun Shield
(r. Palenque 615-683)
Temple of Inscriptions
18 Rabbit (r. Copan 695-
738) 18 Gopher-Provider
Hieroglyphic Stair
Quirigua
War as sign of power Building as sign of power
18 Rabbit
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The Collapse of Maya Civilization
During the Terminal
Classic Period (800-925),
the Maya abandoned
most of the great city
sites. A.D. 909 Last Long Count
date recorded anywhere
What happened?
Increasing noble power Overpopulation
Ecological damage to the
lowland farmlands
The Ruins of Palenque
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What was the Aztec Empire
like?Look at the following pictures about the
Aztec Empire and fill in the work sheet
provided by your teacher.
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The Aztec Empire is part of Mexico today.
According to Aztec legend, the gods told the nomadic people who had
entered the Valley of Mexico to search for an eagle peached on the top of a
cactus. The eagle would be holding a snake in its beak. When they saw thesign on a swampy island in Lake Texcoco they established the city of
Tenochtitlan
The Aztec Empire
Mexicos Flag
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Tenochititlan
Tenochititlan was linked to the mainland with causeways. It had anaqueduct to ensure a fresh water supply and sewers carried waste materialsaway.
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TenochititlanOvertheyears
Tenochititlangrew into agreat city withopenplazasand marketplaces.
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Tenochititlan
"The city has many squares where
markets are held and trading is carried
on.There is one square where there are
daily more than 60,000 souls, buying andselling, and where are found all the kinds
of merchandise produced in these
countries, including food products, jewelsof gold and silver, lead, brass, copper,
zinc, bones, shells, and feathers
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Food and work
Aztecs ate corn and beans.
Tortillas grilled and dipped in
tomatoes. They also ate pancakes
stuffed with tadpoles.
The Aztec used a lot of herb and prayer in their medicine. The
Aztec also developed a writing system with pictographs that gavea image of the story.
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The Aztec Calendar
Their Calendar wasvery sophisticated for
their time. It consisted
of 360 days a year,
over 18 months,excluding five days for
sacrifice. It is
approximated that this
calendar was used 100year before the
Gregorian calendar,
which is the calendar
we use today.
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Montezuma was the Emperor of the Aztecs in the Sixteenth Century.
He was a conquering king who often went to war with his neighbours.He kept the gods on his side by making human sacrifices to the gods.
Montezuma
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Human Sacrifices
According to some accounts
Montezuma sacrificed tens
of thousands of prisoners at
a time. Each had to be
individually killed. The usualmethod of sacrifice was to
open the victims chest, pull
out his heart while he was
still alive and then knock thevictim down the temple
stairs. The temple stairs
were covered in blood.
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The Aztec Temple
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Huitzlopochtli
Huitzlopochtli:the
sun and war god.
He battled the
forces of darknesseach night and was
re-born each
morning. There was
no guarantee thesun would win, so
human sacrifices
were made.
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Quetzelcoatl
Quetzelcoatl was a former whiteskinned and bearded priest. He
came from the east and promised
to return. The god of civilisation
and learning.
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The Inca
Machu Picchu
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Geography
The Inca peoplelived in theAndesMountains inpresent-dayPeru. Theirempire,
centered aroundthe capital ofCuzco, became
the largest in
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Pachacuti was the greatest Incan leader.
He and his son, Topa, built the largest
empire in the Americas.
Pachacuti united his empire by :
creating a strong central government.
requiring all people to learn the Quechualanguage.
building a system of roads.
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Farming Practices
The Inca developed agriculturaltechniques such as terraced farming.
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The Incan ruins at Machu Picchuare some of the best preserved
examples of Incan Architecture.
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Stones cut by masons were veryprecise and stacked together with no
mortar.
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A quipu is a rope with knotted cords usedto keep records.
Th
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The
Conquest of
the Aztecs
and the Incas
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The Aztec Empire
Atzlan: The original homeland of
the Aztec peoples in Northwest
Mexico
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The Aztec Empire
Lake Texcoco: a swampy lake in
central Mexico where the Aztecs
built the capitol ofTenochtitln
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The Aztec Empire
Chinampas: artificial islands
made by piling up mud from the
lake bottom
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The Aztec Empire
Chinampas
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The Aztec Empire
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The Aztec Empire
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Conquest of the Aztecs
Hernan Corts:
Spanish
conquistador whofounded Vera Cruz
and conquered the
Aztecs in 1519
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Conquest of the Aztecs
Assimilation: to take something in
and make it part of the thing it has
joined Aztecs made the smaller tribes they
conquered worship their gods and take
up their culture This did away with the original culture of
the people they had conquered
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Conquest of the Aztecs
Cempoala Indians: one of the
smaller tribes that had been
conquered by the Aztecs and forcedto pay high taxes and provide human
sacrifices to Huitzilopochtli
They joined Corts and his men on
their way to Tenochtitln
They fought the Aztecs with Corts
C t f th A t
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Conquest of the Aztecs Montezuma: god-like ruler of the
Aztecs Taken prisoner by Corts Killed in the Aztec revolt of 1520
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Conquest of the Incas
Francisco
Pizarro:
Spanish
conquistador
who conqueredthe Incan
Empire in 1533
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Conquest of the Incas
Incas : Highly civilized nation of
people who lived in the mountains
of Peru at the time of the Spanishinvasion
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Conquest of the Incas
Atahuallpa:
ruler of the
Incas at the
time of the
Spanishinvasion
Conquest of the Incas
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Conquest of the Incas
C t f th I
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Conquest of the Incas
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