major events in the history of earth - san diego miramar ...faculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/bio 107...
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Major Events in the History of Earth Cenozoic
Humans
Land plants
Animals
Multicellular eukaryotes
Single-celled eukaryotes
Origin of solar system and Earth
1
2
4
3
Proterozoic eon
Archaean eon
Atmospheric oxygen
Prokaryotes
Classification systems 5 Kingdom system 3 Domain system 1. Monera 1. Bacteria 2. Archaea 2. Protista 3. Eukarya 3. Fungi 4. Animalia 5. Plantae
Prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes Unicellular vs. multicellular
autotrophic vs. heterotrophic
Symbiotic relationships between any two organisms: 1. commensalism one organism benefits and the other is
unaffected 2. mutualism both organisms benefit 3. parasitism one organism benefits and the other one is
harmed.
Bacteria - Very diverse - Unicellular prokaryotes (lack a nucleus) - Three basic shapes: Bacillus, coccus, spirillum - Some are filamentous - Have a complex cell wall - Some autotrophic (Phototrophic or chemotrophic) others
heterotrophic - Found everywhere. Many live as symbionts in other
organisms
Protista Bottom–dwellers: attached or creeping Drift passively near the water surface (plankton) Phytoplankton - photosynthetic (planktonic algae and
cyanobacteria) form the foundation of most marine and freshwater food webs
- free–living species Zooplankton- Protozoa - heterotrophic
Eukaryotic- Protista • Majority unicellular • Multicellular – seaweed,
kelp • Cell wall present or
absent • Vary in cell wall
composition: o Silica (glass) o Calcium carbonate
(limestone) o Cellulose
• Vary in energy source o Photosynthetic –
Euglena o Heterotrophic –
Amoeba & Paramecium
Parasitic pathogens: • Giardia • Malaria
Amoeba
Euglena
Paramecium
Diatoms
Volvox
Early aquatic photosynthetic organisms : - Prokaryotic Cyanobacteria - Eukaryotic algae Unicellular Chlamydomonas Multicellular Spirogyra
Cyanobacteria filamentous photosynthetic prokaryote
Spirogyra filamentous photosynthetic algae, pond scum
Fungi Eukaryotic decomposers (heterotrophic) found in many
environments - saltwater or fresh water - on land - cold or warm temperatures Serve as a valuable ecological function by processing dead
organic matter Unicellular (yeast) Multicellular filamentous (mold) Parasitic pathogens:
Fungi evolved from an aquatic, flagellated ancestor A fungus usually consists of a mass of threadlike
hyphae called a mycelium
Hypha
Mycelium
Fungi absorb food after digesting it outside their bodies and absorb the nutrients
Fungal life cycles include asexual and sexual stages ASEXUAL - Haploid spores give rise to multi-cellular filamentous haploid hyphae by mitosis - The haploid hyphae are made of mating types
Fungal groups differ in their life cycles and reproductive structures Key
Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n)
Fusion of nuclei
Meiosis
Mycelia of different mating types
Cells fuse
Young zygosporangium (heterokaryotic)
Zygosporangium (n + n)
Sporangium Spores (n)
1
2 3
4
SEXUAL in fruiting bodies - Fusion of haploid hyphae produces a
stage containing nuclei from two parents heterokaryotic hyphae
- Nuclei fuse and undergo meiosis which
produces haploid spores
Fungal groups have characteristic reproductive structures
Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n)
Fusion of nuclei
Meiosis
Basidia Spores (n) Mushroom
1 Fusion of two hyphae of different mating types
2 Growth of heterokaryotic mycelium
3 Diploid nuclei
4 Spores released
5 Germination of spores and growth of mycelia
Lichens consist of fungi living mutualistically with photosynthetic organisms
Lichens consist of algae or cyanobacteria within a fungal network
Fungal hyphae
Algal cell
Col
oriz
ed S
EM
1,0
00 ×
Early land photosynthetic organisms Lichens- symbionts of a fungus and a
photosynthetic organism either a cyanobacteria or an algae
The photosynthetic algae or bacteria provide
organic compounds which the fungus can use and the fungus provides support and protection for either the algae or the bacteria.
Lichens can be found in the harshest of
environments on rocks
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