machine collaboration possibilities on fermilab proton driver and main injector intensity upgrades
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Machine Collaboration Possibilitieson
Fermilab Proton Driverand
Main Injector Intensity Upgrades
Bill Foster BNL/FNAL Meeting
Nov. 14, 2005
The Fork in the Road
IF ( ILC 2006 CDR looks affordable) THEN
– Push for ILC ~2010 construction start at Fermilab
– Proceed with 120 GeV Neutrino Program at >1 MW
ELSE
– Superconducting 8 GeV Proton Driver starting 2008
– 30-120 GeV and 8 GeV Beams at 2-4 MW
– Stepping-Stone to delayed ILC construction start ~2012
ENDIF
Pier Oddone’s presentation to EPP 2010:
Proton Driver Project Planning Currently Supports a 2008 Construction Start (FY09)
CD1 CD2 CD3
What is Not in Question
• Fermilab > 1 MW Neutrino Beams
– Using Upgrades + Recycler if fast-track ILC
– Using SCRF Proton Driver if ILC delayed
• The SCRF Proton Driver R&D Program
– Demonstration key cost-saving features of SCRF Proton
Driver Design, with beam, in next 1-2 years
Time Scales for Machine Collaboration
1. SCRF Linac Proton Driver Technical Design Report
June ’06 Lehman CD-1 Review
2. Proton Driver Front End Beam Tests (SMTF/Meson)
Summer 2006 - Beam through warm front end (RFQ commissioning)
Summer 2007 - Beam through multiple SRF cavities w/common Klystron
3. Fermilab Proton Plan & Near-Term Upgrades
Many possibilities in HLRF, LLRF, Collimation, Beam Stacking…
4. Proton Driver Construction Role?
Significant PED funds FY2008, line item funding 2009?
Cost estimate w/“SNS Rules” to support Multi-Lab collaboration
5. Experimental Beam lines, Specialized Extraction, etc. (8 GeV & 120 GeV)
Near Term Plans (Independent of ILC)
AGS Permanent Magnet Accumulator Ring(from early NuSB LoI)
Follow Gerry Jackson’s suggestion of using the Fermilab Recycler as Injection Accumulator for Main Injector intensity >600kW after ~2009.
Permanent MagnetAccumulator Ring
Permanent MagnetRecycler Ring
AGS Main Injector
Barrier Stacking in AGS and Recycler
FAST RECYCLER STACKING
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
-52.5 -42 -31.5 -21 -10.5 0 10.5 21 31.5 42 52.5
Theta (Buckets)
En
erg
y O
ffse
t (M
eV)
-2500
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
AGS Barrier Stacking ~1999
Batch Compression Batch Expansion
Fast Recycler Stacking beam tests ~ 2003
Barrier Pulses + Linear Voltage Ramps
Main Injector RF Cavity Upgrades
Design Concept for RF cavity to support > 2 MW in Main InjectorYIG Ferrite Loaded TunersQ Negotiable via Cu platingBNL Collaboration on Prototype?
Existing Main Injector Cavities
Beam Power limited to ~1 MW
35 Years Old
LLRF & Damper Upgrades
Modern Digital LLRF
for AGS/Booster/RHIC FNAL Booster LLRF
Analog/NIM from 1970’s
OTHER NEAR-TERM POSSIBILITIES
• Impedance Measurements & Pallatives– Main Injector is ~7 yrs old– No Impedance Measurements Yet– Will key MI components need low-Z upgrades?
• Gamma-T Jump Systems– Main Injector– Booster
• Collimation– Main Injector (Momentum, & Betatron)– Recycler Stacking Collimators (Momentum & Betatron)
All these will be valuable independent of PD
8 GeV SCRF Proton Driver
New idea incorporating concepts from the ILC, SNS, RIA, TRASCO and APT.– Copy SNS, RIA, and JPARC Linac designs up to 1.3 GeV– Use “TESLA” Cryomodules from 1.3 - 8 GeV– H- Injection at 8 GeV in Main Injector
“Super-Beams” in Fermilab Main Injector
– 2+ MW Beam power at BOTH 8 GeV and 120 GeV– Small linac emittances Small losses in Main Injector– Very simple operation of the accelerator complex– Minimum (1.5 sec) cycle time (eventually faster)– MI Beam Power Independent of Beam Energy
(flexible neutrino program)
8 GeV Superconducting LinacWith X-Ray FEL, 8 GeV Neutrino & Spallation Sources, LC and Neutrino Factory
~ 700m Active Length8 GeV Linac
X-RAY FEL LAB8 GeVneutrino
MainInjector@2 MW
Anti-Proton
SY-120Fixed-Target
Neutrino“Super- Beams”
NUMI
Off- Axis
& Long-Pulse Spallation Source
Neutrino Target
Neutrinosto “Homestake”
Short Baseline Detector Array
Target and Muon Cooling Channel
Bunching Ring
RecirculatingLinac for Neutrino Factory
VLHC at Fermilab
Damping Ringsfor TESLA @ FNALWith 8 GeV e+ Preacc.
1% LC Systems Test
30 GeVneutrino
The Baseline Missions:Super Beams in the Main Injector & ILC Test Bed
~ 700m Active Length8 GeV Linac
8 GeVneutrino
MainInjector@2 MW
SY-120Fixed-Target
Neutrino“Super- Beams”
NUMI
Off- Axis
1.5 % ILC Test Bed
120 GeV Main Injector Cycle with 8 GeV Synchrotron
SYNCHROTRON INJECTIONMain Injector: 120 GeV, 0.56 Hz Cycle, 1.67 MW Beam Power
Surplus Protons: 8 GeV, 11.7 Hz Avg Rate, 0.39 MW Beam Power 8 GeV Synchrotron Cycles 2.5E13 per Pulse at 15Hz
Main Injector Energy
6 InjectionCycles
21 Extra8 GeV
Proton Cycles
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Time (sec)
MI Energy
Injection Cycles
8 GeV Proton Cycles
120 GeV Main Injector Cycle with 8 GeV Linac, e- and P
Main Injector: 120 GeV, 0.67 Hz Cycle, 2.0 MW Beam PowerLinac Protons: 8 GeV, 4.67 Hz Cycle, 0.93 MW Beam Power Linac Electrons: 8 GeV, 4.67 Hz Cycle, 0.93 MW Beam Power
8 GeV Linac Cycles 1.5E14 per Pulse at 10Hz
Main Injector Energy
H-Injection
8 GeVProtons
8 GeVElectrons
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Time (sec)
MI Energy
H- Injection
8 GeV Protons
Electrons
Linac Allows Reduced MI Beam Energy without Compromising Beam Power
MI cycles to 40 GeV at 2Hz, Retains 2 MW MI beam power
• # neutrino evts. ~ same vs. E
• Reduces tail at higher neutrino energies.
• Permits Flexible Neutrino Program
2MW @40 GeV
NOT SPECIFIED
FOR SYNCHROTRON
Main Injector: 40 GeV, 2.0 Hz Cycle, 2.0 MW Beam PowerLinac Protons: 8 GeV, 4.0 Hz Cycle, 0.8 MW Beam Power Linac Electrons: 8 GeV, 4.0 Hz Cycle, 0.8 MW Beam Power
8 GeV Linac Cycles 1.5E14 per Pulse at 10Hz
Main Injector Energy
H-Injection
8 GeVProtons
8 GeVElectrons
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Time (sec)
MI Energy
H- Injection
8 GeV Protons
Electrons
Similarities Between BNL & FNAL Super-Beam Proposals
• Single Stage Superconducting Injector Linac Replacing Booster Synchrotron
• Linac Advantages:– Faster Cycle Time– Lower Uncontrolled Losses– Simplicity of Operation
• Upgrade paths >2 MW w/ linac injection • Lots of work needed in rest of complex to
keep pace with more powerful injector
Parameter Similarities BNL / FNAL
• Charge per pulse: 1E14 vs. 1.5E14
• Linac Rep Rate (upgrade)2.5 Hz(5 Hz) vs. 2.5 Hz(10 Hz)
• Number of Injection Turns240 vs. 270
• Linac Current (avg. in macro pulse)21 mA vs. 25 mA
Parameter Differences BNL / FNAL• Linac Energy
1.5 GeV vs. 8 GeV
• Stand-Alone Linac Power <100kW vs 0.52 MW (8 GeV physics prog.)
• Superconducting Transition400 MeV vs. 10 MeV
• SRF Technology Base (linac Frequency)SNS (805/1610) vs. ILC (325/1300)
Other Uses (beyond the Baseline)of the 8 GeV SC Linac Proton Driver
• Using Recycler as 8 GeV Stretcher Ring
– Continuous 8 GeV Slow Extracted Beams
– Bursts of beam every 5-10 usec
• ILC Gradients: 8 GeV 12-15 GeV Linac
• Using Tevatron Tunnel for Stretcher Ring
– Continuous 120 GeV Slow Extracted Beams
8 GeV SC Linac Proton Driver
• A Bridge Program to the Linear Collider
• Near Term Physics Program (neutrinos+)
• Multiple HEP Destinations & Off-Ramps
• A seed project for inter-lab SCRF Collaboration
• A seed project for Industrial Participation
50 cryomodules, 12 RF stations, ~1.5% of LC
β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1
Modulator
β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1
Modulator
36 Cavites / Klystron
TESLA LINAC8 Klystrons288 Cavities in 36 Cryomodules 1300 MHz β=1
β<1 TESLA LINAC
2 Klystrons96 Elliptical Cavities12 Cryomodules
1300 MHz 0.1-1.2 GeV
β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1
Modulator
β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1
Modulator
β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1
Modulator
β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1
Modulator
β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1
Modulator
β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1
Modulator
10 MWTESLA
Multi-BeamKlystrons48 Cavites / Klystron
β=.81
Modulator
β=.81 β=.81 β=.81 β=.81 β=.81
8 Cavites / Cryomodule
0.5 MW Initial 8 GeV Linac11 Klystrons (2 types)449 Cavities 51 Cryomodules
“PULSED RIA”Front End Linac
325 MHz 0-110 MeV H- RFQ MEBT RTSR SSR DSR
Single3 MWJPARCKlystron
Multi-Cavity Fanout at 10 - 50 kW/cavityPhase and Amplitude Control w/ Ferrite Tuners
DSR
β=.47
Modulator
β=.47 β=.61 β=.61 β=.61 β=.61
or… 325 MHz Spoke Resonators
Elliptical Option
Modulator
10 MWTESLA
Klystrons
April 7, 2004 G.W.Foster - SCRF Proton Driver
Cost Driver: Klystrons per GeV
April 7, 2004 G.W.Foster - SCRF Proton Driver
8 GeV Superconducting LinacTECHNICAL SUBSYSTEM DESIGNS EXIST AND WORK
SNS β<1 Cavites FNAL/TTFModulators
“TTF Style” Cryomodules
CivilConst.Based
on FMI
TESLA RFDistribution * w/ phase shifters
The Building Block of the 8 GeV Linac
… is the TESLA RF Station:
• 1 Klystron• 1 Modulator • ~ 4 Cryomodules• 36 SCRF CAVITIES• ~1 GeV of Beam Energy
Proton Driver: 8 RF StationsLinear Collider: 500 RF Stations
G. W. Foster – HIF05Fermilab
Cold Technology Selection for the ILC
• Since the ITRP Selection of “cold” technology, we have standardized on ILC-compatible frequencies for the Proton Driver– 1300 MHz for back end of linac
– 325 MHz (=1300 MHz / 4) for front end linac
• We have begun to assemble a TESLA-like collaboration to develop a complete set of SCRF cavities and resonators at these frequencies.
8 GeV Linac Klystrons – 2 Types
Toshiba E3740A325 MHz 3 MW(17 Delivered for JPARC…we’ve ordered one… )
Thales TH18011300 MHz
10 MW(~ 3 Vendors)
G. W. Foster – HIF05Fermilab
325 MHz SRF Spoke Resonators 10-400 MeV
• Well Developed Technology for RIA, APT, TRASCO...
• Simulations indicate excellent beam dynamics
Never yet tested with beam
• Runs Pool-Boiling at 4.5K – Simple Cryosystem
• R&D Demonstration (SMTF):
beam properties with pulsed operation.
G. W. Foster – HIF05Fermilab
• β=1 cavities are identical
to the ILC
• Baseline β<1 cavities
are frequency scaled from
805 MHz designs
for SNS/ RIA from JLAB
& MSU
• “Low-Loss” beta=0.81
cavity design & prototype
• Single-Crystal Nb Protos
• Lab-to-Lab Collaboration
so far (MSU & JLAB?)
1300 MHz Elliptical Cavities
325 MHzFront-EndLinac
325 MHz Klystron – Toshiba E3740A (JPARC)
115kV Pulse Transformer
ModulatorCapacitor / Switch / Bouncer
ChargingSupply
RFQ
MEBT
SCRF SpokeResonatorCryomodules
RFDistributionWaveguide
FerriteTuners
Single KlystronFeeds SCRF Linacto E > 100 MeV
G. W. Foster – HIF05Fermilab
Room-Temperature Front Endfor Proton Driver at SMTF / Meson
H- IonSource RFQ
Alignment Rails for Beam Experiments
SuperconductingSolenoids
Room TempSpoke (C-H)Resonators
2-Phase LHe Distribution
Header
G. W. Foster – HIF05Fermilab
Toward Selecting an H- Ion Source
The SNS Ion Source Test Bench and LEBT
• Beam tests on the SNS RF H- ion source (Doug Moehs) – 3.1 ms long pulse, 11.5 mA average,
at 5 Hz
– The SNS routinely runs 1 ms long pulses, 30 mA at 60 Hz
• Plan to test the DESY H- source at 3 msec in next few months
G. W. Foster – HIF05Fermilab
History of Magnetron at BNL
Need: ~45mA in 0.25pi mm-mrad
Circular Aperture magnetron is good candidate H- Source for PD
Proton Driver Linac - Technology Flow
R
F
Q
“PULSED RIA”
SCRF Spoke
Cavity Linac
“SNS / RIA”Beta < 1 Elliptical
Cavity Linac
“TESLA”
Elliptical Cavity SCRF Linac
Beta = 1 1300 MHz
JHF
(KEK)
RIA (ANL)
APT (LANL)
SNS (JLAB)
RIA (MSU)
FNAL
ANL / SNS
New FNAL Proton Source Linear Collider Test Facility
TESLACOLLABORATION
BNL / SNS
FNAL Proton PlanUpgrades
NUMI Beamline &
Infrastructure
H
_
325 MHzRFQ andKlystron
SCRFSpoke
Cavities
LinacAccel.
Physics
SNSProductionExperience
< 1Cavity
Design
FastFerrite
Shifters
PulsedModu-lators
Cavities
Cryog
enics
Klystrons
RF
D
istribution
Beam Transportand CollimationDesign
MainInjector@2 MW 8 GeV beams:
P, n, , , e…Technological& HEP Applications
Neutrino Super-beams
Other Labs & Universities
PROTON DRIVER
8 GeV1.3 GeV
SN
S &
DE
SY
SLAC
Linac PD Collaboration Possibilities
• Transfer Line (based on BNL SNS AP Design)• Transfer Line Collimation Systems• H- Injection Design• H- Foil R&D (Diamond Foils, etc)• Laser H- Wire Scanner inside ILC Cryostats• Front End Ion Source
• Scope: – Design (up to June Lehman Rev)– Hardware (discuss after CD-1: finalize PEP, etc)
BNL/SNS Transfer Line, Collimation, Injection
• Proton Driver H- beam line is patterned on BNL/SNS HEBT
• BNL Construction Responsibility
SNS / (BNL) H- Foil Stripping Collimation in HEBT Line
Proton Driver Collaborators• ANL (weekly meetings & parallel worker contacts)
– Spoke Cavity Design & Proto– Test Cryostats (two copies, one for ANL & one for Meson Lab)– 325 MHz high power RF couplers– Design of 10-cavity cryomodules– Accelerator Physics Design– RFQ & Warm Front End Design
• CERN– Fast 325 MHz bunch-by-bunch chopper (collaboration with SPL: 352 MHz chopper)– Fast, High rep-rate Electronic Pulser is main effort
• DESY: – H- Source Design (preferred option at present; test pending)– Standing offer for Ferrite Vector Modulator Test @DESY
• JPARC / KEK– 325 MHz RFQ / Front end construction drawings; indirect help with Klystron
• LANL– LEDA beam analysis equipment SMTF Proton Driver Front End Tests?
• MSU– Low-loss beta=0.81 Design & Proto
• LLNL– High Power RF Coupler Design [under discussion]
• NIU– Instrumentation for front end beam tests @ meson lab
• SNS / LBL– H- Ion Source Tests– Construction Drawings– Accelerator Physics Design
• SLAC– Ongoing: Construction of Redundant IGBT switches & control for 2 modulators– [Concept:] Unitary RF fanout Assembly containing 1 leg of RF fanout w/ferrite control workshop– [Under Discussion:] non-contacting-warm-to-cold RF Coupler prototype
• INDIA: [CAT+others?] interested in building a sister machine w/shared design & parts
Proton Driver R&D Goals1. Extend TESLA-style RF split to Proton Linacs
– Drive Linac up to 110 MeV with single klystron– Beam test of fast Ferrite Vector Modulators - key for Proton Driver– Challenging Mix of Copper and SCRF loads for LLRF
2. Transition to Superconducting RF at 15 MeV (perhaps 10 MeV)– Much lower than e.g. SNS - 186 MeV– First beam test of SCRF Spoke Resonators
3. Transverse Focusing with Superconducting Solenoids– Axisymmetric beams from 3 MeV RFQ to 110 MeV– Better emittance growth & Halo properties predicted– Reduce downstream mitigation costs for PD Project
4. Prototype Next-Generation “Bouncer” Modulator5. Prototype a suite of “ILC-compatible” beta<1 cavites and resonators6. 3 msec pulse width tests for Klystrons and SCRF7. Actually make a 325 MHz bunch-by-bunch chopper work
– Collaboration with CERN (SPL: 352 MHz)8. 1300 MHz β=1 Cryomodule with phase shifters
- Beam Test & Coupler Processing9. Prototype Program for 1300 MHz β=0.81 low-loss cavities
325
MH
z P
D F
ront
End
Tes
ts @
Mes
on13
00 M
Hz
April 7, 2004 G.W.Foster - SCRF Proton Driver
Ferrite Vector Modulator R&D• Provides fast, flexible drive to individual cavites
of a proton linac, when one is using a
TESLA-style RF fanout. (1 klystron feeds 36
cavities)
• Also needed if Linac alternates between e- and P.• This R&D was started by SNS but dropped due to lack
of time. SNS went to one-klystron-per-cavity which cost them a lot of money ($20M - $60M).
Making this technology work is important to the financial feasibility of the 8 GeV Linac.
G. W. Foster – HIF05Fermilab
M
325 MHz RF System
Pulse Transformer& Oil Tank
IGBT Switch & Bouncer
CAP
BANK
10 kV110 kVCharging
Supply
300kW
MODULATOR: FNAL/TTF Reconfigurable for 1,2 or 3 msec beam pulse
SingleJPARC Klystron325MHz3 MW
WR2300 Distribution Waveguide
TO
SH
IBA
E37
40A
I
Q
M
E
I
Q
M
B
I
Q
M
T
I
Q
M
R F Q
I
Q
M
Cables to Tunnel
Fast Ferrite Isolated I/Q Modulators
RF Couplers
S
I
Q
M
S
I
Q
M
R
I
Q
M
S
I
Q
M
S
I
Q
M
R
I
Q
M
400kW 20 kW
D
I
Q
M
S
I
Q
M
R
I
Q
M
D
I
Q
M
S
I
Q
M
R
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M
120 kW
10kV
H-
Medium EnergyBeam TransportCopper Cavities
Radio FrequencyQuadrupole
Cryomodule #1 Single-SpokeResonators
Cryomodule #2 Double-Spoke
Resonators
20 kW
Nov 18, 2004 G.W.Foster - Proton Driver
RF Fan-out for 8 GeV Linac
CIRCULATOR/ ISOLATOR
Magic Tee
FerriteLoaded Stub
CAVITYBEAM
1/8 Power Split (9.03 dB)
DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
1/7 Power Split (8.45 dB)
1/6 Power Split (7.78 dB)
1/5 Power Split (6.99 dB)
1/4 Power Split (6.02 dB)
1/3 Power Split (4.77 dB)
1/2 Power Split (3.01 dB)
E-H TUNER
KLYSTRON
35 footwaveguidefrom galleryto tunnel
RF Fanout at Each Cavity
CIRCULATOR/ ISOLATOR
Magic Tee
FerriteLoaded Stub
CAVITYBEAM
DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
E-H TUNER
KLYSTRON
35 footwaveguidefrom galleryto tunnel
CIRCULATOR / ISOLATOR - Passes RF power forward towards cavity - Diverts reflected power to water cooled load
KLYSTRON - RF Power Source - Located in Gallery above tunnel - Each Klystron Feeds 8-16 Cavities
DIRECTIONAL COUPLER - Picks of a fixed amount of RF power at each station - Passes remaining power downstream to other cavities
E-H TUNER - Provides Phase and Amplitude Control for Cavities - Biased Ferrite Provides Electronic Control
SUPERCONDUCTING RF CAVITY - Couples RF Power to Beam
? SLAC / FNAL Collaborationto develop unitary
Component containing All components for
one leg of TESLA RF Fanoutincluding dynamic tuning?
ELECTRONICALLY ADJUSTABLEE-H TUNER (1300 MHz Waveguide)
Magic Tee
MICROWAVE INPUT POWER from Klystron and Circulator
E-HTUNER
Reflected Power(absorbed by circulator)
ATTENUATED OUTPUT TO CAVITY
ELECTRONIC TUNINGWITH BIASED FERRITE
Bias Coil
FerriteLoadedStub
FERRITE LOADED SHORTED STUBSCHANGE ELECTRICAL LENGTH DEPENDING ON DC MAGNETIC BIAS.
TWO COILS PROVIDE INDEPENDENTPHASE AND AMPLITUDE CONTROL OF CAVITIES
Fermilab
High Power Ferrite Modulator Test at FNAL
1300 MHz Klystron
T = 250 µsec
F = 5 Hz
Existing A0 Klystron was used for testing
Fermilab
Coaxial Phase Shifter
•Coax design is preferred at 325MHz• In-house design tested to 660kW at 1300 MHz• Tested at 250 kW at Argonne with APS 352MHz Klystron • Fast coil and flux return should respond in ~50us
G. W. Foster – HIF05Fermilab
Ferrite Vector Modulator R&D Summary
• Successful full power prototypes at 1300 MHz and 325 MHz
• Big cost savings for β<1 SCRF Linacs
• Many applications for both ILC and Proton Driver
• Proceeding to System Tests with Beam
Other Information
Project Site:
http://protondriver.fnal.gov
Design Study (Draft, 215 pg.)
http://protondriver.fnal.gov/SCRF_PD_V55.doc
Director’s Review:
http://www.fnal.gov/directorate/DirReviews/Dir'sRev_TechnicalReviewoftheProtonDriver_0315.html
G. W. Foster – HIF05Fermilab
Proton Driver Project Development Vision
• FY08 - FY12: ~$100 M/yr PD/ILC facility – Mostly redirected, hope for some new money
– Key milestone: factory capable of 1 CM/month by 2008
• FY12 -- start of US-ILC construction– U.S. $500M/yr not unreasonable following successful completion
of $500M SCRF Proton Driver project
– Number of years of construction depends on progress on ILC cost reduction:
– I’m personally very hopeful on SCRF cost reduction, and the Proton Driver is the vehicle to demonstrate it.
G. W. Foster – HIF05Fermilab
Milestones for a 2008 Proton Driver Start
• NuSAG Endorsement for Fermilab PD 2005-6
• TDR mid 2006
• FVM Proof-of-Principle Beam Test - 2007
• Factory Capable of 1 Cryomodule/month - 2008
What is Not in Question
• Fermilab > 1 MW Neutrino Beams
– Using Recycler & upgrades for > 1 MW if fast ILC
– Using Proton Driver for >>2 MW if ILC delayed
• The SCRF Proton Driver R&D Program
– Demonstration key cost-saving features of SCRF Proton
Driver Design, with beam, in next 2-3 years
– Ferrite Vector Modulators to reduce number of Klystrons
– ILC-compatible component collaboration for front-end linac
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